FINAL Flashcards
(90 cards)
Abu Simbel
- located in Upper Egypt near the border of Sudan
- One of the most famous temples built by Ramesses II
- built during the Ramessid Period in the 19th Dynasty
- contains 4 massive statues of Ramesses II to show his divine power over the land.
Elephantine Papyri
- a group of letters folded and with sealing still intact with cords and clay stamps
- detailed the lives of Jews in Elephantine Island during the 5th and 4th centuries
-many were contracts that provided information about property and marriages
-some letters detail challeges of moving shipments up the river due to difficult navigation and boating pilots
-showed women buying and owning property
-showing communities that are left relatively autonomous but still recognize Persian imperials as their authority
Elephantine
-greek name for island
-refers to the impression the Island leaves in which it looks like an Elephant
-the Egyptian name for the islands is Yeb or Yab
-location of the found Elephantine letters which showcased the lives of a community of Jews living on the island, providing a lot of information about their lives during the 5th and 4th centuries BCE
Shabaqo
-ruler of Kush during the the later 25th Dynasty
-develops Memphis as the northern capital after annexing Egypt
-officially asserts Nubian power over Egypt
-shabaqo stone created after him containing the Memphite Theology of Ptah and expains the unification and theology dating back to the 19th century
Nekau II
-king during the 26th dynasty
-failed to save the last Assyrian king in Harran
-lost battle of Carchemish against the Babylonians
-Starts the digging of a canal from the east Nile Delta to the Red Sea but eventually abandoned it
Darius
-27th Dynasty king
-orders the collection of Egyptian laws in local regions to portray regional autonomy
-develops a temple in the Kharga Oasis
-completes the building of the Canal between the Red Sea and the Nile
Alexandria
- one of the most important commercial centers of the mediterranean world
-many Egyptians good were sent and transited there
-founded by Alexander the Great during the Ptolemaic Period in the 300s BC in which he was commanded in a dream - was center of Greek intellectual life with many papyrus scrolls found but status would decline after the annexation of Egypt
-located in the western delta on a piece of land that seperated the Mediterranean from the lake
Philae
- a small island on the first cateract of the nile
-predominantly built by Ptolemaic Dynasty but even roman emperors built on it
-traditionally Egypt in style and architecture and was a place of maintaining Egypt culture during Greek control - site of last known hieroglyphic inscription that was dedicated to the son of Horus
Ptolemaic Period
- period in 300s-30s BC where Macedon rulers conquered Egypt during Ptolemaic period
-the last dynasty of Ancient Egypt before it was incorporated into the Roman empire
-large support of religious cults with the belief that rulers were in proximity to the divine world and gods
-site of last known hieroglyphic inscription
-period after the death of Alexander with. much turmoil over debated who will rule until Ptolemy declares himself king and his family would rul for almost 300 years.
Cleopatra VII
-last Egyptian dynasty ruler that eventually oversaw Egypt lose its independence to Rome
- revived Egypt fortunes and traditions briefly
-presented herself as the goddess Isis
-in many personal and political relationships with multiple rulers and family members
Aten
-god of the su disk
-his cult became the sole focus during the reign of Akhenaten
-the Aten cult was eventually attempted to be erased by getting rid of traces of it during Horemheb’s reign
-considered to be a manifestation of Ra
Hatti
-designation of the land of the Hittites (modern turkey)
-took over rule in Syria leading to tensions with Egypt
- eventually defeated Mitanni and ruled over Egyptian vassals
-eventually had a peace treaty with Egypt, the first in known history, that inflicted peace between the two nations
Mittani
-name of state that dominated region of Northern Syria
-a known enemy with Egypt with a lot of tension between the two nations
-king would write letters to Egyptian rulers showing tense relations
-Hittites eventually stages a coup against them and took over the nation
sed festival
-a celebration of renewed kingship in ancient Egypt
-that was held to renew the pharaoh’s physical and supernatural energies, divine birth
-shows that the king is still fit to rule
-originally included a physical test for the king - running involved
-celebrated after king’s 30th year in reign
Talatats
-blocks of stone meant for quick building
-used in the reign of Akhenaten for his building projects
-small blocks that were about 20 by 10 by 9 inches
-artistic innovation that allowed for faster and longer lasting buildings and architecture
Battle of Actium
-happens in 31 BC and one of moments that marked the end of classical egyptian civilization
-Cleopatra VII had sided with Marc Anthony against Octavian
-Octavian win extremely decisively
-Rome takes full control of Egypt after the Battle
Thutmose I
-king during the New Kingdom in teh 18th dynasty
-established his family’s control over Egypt for the next 175 years
-campaigns throughout the Levant and Nubia and is set about conquering nearing regions
-reaches the 5th cateract conquering nearly all of Nubia, destroying the Kingdom of Kush and Kerma
Thutmose III
-king of 18th dynasty during New Kingdom but does not start actually ruling until later in his reign due to Hatshepsut’s takeover of his reign
-campaigns through Nubia after hsi grandfather, attempting to subdue the Nubian population
-arrived at Kurgis and leaves and inscription next to his grandfather’s
-portrays himself as a traditional Egyptian king but hard to tell which is him or Hatshepsut due to similar portrayals and overlapping ruling
-fights the battle of Mediggo
Ahmose
-king of 18th dynasty ushering in a new era of political reunification beginning New Kingdom
-expelled the Hyskos extending Egyptian control
-buried and mortuary installation in Abydos, but his mummy was discovered in a cache in the Valley of the Kings
-Builds the last royal pyramid at Abydos
Hatshepsut
-Acts as regent for young Thutmose II from 1479 - 1473 becoming official king during this time in a slow moving coup
-Sends expedition to land of Punt and Builds mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri
-represents herself as a masculine figure
-Disappears from the record around 1458 and memories were effaced
Ahmose
-king of 18th dynasty ushering in a new era of political reunification beginning New Kingdom
-expelled the Hyskos extending Egyptian control
-buried and mortuary installation in Abydos, but his mummy was discovered in a cache in the Valley of the Kings
-Builds the last royal pyramid at Abydos
Amun
-one of Egyptian deities
-meaning evolved throughout time, was once the king of all deities and then a. worshipped god
-had cult in Karnak as a growing temple
-eventually merged with Ra to be Amun-Ra
-based in Thebes
-“Hymn of Amun-Re”
Amenhotep III
-king during the late 18th dynasty for about 60 years
-a traditional leader following the cult of Amun to not upset the relationship between the family and religious institution
-intitiates major construction activity in Thebes and throughout Egypt
-seen on the colossi of Memnon with greek graffiti poems on it about him
Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten
-king during the late 18th dynasty
- changes his name to be closer to Aten
- moves to Amarna
-introduces a new distinctively different art style showing different features
-went against many traditional practices rebelling against the Amun cult and move center of reign to Akhetaten
