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Geog 112 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Lightyear?

A

the distance traveled by light in one year → 9.5 quadrillion Km

Example: Lightyear is used to measure vast distances in space.

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2
Q

What is the formula for Average Velocity?

A

Av=s ÷t (Av- Velocity, S= Space, T=Time)

Example: The formula helps calculate the average speed of an object over a specific distance and time.

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3
Q

What is the closest star to Earth?

A

Sun= Closest Star to Earth

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4
Q

What is the second closest star to Earth?

A

Proxima Centauri

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5
Q

How old is the Universe?

A

Age of Universe: 13-14 billion years

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6
Q

What is the first element produced?

A

H (Hydrogen): Ist element produced

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7
Q

What do stars produce through fusion?

A

Fusion of H, produce He, Overtime produce C

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8
Q

What are Supernova or Nebula?

A

Supernova or Nebula= Stars that die

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9
Q

What are (H) and (He)?

A

(H) and (He): Primordial elements formed through nucleogenesis after Big Bang

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10
Q

How many times did Nucleogenesis occur?

A

Nucleogenesis: occurred once

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11
Q

What is Nucleosynthesis?

A

Nucleosynthesis: continuous process that occurs when a Star is formed

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12
Q

How old is the Sun?

A

Sun Age: 4.56 billion (earth same as sun)

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13
Q

How old is Earth?

A

Earth Age: 4.56 billion

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14
Q

When were all objects in the Solar System formed?

A

All objects in Solar System= formed from the same matter at the same time

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15
Q

Name the Rocky Planets. - MMVE

A

Rocky Planets:, Mercury, Mars ,Venus, Earth

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16
Q

Name the Gaseous Planets. - JSUN

A

Gaseous Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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17
Q

What caused environmental change and dinosaur extinction?

A

Astroid impact caused: environmental change, leading to dinosaur extinction and formed space nor mammals

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18
Q

What is Earth’s core made of?

A

Earth’s core = metallic core of Fe (Iron), Ni (Nickel) and surrounded by thick mantle silicate

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19
Q

What are the earths layers?

A
  1. Crust (solid) rich in silicone
  2. Mantle (solid)
  3. Outer Core (liquid) rich in metallic (Fe and Ni)
  4. Inner Core (solid) rich in metallic (Fe and Ni)
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20
Q

What are the 3 planet types?

A

Gas Giants: Jupiter and Saturn
Ice Giants: Uranus and Neptune
Terrestrial: Earth

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21
Q

What is a Meteorite

A

: fragments of solid matter from space

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22
Q

What are 3 types of Meteroites?

A
  1. Stoney or Rocky
  2. Iron or Metallic
  3. Stoney Iron or Rocky Metallic
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23
Q

Why is there craters on the moon

A

No atmosphere

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24
Q

What collision made the moon?

A

Theia and Earth

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25
What is the hottest planet?
Venus
26
Where is the astroid belt?
Between Jupiter and Mars
27
What is the order of the comic address?
1. Earth 2. Solar System 3. Milky Way Galaxy 4. Local Group 5. Virgo Supercluster 6. Observable Universe
28
What are 2 sedimentary rocks (clastic/chemical)?
Clastic: Sandstone and Chemical: Limestone
29
What is the God of Lead?
Saturn
30
What is the first column in the periodic table?
Akali Metals ex. Li and Na
31
What is the second column in the periodic table? (1 element formed in nuclear fusion 8x mass of sun)
Akaline - Earth metals ex. Mg
32
What elements are found in Earth's core?
(Fe) Iron and (Ni) Nickel
33
What are the elements in nuclear fusion formed 8x mass of sun?
O, Ne, Mg, Si, & Fe
34
What elements is the crust made from
O, Si, Al, and Fe
35
What are the cores of Jupiter and Saturn made from?
H and He
36
What is the Red planet and what is the Blue planet
Red=Mars and Blue=Uranus
37
How was the planet formed?
Planetary accretion
38
What is convection?
heat rises in mantle and creates convection currents causing movements in tectonic plates
39
Subduction
one plate moves under another
40
What ridge is Iceland on?
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
41
Where do earthquakes start
Focus or hypocenter
42
Where do earthquakes project
Epicenter
43
What are 2 types of seismic waves?
(P) Primary and (S) Secondary
44
What are (P) Primary Waves?
waves that go through solid, liquid, & gas
45
What are (S) Secondary Waves?
waves that go through ONLY solid
46
What are 2 types of body waves
Love waves & Rayleigh waves
47
What is basalt?
Extrusive Igneous (volcanic) rock and most common in ocean. Rich in Fe = denser then granite
48
What is Granite?
Intrusive Igneous rock and most common in continent
49
What are 4 sedimentary rocks?
Limestone - coral reef Sandstone - sand Mudstone - mud Glacial Till - glacial deposits
50
What is the crust thickness for both oceanic and continental crusts?
oceanic= 5-10km continental= 25-50km
51
What crust is denser ocean or continent and why ?
Ocean is denser then continental as basalt is denser then granite
52
What is more dense the silicone (Si)
Fe and Ni
53
What is the discontinuity of the crust/mantle called?
Moho
54
What is the lithosphere?
"bark of earth" crust with upper mantle and floats above asthenosphere
55
What is the asthenosphere?
under lithosphere and is plastic layer
56
What is a Xenolith?
Part of earth's mantle brought to surface
57
What is the supercontinent?
Pangea
58
What did Inge Lehman discover?
vibrations would bounce back from (surface) inside earth > inner core
59
How long ago was earth's crust solidified?
4 Billion years ago
60
What is Gravitation Fluctuation?
can point to parts of planet that are less dense then others
61
what are 2 types of crust ?
Oceanic (denser) and Continental (thicker)
62
what are 2 types of cores?
Inner core (solid) outer core (liquid)
63
what does convection do?
moves tectonic plates then subduction occurs
64
What plate is Vancouver under?
North American Plate
65
What did Alfred Wegener discover?
Supercontinent - Pangea - No tectonic plates just continents
66
Where is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
Middle of the Atlantic ocean
67
What is a Rift?
Where lithosphere plates form ex. Africa Rift Valley
68
What are the 3 types of plate boundries?
Transform, Convergent, and Divergent
69
Divergent boundaries ?
plates move away <-> ( magma rises from mantle creating ridges) ex. mid-oceanic ridge
70
Convergent boundaries?
Plates move towards >-< and produces a subduction zone. (there is 3 types of covergence boundaries)
71
What are the 3 Covergence types? (Movement of continent/oceanic plates)
1. Oceanic-Continent - ocean plate subducts 2. Continent-Continent - crust crumbles 3. Oceanic-Oceanic -
72
Transform boundaries?
plates slide past eachother
73
Hot Spots?
Intraplate activity, magma breaks through forming volcanoes/islands. They are found in a line. EX. Hawaii
74
Minerals:
created by inorganic geological processes
75
What is the most common mineral?
Feldspar ( 3 types)
76
What are the 3 types of Feldspar?
Ca-Plagioclase (Calcium) Na-Plagioclase (Sodium) K-Feldspar (Potassium)
77
What are 2 other common Minerals?
Quartz & Mica
78
What are 2 types of Mica?
Biotite - Black Muscovite - White
79
What forms Granitic Rock?
1.Feldspar 2.Mica 3.Quartz
80
What forms Basalt?
1. Olivine 2. Pyroxene 3. Amphibole (Fe & Mg)
81
What makes up Quartz?
Silica tetrahedra. %SiO2 (1 Silicone + 4 Oxygen)
82
Amorphous Solids:
Obsidian (volcanic glass). - Coal = not a mineral due to NO crystal lining and organic genesis
83
Name some Mineraloids:
Pear, Amber, Coral reefs, Coal, and obsidian (lacks crystal structure)
84
What is dominant in crust/mantle?
silicates
85
What are important oxides?
Hematite and Magnetite (both iron ores)
86
Silicates composed of ?
(Fe) & (O)
87
What are the 2 Feldspar Classes? 
1. Orthoclase → K- Feldspar 2. Plagioclase →Anorthite - (Ca- Feldspar) and Albite - (Na- Feldspar)
88
What are 3 types of rocks?
1.Igneous Rocks: made from rocks and minerals (ex. Granite) 2. Sedimentary: Made from small pieces of material plants or animals (ex. sandstone & Limestone) 3. Metamorphic: When either rocks are heated causing rock to change/morph
89
What 3 Ways Minerals can be formed:
Solution: Halite, Gypsum Molten Material: Quartz, Feldspar, MICA Steam: Sulfur crystals
90
What is an Ore?
a rock or minerals containing high percentage of certain mineral 
91
What are the 5 characteristics a mineral can be identified by?
1. Color, 2 streak 3 Luster 4. Breakages 5.hardness
92
2 Types of Luster to identify minerals:
1.Metallic: looks like chunks of metal (ex. Gold) 2.Non- Metallic: looks dull (ex. Feldspar) Galena & Feldspar= Non- Metallic
93
What is Breakage?
the way the mineral tends to break apart (2 types)
94
What are the 2 types of breakage?
1. Cleavage: breaks along smooth planes (parallel to weak bonds) - Looks like its been cut 2. 2. Fractures: break along curved 
surface - Jagged edges
95
Mohs Hardness Scale
1. Talc (Softest) 2. Gypsum 3. Calcite 4. FluorITe 5. Apatite (Glass = Hardness of
 5.5) 6. Orthoclase 7. Quartz 8. Topaz 9. Corundum 10. Diamond (Hardest)
96
What are 3 types of Igneous rocks? (based on silica %)
1. Mafic (dark -low%) 2. Intermediate 3. Felsic (lighter -high)
97
What os Mafic?
rich in (Mg) & (Fe) - ex. Basalt
98
What is Felsic composed of?
feldspar and silica - ex. Granite
99
Intrusive / Plutonic rocks?
formed UNDER surface and has big crystals (slow formation - ex. Granite
100
Extrusive/Volcanic rock?
formed ON TOP of surface and had small/no crystals - ex. obsidian
101
What are 3 Mono-mineralic rocks?
1.Limestone (sedimentary) 2. Marble (metamorphic) 3. Quartzite (metamorphic)
102
What are 3 Poly-minerallic rocks?
1. Gneiss (metamorphic) 2. Granite (igneous) 3. Granodiorite (igneous)
103
What are the 3 groups of rocks?
1. Igneous (or magmatic) 2. Sedimentary 3. Metamorphic
104
Aphanitic texture:
Igneous rocks that form on the earths surface -ex. Extrusive rocks (have very tine grained texture because crystals are too small)
105
Phaneritic texture:
Igneous rocks with large visible crystals -ex. Intrusive rocks (because rock formed slowly in an underground magma chamber)
106
Mafic:
high concentration of Mg & Fe
107
Why dark rocks?
richer in Mg and Fe. -ex. Gabbro composition equivalent to basalt (extrusive and mafic)
108
Why clear rocks?
richer in silicon & aluminium - ex. Granite = intrusive/ plutonio + felsic rock
109
What is sedimentary rocks made up of?
Clasts - sediments of older rocks
110
What are metamorphic rocks?
comes from pre-existing rock PROTOLITH (not magma (protolith into metamorphic)
111
What are 2 most common metamorphic rocks?
Gneiss & Marble
112
What is the rock cycle ?
To form Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic rocks
113
What happens in rock cycle/ how r rocks effected?
weathering, erosion, compaction, heat, pressure, and melting
114
What are the 2 types of PlagioClase?
1. Anorthite -( Ca) 2. Albite - (Na)

Geog 112 (2 decks)

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