Q3: Basidiomycota

Question 1

What septal structure is unique to Basidiomycota?

Answer 1

The dolipore septum.

Question 2

Microcyclic rusts.

Answer 2

Rust fungi that do not produce the aecial or uredinial spore stages.

Question 3

What subphylum of Basidiomycota has a modified dolipore with no septal pore?

Answer 3

Ustilaginomycotina.

Question 4

Out of Agaricomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, and Pucciniomycotina, which completely lacks a dolipore septum?

Answer 4

Pucciniomycotina

Question 5

What are the fruiting bodies of Basidiomycota called?

Answer 5

Basidiocarps

Question 6

What are the three main subphyla of Basidiomycota?

Answer 6

Agaricomycotina
Pucciniomycotina
Ustilaginomycotina

Question 7

Smut fungi are part of which subphylum of Basidiomycota?

Answer 7

Ustilaginomycotina.

Question 8

_____ rusts produce each of the five spore stages.

Answer 8

Macrocyclic.

Question 9

The (3) characteristics of rust fungi.

Answer 9

Biotrophic plant pathogens, simple septa, and the absence of basidiocarps.

Question 10

A sorus.

Answer 10

A mass of spores.

Question 11

Rust fungi that infect only one host during the life cycle.

Answer 11

Autoecious rusts.

Question 12

True or False. Basidiomycota are the primary source of lignin degradation in the world.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Spermatia are produced by the ______ and are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).

Answer 13

Spermagonium; haploid.

Question 14

What are holobasidia?

Answer 14

Single-celled basidia.

Question 15

What are the main distinguishing features of Basidiomycota?

Answer 15

They have basidium that form basidiospores on the tips of sterigmata.

Question 16

Teliospores are produced by the _____ and are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).

Answer 16

Telium; dikaryotic –> diploid.

Question 17

(T/F) For most members of Basidiomycota, spores are forcibly discharged.

Answer 17

True.

Question 18

Epigeous.

Answer 18

The term for aboveground fruiting bodies.

Question 19

In rust fungi, urediniospores are (infectious/non-infectious).

Answer 19

Infectious.

Question 20

What are basidia?

Answer 20

The structures which generate sexual spores in Basidiomycota.

Question 21

In terms of aeciospores, what does “non-repeating” refer to?

Answer 21

A germinated aeciospore will not give rise to another aecium.

Question 22

Spermatia in rust fungi are (infectious/non-infectious).

Answer 22

Non-infectious.

Question 23

What are phragmobasidia?

Answer 23

Basidia divided into several cells by transverse or longitudinal septa.

Question 24

The term for familiar gilled mushrooms.

Answer 24

Agarics (includes boletes).

Question 25

Rust fungi that alternate between two different hosts.

Answer 25

Heteroecious rusts.

Question 26

Which phase of the life cycle is longer in Basidiomycota: homokaryotic or heterkaryotic?

Answer 26

Heterokaryotic. Opposite of Ascomycota.

Question 27

Heteroecious rusts.

Answer 27

Rust fungi that alternate between two different hosts.

Question 28

Spermatia.

Answer 28

Single-celled, haploid spores produced within a spermagonium.

Question 29

Basidia are formed within what structure of the basidiocarp?

Answer 29

The hymenium.

Question 30

(T/F) All members of Basidiomycota produce fruiting structures.

Answer 30

False, rusts and smuts do not.

Question 31

Macrocyclic rusts.

Answer 31

Rust fungi that produce each of the five spore stages.

Question 32

In rust fungi, the spermagonium is formed following infection of the plant by the ______.

Answer 32

Basidiospore.

Question 33

What are ballistospores?

Answer 33

Spores that are forcibly discharged.

Question 34

What is a Monokaryon?

Answer 34

An organism with one nuclei per cell

Question 35

The largest order of Pucciniomycotina.

Answer 35

Pucciniales (rust fungi)

Question 36

The ecological niches of Pucciniomycotina.

Answer 36

Saprotrophs and parasites of plants, insects, and fungi.

Question 37

The primary overwintering structure of rust fungi.

Answer 37

Teliospores.

Question 38

What is the ecological niche of the yeast-like haploid life cycle of Ustilaginomycotina?

Answer 38

Saprobic.

Question 39

Name several iconic fruiting forms of Basidiomycota. Four are listed.

Answer 39

Mushrooms, shelf fungi, jelly fungi, and puffballs.

Question 40

Autoecious rusts.

Answer 40

Rust fungi that infect only one host during the life cycle.

Question 41

Urediniospores.

Answer 41

Repeating spores produced from dikaryotic hyphae that infect the same host.

Question 42

The main unifying character of the traditional group within Basidiomycota known as Gasteromycetes.

Answer 42

Basidiospores that are not forcibly discharged.

Question 43

Basidiospores are usually (haploid/diploid).

Answer 43

Haploid.

Question 44

What are the three components of the Haploid life cycle in Basidiomycetes, following meiosis?

Answer 44

Formation of basidium, release of mating types (+ and -), and formation of mycelial hyphae

Question 45

Although the exact function is not known, what is the dolipore septum believed to do?

Answer 45

Limit the movement of nuclei, but not other organelles.

Question 46

In rust fungi, teliospores are (infectious/non-infectious).

Answer 46

Non-infectious.

Question 47

What is the fate of basidiospores in the order Ustilaginales (an order of smut fungi)?

Answer 47

Budding to form a yeast phase or germination to form conidia.

Question 48

All mushrooms of Basidiomycota are members of which subphylum?

Answer 48

Agaricomycotina.

Question 49

Hypogeous.

Answer 49

The term for belowground fruiting bodies.

Question 50

What are sterigma?

Answer 50

The structures on the surface of basidia on which basidiospores are formed.

Question 51

What occurs during the Diploid stage in Basidiomycota after fertilization/karyogamy?

Answer 51

The nuclei fuse and undergo meiosis.

Question 52

In rust fungi, basidiospores are (infectious/non-infectious).

Answer 52

Infectious.

Question 53

Asexual rusts form only which type of spores?

Answer 53

Urediniospores.

Question 54

In Ustilaginales (an order of smut fungi), basidia arise from the _____.

Answer 54

Germinating teliospores.

Question 55

Spores that are forcibly discharged.

Answer 55

Ballistospores.

Question 56

What structure on the basidiospore is thought to aid in forcible discharge?

Answer 56

The hilar appendix, by means of a small droplet of liquid that accumulates.

Question 57

Teliospores.

Answer 57

Basidia producing spores.

Question 58

What are the three components of the Dikaryotic phase of Basidiomycetes, following plasmogamy?

Answer 58

Dikaryotic mycelium, formation of basidiocarp, development of basidium

Question 59

The majority of what type of mycorrhizae are found in Basidiomycota?

Answer 59

Ectomycorrhizae

Question 60

Single-celled basidia.

Answer 60

Holobasidia.

Question 61

What are secotioid fungi?

Answer 61

The intermediate form between mushrooms and puffballs.

Question 62

What are secondary ballistospores?

Answer 62

Asexual ballistospores (conidia) produced by germinating basidiospores in smut fungi.

Question 63

In Basidiomycota, karyogamy and meiosis take place within what structure?

Answer 63

The basidium.

Question 64

Urediniospores are produced by the _____ and are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).

Answer 64

Uredinium; dikaryotic.

Question 65

Out for Agaricomycotina, Ustilaginomycotina, and Pucciniomycotina, which have no fruiting bodies?

Answer 65

Ustilaginomycotina and Pucciniomycotina

Question 66

The ecological niches of Agaricomycotina.

Answer 66

Wood decomposers (saprobes; some parasitic), mycorrhizae, mycoparasites, and lichens.

Question 67

The term for belowground fruiting bodies.

Answer 67

Hypogeous

Question 68

Rust fungi are generally (generalists/specialists) when it comes to their hosts.

Answer 68

Specialists.

Question 69

Basidiospores that are not forcibly discharged.

Answer 69

Statismospores.

Question 70

The main ecological niche of Ustilaginomycotina?

Answer 70

Plant parasites.

Question 71

Basidia divided into several cells by transverse or longitudinal septa.

Answer 71

Phragmobasidia.

Question 72

Aeciospores are produced by the _____ and are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).

Answer 72

Aecium; dikaryotic.

Question 73

What are statismospores?

Answer 73

Basidiospores that are not forcibly discharged.

Question 74

Which subphyla of Basidiomycota completely lacks the dolipore septum?

Answer 74

Pucciniomycotina.

Question 75

The characteristic dikaryotic (eventually diploid) spores of smut fungi are known as _____ and are formed as ________.

Answer 75

Teliospores; conspicuous dark powdery masses of spores (a sorus).

Question 76

(T/F) Basidiocarp morphology is related to phylogeny.

Answer 76

False

Question 77

The intermediate form between mushrooms and puffballs.

Answer 77

Secotioid fungi.

Question 78

What is a Heterokaryon?

Answer 78

A fungal thallus where there are two or more genetically distinct haploid nuclei.

Question 79

In smut and rust fungi, karyogamy takes place in the _____.

Answer 79

Teliospore.

Question 80

Which life stage of Ustilaginomycotina tends to be parasitic?

Answer 80

The dikaryon.

Question 81

The traditional group within Agaricomycotina with gelatinous or waxy basidiocarps that can desiccate and revive upon wetting, generally displaying phragmobasidia.

Answer 81

Jelly fungi.

Question 82

The main ecological niches of Basidiomycota.

Answer 82

Wood decay, mycorrhizae, and plant pathogens.

Question 83

The structures on the surface of basidia on which basidiospores are formed.

Answer 83

Sterigma

Question 84

The term for aboveground fruiting bodies.

Answer 84

Epigeous

Question 85

The unique structure that generates sexual spores in Basidiomycota.

Answer 85

Basidium; basidia (pl)

Question 86

What is the difference between (1) a homokaryon and a monokaryon; and (2) a heterokaryon and a dikaryon?

Answer 86

Monokaryon and dikaryon refer only to the number of nuclei in a given cell, whereas homokaryon and heterokaryon refer to whether or not the nuclei are genetically distinct.

Question 87

______ rusts do not produce the aecial or uredinial spore stages.

Answer 87

Microcyclic.

Question 88

In smut fungi, teliospores are formed within a _____.

Answer 88

Sorus.

Question 89

Aeciospores.

Answer 89

Non-repeating vegetative (asexual) spores produced as a result of dikaryotization that germinate to produce a dikaryotic mycelium.

Question 90

What is a Homokaryon?

Answer 90

A fungal thallus where all nuclei are genetically identical

Question 91

Basidiospores of rust fungi are (haploid/diploid/dikaryotic).

Answer 91

Diploid --> haploid.

Question 92

In rust fungi, aeciospores are (infectious/non-infectious).

Answer 92

Infectious.

Question 93

What is a Dikaryon?

Answer 93

An organism with two nuclei per cell

Question 94

What subphyla of Basidiomycota has a dolipore septum?

Answer 94

Agaricomycotina.

Question 95

The miscellaneous traditional group of Agaricomycotina.

Answer 95

Aphyllophorales.

Question 96

All microcyclic rusts are ______.

Answer 96

Autoecious.

Question 97

Are Basidiomycota known for mycorrhizae?

Answer 97

Yes

Question 98

The major characteristics of jelly fungi.

Answer 98

Gelatinous or waxy basidiocarps that can desiccate and revive upon wetting, generally displaying phragmobasidia.