Final Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
What is the order of the rock cycle?
A
- Magma
- Igneous Rocks
- Sedimentary
- Metamorphic
2
Q
What is a Mineraloid that doesn’t have crystals?
A
Obsidian
3
Q
What rocks have Large Crystals?
A
Phaneritic - Intrusive rocks
4
Q
What rocks have unseen crystals?
A
Aphanitic - Extrusive rocks
5
Q
What is in the Phaneritic table that falls under Felsic, Intermediate, and Mafic?
A
Felsic: Granite
Intermediate: Diorite
Mafic: Gabbro
6
Q
What is in the APHANITIC table that falls under Felsic, Intermediate, and Mafic?
A
Felsic: Rhyolite
Intermediate: Andesite
Mafic: Basalt
7
Q
What is Porphyry
A
Rocks with phenocrystals; (Phenocrystals are big crystals)
8
Q
What is Plutoni?
A
generates plutonic rocks
9
Q
What is a Lacolith?
A
a sill pushed up to the surface
10
Q
What plate is Vancouver under?
A
Juan de fuca subducts between North American Plate
11
Q
Where does most Magma come from?
A
Athenosphere
12
Q
What are 3 major types of Magma ?
A
1.Basaltic 2. Andesitic 3. Rhyolite
13
Q
What is Viscosity?
A
resistance to the flow of fluid
14
Q
Describe High Viscosity
A
Fluids that do not flow easily + silica rich
EX. Molasses or honey
15
Q
Magma with more silica has what?
A
More gas
16
Q
Volcanoes with Andesitic-Rhyolitic magma are more prone to what ?
A
Explosive eruptions then with basaltic lave glow
17
Q
What is Effusive?
A
Eruptions with Low viscosity
18
Q
What is Explosive?
A
Eruptions with High Viscosity
19
Q
What is Stratovolcanoes?
A
Cone shaped mountains - & high viscosity lava doesn’t travel far
EX. MOUNT BAKER
20
Q
What is a Shield Volcanoe?
A
largest volcanoes - constructed from basaltic lava
- broad arc with gentle slopes - low viscosity lava moves fast
EX. MAUNA LOA
- common in Hawaii + Iceland
21
Q
Effects of Volcanoes Primary VS Secondary
A
Primary effects: eruptions
Secondary effects: landslides and lahars
22
Q
What are Primary effects:
A
Lava flows, Ash fall, lateral blasts, release of volcanic gases
23
Q
What are Secondary effects:
A
Landslides, Lahars, Debris flow, mudflows,
24
Q
** What is 3 Pyroclastic Debris/Tephra? **
A
1.Ash
2. Lapilli
3. Bombs
25
What is Pyroclastic Flows?
flow of hot lava that races down the sides
(Most lethal)
EX. POMPEII
26
What is Coast Mountains?
Plutonic + No Volcanoes
27
What is Cascade Mountains?
Metamorphic & Plutonic & Volcanic
28
What are the 3 Physiographics of Lower Mainland?
1. Bedrock - Mountains
2. Ice Age Uplands
3. Modern Sed Lowlands
29
*** What types of sediments or rocks are found in lowlands, uplands, and mountains? ***
Lowlands: Modern sediments
Uplands: Ice Age sediments
Mountains: Bedrock
30
What is the most Urban area ?
Uplands - Vancouver & Surrey
31
What is the most Industrialized area?
Lowlands - Richmond
32
What is the elevation range for uplands and lowlands above sea level?
Uplands: 10–200 meters
Lowlands: Less than 10 meters above sea-level
33
What is a Horst vs Graben?
Horst: Raised block of earth
Grabben: Lowered block filled with sediments
34
Name of Basin
near Vancouver:
Georgia Basin
35
*** What is the Oldest rock in Vancouver? ***
Jurrasic
36
*** What is the Ages of Rock for Ice Age, Modern, Sedimentary, and Landfill? ***
Ice Age Sediments: Pleistocene
Modern Sediments: Holocene
Sedimentary Rocks: Pleistocene-Pilocene
Landfill: Anthropocene
37
*** What is the Principle of Faunal Sucession ***
specific types of organisms lived at different time periods
38
*** What is the Power of Superposition? ***
Nicholas Steno > Young sediment forms ontop of Older sedimentary rock
39
*** What is the Geological Time divided into 4 Eons? ***
1. Hadean
2. Archean
3. Proterozoic
4. Phanerozoic (Now)
40
*** What is Phanerozoic and the 3 eras its divided in ? ***
Visible Life
1. Paleozoic (early)
2. Mesozoic (middle)
3. Cenozoic (new life)
41
*** What is Cenozoic and 3 eras divided in? ***
New life
1. Paleogene
2. Neogene
3. Quaternary
42
What is Chemical Transport ?
What is Mechanical Transport?
Chemical: solid matter ONLY formed through PRECIPITATION of IONS
Mechanical : Sediment=solid matter begins to exist during transport
43
What is a Clast?
Small ex vs Large ex?
Fragment of rocks or mineral to small to see
Small: Clay
Large: Boulders
44
What is the Biggest to Smallest Clasts?
Biggest - Boulder, Cobble, Pebble, Granules, Sand
45
What is a Moving Medium?
carries/move materials depending on velocity/density
46
What happens with a Faster & Denser Medium?
larger and greater transport capacity
47
**** What is types of Total Load ? ****
Types of Total Load:
1. Bed Load: Sand or Gravel - 10% of load
(that roll or bounce along the bottom.)
2. Suspended Load: Small Silt or Clay - 90% of load
(that float in the water or air)
3. Dissolved Load: Minerals dissolved in water, carried invisibly.
48
What Sedimentary deposits may form into?
Mudstone, Coarse Breccia, Conglomerate
49
What is Lithification?
deposits of sediments turn into solid rock ( deposition)
50
What are the most common Cements in Sedimentary Rocks?
siliceous, carbonate, ferric, ferrous, aluminosilicates
50
What is Compaction in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
Compaction: Pressing down sediments to make them stick together.
51
What is a Parent rock?
the rock that exists before metamorphism starts
ex. sedimentary or igneous rocks
Mudstone > Slate > Schist = Mudstone is parent
52
What is a Critical Feature of Metamorphism ?
Mineral Composition / Stability : function of temperature, pressure, and fluids
53
Temperature for Metamorphism ?
What is the Stability for Quartz, Clay Minerals, and Feldspar?
key variable.
Quartz - stable up to 1800°C
- if pressure is higher upper limit is higher and if there is water it is lower
Clay Minerals - stable up to 150-200°C
- above that they will turn into Mica
Most Feldspar - stable up to 1000°C-1200°C
54
What are the 3 Polymorphs?
What is the composition?
1. Kyanite 2. Andalusite 3. Sillimanite
Composition = Al₂SiO₅
55
What is the Stability of
1. Kyanite 2. Andalusite 3. Sillimanite ?
1. Kyanite - at low to moderate temp & low pressures
2. Andalusite - at moderate temps & low pressures
3. Sillimanite - at higher temperatures
56
What are the 2 main reasons that Pressure is important for Metamorphic rocks
1. mineral stability
2. texture of metamorphic rock
57
What are the 2 main reasons that Fluids are important for Metamorphic rocks
1. transfer of ions between + within minerals results
-in increasing the rates of metamorphic reactions
2. elevates concentrations of dissolved elements
- important for moving elements around in crust
58
What is the main fluid present in the crust?
Water
59
What is an important metamorphic setting?
ROOTS of mountain ranges
60
What is time of metamorphism ?
processes are slow but reactions are high
61
What are the 2 Main types of metamorphic rocks?
Foliated: formed with directed pressure or shear stress
Not Foliated: formed without pressure or near surface with little pressure
62
What are 4 examples of Foliated Metamorphic rocks?
1. Slate
2. Phyllite
3. Schist
4. Gneiss
63
What is Orthogenesis?
formed by IGNEOUS rocks
64
What is Paragenesis?
formed by SEDIMENTARY rocks
65
What is a Migmatite?
rock that partially melts then recrystallizes
66
What are 2 examples of Non-Foliated rocks?
1. Marble 2. Quartz
67
What is Hornfels?
metamorphic rocks that have been "baked" by intrusive rocks
68
What is Contact Metamorphism?
when transformed by intensive heat
69
What are 2 types of sedimentary rocks?
a. Chemical (Limestone)
b. Clastic (Sandstone)
70
What are two types of Metamorphic (Foliated & Not Foliated) rocks?
a. Foliated (Gneiss)
b. Non-Foliated (Marble)
71
What are two types of Igneous rocks?
a. Extrusive (Basalt)
b. Intrusive (Granite)
72
What is Regional Metamorphism?
results from high pressure and mountain building
73
What is a Aureole?
contact metamorphism forms from cooling magma
74
***What are the 4 types of Faults?***
1. Dip Slip: vertical motion
2. Strike Slip Fault: horizontal direction
3. Normal Dip Slip Fault: hanging wall
4. Reverse Fault: wall moved up from compression
75
What is a blind fault ?
doesn't reach surface
76
** What is a Tectonic Creep?**
tension is high & does NOT cause earthquake
77
What is the first measurer of seismic waves?
Richter Scale
78
*** How long do each take > Moment Magnitude vs Ritcher ? ***
Moment Magnitude - takes time/weeks
Ritcher Scale - immiedietly
79
*** What is modified Mercalli ? ***
In roman numerals, human histories and perceptions
80
What do seismic waves move faster/slower in ; Consolidated Bedrock or Unconsolidated Sediment?
Faster = Consolidated Bedrock
Slower = Unconsolidated Sediment/Soil
81
What is the largest reservoir?
Ocean - 97% of water
82
What percentage is Fresh Water?
3% = Freshwater
2/3 - Ice
1/3 - In Ground
83
What are 2 types of Dip Slips?
Normal & Reverse Faults
84
*** What are the 4 types of region drainers called? ***
Drainage Basin, River Basin, Watershed and Catchment
85
What increases with higher elevations of flow velocity?
erosional down cutting
86
What is Total Load ?
Bed Load, Suspend Load, and Dissolved Load
87
What are 2 types of Channel Patterns?
1. Meandering: Single
2. Braided : Multiple
88
What is Cementation in the formation of sedimentary rocks?
the Glueing of sediments together with natural minerals.
89
What is attenuation?
This loss of energy
90
What is one Clastic and on Chemical rock?
Clastic= Sandstone
Chemical = Limestone
91
What is beneath Cascadia subduction zone
beneath southwestern British Columbia and the state of Washington
