Final Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Monokaryotic
A
Cells have one nucleus
2
Q
Species of the Summer black truffle
A
Tuber melanosporium
3
Q
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses involves penetration of root cell walls?
A
Arbuscular
4
Q
Life strategy that requires a living host to initiate infection, then living as a necrotroph.
A
Hemibiotrophic
5
Q
Key features of fermentations.
A
(1) Increase edibility by modifying flavor, aroma, color, or texture, (2) increase digestibility by removing toxins or other compounds, (3) concentrate nutrients, and (4) increase shelf life.
6
Q
The enzyme used to break down pectin
A
Pectinase
7
Q
Pythium, Globisporangium, and Phytophthora are members of which group?
A
The Oomycota
8
Q
Use of ergonovine.
A
Induce labor and limit postpartum bleeding.
9
Q
White rot fungi degrade which wood components?
A
Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin, although some degrade mostly lignin.
10
Q
The top mushroom-producing state.
A
Pennsylvania
11
Q
What life stage dominates the Ascomycota lifecycle?
A
Haploid
12
Q
Facts about Entomophthora
A
Infects insects. Insect dies as fungus takes over, and fungus protrudes out of the body. Spores are dropped upon death, and result in a halo-like ring circling the dead insect.
13
Q
Influences on composition and diversity in fungal communities.
A
Substrate availability, physical environment, interspecific interactions, influence of animals.
14
Q
Key feature distinguishing chytrids and many Cryptomycota from all other fungi.
A
Zoospores; posteriorly uniflagellate spores that can swim
15
Q
(T/F) Asexual fungi do not produce fruiting bodies.
A
False; Asexual fungi are known only by their anamorph but may have an undiscovered teleomorph. Additionally, many produce specialized structures that are morphologically similar to fruiting bodies but produce conidiophores.
16
Q
Facts specific to lichens.
A
Used for archeological/geological dating (lichenometry), morphologies (foliose, fructicose, crustose), foliose/fructicose often stratified, used as dyes.
17
Q
The generalized lifecycle of Ascomycota.
A
Gametes -> somatic hyphae -> conidia (repeats) OR plasmogamy -> mother cell -> karyogamy -> zygote -> meiosis -> gametes
18
Q
Rusts that alternate between hosts during lifecycle.
A
Heteroecious
19
Q
Examples of petroleum substitutes fungi are used to manufacture.
A
Gasohol, bioplastics.
20
Q
Benefits of mycorrhizal symbiosis.
A
Access to water/nutrients (especially N and P), protection from pathogens, increased fine root longevity, soil aggregation, access to mycorrhizal networks between plants.
21
Q
Facts specific to the Erysiphales.
A
Powdery Mildews, all are plant pathogens, mycelium grow on surfaces of leaves, asexual stage on spring/summer foliage, sexual stage on senescent leaves in winter, highly host-specific, feed from epidermal cells via haustoria.
22
Q
Intermediate forms of basidiocarps between mushroom-shaped and puffballs.
A
Secotioid
23
Q
Bioremediation: differences between bacteria and fungi.
A
Bacteria use pollutants as growth substrates and have difficulty when pollutant concentrations are low.
Bacteria use specific biochemical pathways to degrade pollutants. Fungi are generalists that may degrade compounds they have not previously been exposed to.
Bacteria are faster growing, tolerate a broader range of habitats, and can more often grow anaerobically.
24
Q
Examples of novel materials produced using fungi.
A
Packaging, furniture, “leather,”
25
Features that distinguish Cryptomycota, chytrids, and zygomycetes from Asco/Basidiomycota.
Asexual spores produced in sporangia, mostly aseptate hyphae, lack of large multicellular sexual fruiting bodies.
26
Shiitakes are grown on what substrate?
Wood/sawdust
27
Biotrophic
Life strategy in which the fungus only receives nutrition from living cells, often not killing the host or its cells. Often obligate.
28
Advantage and disadvantage of molecular methods for studying fungal communities.
Able to see gene sequences and accurately evaluate genetic similarities/differences between genetically defined phylogenies.
Expensive, unable to see morphology/structure.
29
The fungus used to produced Cyclosporin A.
Tolypocladium inflatum
30
The fungus used in Quorn.
Fusarium venenatum
31
The elements of the disease triangle.
Pathogen/parasite, susceptible host, conducive environment.
32
How is the life cycle of a typical smut similar to that of Taphrina (peach leaf curl)?
Obligate plant parasites, haploid stage saprobic on leaf surface.
33
Differences between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi in terms of benefits to plants.
Endophytes provide protection from herbivory
34
Features that distinguish the Oomycota from true fungi.
Beta glucans (cellulose) cells walls, almost entirely diploid life cycle (only gametes are haploid), biflagellate zoospores.
35
Life strategy in which the fungus only receives nutrition from living cells, often not killing the host or its cells. Often obligate.
Biotrophic
36
Heteroecious rusts
Alternates between two hosts during lifecycle.
37
At an early stage of development, what is the key difference between a gametothallus and sporothallus of the chytrid Allomyces?
Ploidy level; gametothallus is haploid, sporothallus is diploid.
38
Characters commonly associated with human pathogenic fungi.
Ability to gain nutrition from keratin, ability to live at body temperature, dimorphic growth
39
Soft rot fungi degrade which wood components?
Only cellulose
40
What life stage dominates the lifecycle of the Basidiomycota.
Dikaryotic
41
What group of fungi are involved in soft rot?
Ascomycota
42
The 10,000 yr mushroom.
Reishi
43
The fungus used to ferment soy sauce and miso.
Aspergillus oryzae
44
Mushrooms have (high/low) protein.
High
45
R-selected species
"Ruderal" or pioneer species. Characterized by fast growth and high productivity in disturbed environments. Generally utilize relatively simple substrates.
46
What type of wood decay would be the likely culprit behind a collapsed deck? Why?
Brown rot, since it degrades cellulose much more than other rots.
47
The enzyme used to break down proteins.
Protease
48
A mass of fungal tissue that may give rise to fruiting structures in the Ascomycota.
Stroma
49
Faded jeans are produced using what enzymes of what fungus?
Cellulases of Trichoderma
50
What fungus is used to industrially produce steroids?
Rhizopus nigricans
51
Example of a food component fungi are used to manufacture.
Citric acid
52
Features of the Cryptomycota.
Lack of chitin wall stage, cyst stage where flagella are lost, aseptate hyphae, aquatic, unculturable, known only by DNA evidence.
53
Used to alleviate migraines.
Ergotamine
54
Species of morel.
Morchella esculenta
55
The enzyme used to break down cellulose.
Cellulase
56
Roles of soredia and isidia in lichen reproduction.
Reproduction with photobiont.
57
Pioneer species characterized by fast growth and high productivity in disturbed environments. Generally utilize relatively simple substrates.
R-selected species
58
The name for rusts.
Pucciniales
59
Facts specific to Pneumonocystis.
Causes pneumonia, increased case numbers associated with HIV/AIDS.
60
Generalized lifecycle of the Basidiomycota.
Basidiospores -> mating types -> haploid mycelium -> plasmogamy -> dikaryotic mycelium -> basidiocarp -> basidium development -> karyogamy -> meiosis -> basidiospores
61
Differences between acute and chronic exposure to aflatoxins.
Acute: Poisoning or death
Chronic: Liver cancer
62
Life strategy is which the fungus kills host cells and lives off the remains. Can have a free-living saprobic stage.
Necrotrophic
63
Examples of animal-fungal mutualisms.
Attine ants and Leucoagaricus spp., termites and Termitomyces, Ambrosia beetles and Ambrosiella.
64
Facts specific to Candida.
Yeast infections and thrush, ubiquitous (in all people), only causes disease when immune system is suppressed, normally only affects infants and the elderly.
65
The enzyme used to break down lipids.
Lipase
66
Rusts that infect only one host.
Autoecious
67
Mushrooms are ____% protein by dry weight.
~30%
68
The top mushroom-producing country.
China
69
Facts about Batrachochytridium.
Infects frogs, affecting mainly the skin which gets thicker. Frog dies due to lack of osmoregulation. Disease is called Chytridiomycosis.
70
Used to induce labor and limit postpartum bleeding.
Ergonovine
71
Facts specific to Xylaria.
Wood-decaying/saprobic, produce perithecia that develop from stromatic tissue.
72
Facts specific to downy mildews.
Sporangia can detach to aid in dispersal, member of Peronosporales, host-specific
73
Necrotrophic
Life strategy is which the fungus kills host cells and lives off the remains. Can have a free-living saprobic stage.
74
The enzyme used to break down chitin
Chitinase
75
The fungus used to ferment tempeh.
Rhizopus oligosporus
76
Species of King Bolete
Boletus edulis
77
Sterigmata
Structures on basidia from which spores arise.
78
Advantage and disadvantage of isolation for studying fungal communities.
Easily replicated, more control.
Some fungi grow poorly or are unable to grow in culture.
79
How do fungi help with heavy metal contamination in soils?
Absorb metals and bind them to organic matter.
80
The mechanism of penicillin's antibiotic properties.
Binds to peptidoglycan molecules in bacterial cell wall and weakens the wall, causing cytolysis when the bacterium divides.
81
Facts about Pythium.
Ecology: plant pathogens/necrotrophic parasites or saprobes.
Diseases: Damping out of seedlings
Life cycle: Complex lifecycle with many alternate routes to new infection.
82
Species of oyster mushroom.
Pleurotus ostreatus
83
Similarities between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi in terms of benefits to plants.
Pathogen resistance, drought tolerance, growth enhancement.
84
Species of cremini mushrooms.
Agaricus crimini
85
How are urediniospores different from the asexual spores produced by the Ascomycota?
Dikaryotic and repeating.
86
Examples of drugs fungi are used to manufacture.
Antibiotics, immunosuppressants.
87
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses forms vesicles?
Arbuscular
88
Examples of non-human animal diseases caused by fungi.
Aspergillus sydowii infects coral.
Cordyceps spp. are obligate biotrophic parasites of insects.
89
A common immunosuppressant used in organ and bone marrow transplants.
Cyclosporin A
90
What are vertical and horizontal dissemination in endophyes?
Vertical: from parent to progent by seeds Common in grasses.
Horizontal: spores produced on dead/dying tissue to infect new hosts. Common in woody plants.
91
What do terms like "form-Phylum," "form-Class," etc. mean?
Not phylogenetic/based on relatedness. Categorization by morphology alone.
92
Hemibiotrophic
Life strategy that requires a living host to initiate infection, then living as a necrotroph.
93
The fungus that is the primary industrial source of citric acid.
Aspergillus niger
94
Dikaryotic
Cells have two nuclei
95
Mushrooms have (high/low) fat.
Low
96
The enzyme used to break down starch.
Amylase
97
Structures on basidia from which spores arise.
Sterigmata
98
Cholesterol-lowering drugs that disrupt cholesterol biosynthesis.
Statins
99
C-selected species
"Combative" species, characterized by slow growth and high capacity to compete. Generally utilize complex substrates and most are involved in wood decay.
100
Industrial uses of fungi.
Manufacturing food components, drugs, petroleum substitutes, and agrochemicals, break down chemical contaminants, and as biological control of agricultural pests.
101
The most commonly produced mushrooms.
Button
102
The main differences between endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi.
Endophytic have no external connection outside of plant.
103
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses are always obligate for the fungus?
Both ecto and arbuscular
104
What is a potential consequence of having plasmogamy and karyogamy temporally separated, as in Asco/Basidiomycota?
Can mate as opportunity arises but can wait for optimal conditions for sexual reproduction.
105
The three steps of bioethanol production.
(1) Break down of lignin by wood decay fungus, (2) hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose by Trichoderma, and (3) sugar fermentation by yeast.
106
The genus of reishi
Ganoderma
107
Morphology applied at the cellular and/or subcellular level.
Ultrastructural morphology
108
Examples of agrochemicals fungi are used to manufacture.
Plant growth regulators, fungicides.
109
Why are fungi so amenable to industrial production?
(1) They produce extracellular metabolites, (2) can grow in huge vats of nutrient solution, simplifying metabolite recovery, (3) can utilize many materials as substrates, and (4) they can be genetically engineered.
110
Ecological roles of wood decay in forest ecosystems.
Biomass and nutrient cycling, heart rot provides valuable habitat (woodpeckers), builds soil (brown rot produces OM that is highly resistant to further decay, providing ideal conditions for seed germination).
111
Trends in fungal succession
R -> C-selected species, high -> low diversity, less -> more dominance, less -> specialized.
112
Statins
Cholesterol-lowering drugs that disrupt cholesterol biosynthesis.
113
Heterokaryotic
Consists of multiple nuclear types
114
Species of chaterelle
Cantharellus cibarius
115
Species of Italian white truffle.
Tuber magnatum
116
The enzyme used to break down cutin
Cutinase
117
Species characterized by slow growth and high capacity to compete. Generally utilize complex substrates and most are involved in wood decay.
C-selected species
118
Ultrastructural morphology
Morphology applied at the cellular and/or subcellular level.
119
Three food-related roles of fungi.
(1) As food or garnishment, (2) as a food processor, and (3) as a medicinal product or dietary supplement.
120
The difference between zygomycetes and the Basidiomycota regarding their dikaryotic stages.
In zygo, karyogamy closely follows plasmogamy so there isn't really a dikaryotic stage.
121
Fungus cultivated by Attine ants
Leucoagaricus spp.
122
Autoecious rusts
Infect only one host
123
Example of a chemical contaminant fungi can be used to break down.
PCBs
124
Use of ergotamine.
Alleviates migraines.
125
Mushrooms have (high/low) potassium.
High
126
Mushrooms have (high/low) B vitamins.
High
127
High fructose corn syrup is produced using what enzymes of what fungus?
Amylases of Aspergillus niger
128
The primary asexual stage of rust fungi.
Urediniospores
129
Attributes of the Kingdom Fungi
Chitin cell walls, mitochondria with plate-like cristae, glycogen as energy storage, reproduction via spores.
130
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses is primarily associated with woody plants?
Ecto
131
Causes of increased prevalence of fungal infections in humans.
Diabetes, cancer treatments, organ transplants, antibiotics.
All due to immune suppression.
132
Ascospores generally exit the ascus by means of ______.
Forcible ejection.
133
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses evolved more than one?
Ecto
134
How do fungi deal with nutrient depletion zones?
Apical extension, formation of vacuoles in older hyphae that become metabolically inactive, or dormancy.
135
Stroma
A mass of fungal tissue that may give rise to fruiting structures in the Ascomycota.
136
What type of mycorrhizal symbioses form a Hartig net?
Ecto
137
Species of white button mushrooms.
Agaricus brunnescens (Agaricus bisporus)
138
Advantage and disadvantage of direct observation for studying fungal communities.
Simple, able to observe in natural environment.
Unable to observe non-fruiting fungi and some can be unidentifiable.
139
Features of the Oomycota that are similar to true fungi.
Similar morphology and ecology, similar habitats, both heterotrophs with absorptive nutrition, hyphal thallus
140
Facts about Microsporidia.
Obligate intercellular parasites of animals, spores inject cytoplasm into host cells via polar tubes, holes/tubes protrude through host cell wall for sporangium, produces resting spores within host cell, unculturable.
Rozella allomycis is an intercellular parasite of the chytrid Allomyces
141
Homokaryotic
Consists of only a single nuclear type.
142
Saccharomycotina, Taphrinomycotina, and Pezizomycotina are members of which group?
Ascomycota
143
Facts about Phytophthora
Cause of potato blight, economically important plant pathogen, member of Peronosporales
144
Population/ecosystem impacts of parasites.
Population regulation, community structure mediation.
145
Mushroom-shaped basidiocarps (have/have not) evolved into puffball shapes, and puffballs (have/have not) evolved into mushroom-shapes.
Have; have not
