Final Flashcards
(46 cards)
collective good
a resource that cannot be divided and is used by all. Either everyone gets the benefit or no one does
Ex: ozone layer, county parks, social security etc
collective action problem
Collective action problem brings up the issue that individuals have to free-ride, gain the benefit without going anything to earn it.
What is the Tragedy of the commons and what does it highlight?
The tragedy of the commons is the scenario where there is a common (collective good) of grass and farms have an individual incentive to over use the grass for their own benefit leading to the depletion of the grass.
–> scenario highlights how short term interest will hurt the collective good
–> better to work together
Sustainability
help us think about the ways to keep doing things without damaging the environment
negative externalities
Negative externalities are costly unintentional consequences
—> Its when I do something that could be good for me but does harm to another without me intending to do that
Soft law
Soft law is a non-binding set of behaviors (norms) that take into consideration the planet which can become customary law
What are some of the core principals which guide states into how do deal with the environment
- no significant harm: states CANNOT make policies that could cause environmental harm to other states
- good neighbor principal: cooperation should be the norm not the exception thus you should cooperate and avoid doing harm to your neighbor
- polluter pays principal: if you cause it you pay it
- precautionary principal: listen to science to avoid harm over your jurisdiction
- preventative action principal: I and other should take steps to prevent environmental harm
- sustainable development : states especially states following sustainable principals
What other efforts have become in place to protect the environment
IGOs: takes a look at the environmental issues and creates a space to negotiate
Treaties: set a standard in which they monitor to enforce
NGOs: use social media and other methods to keep states accountable
epistemic community
A group of experts in a given field with a shared set of beliefs who can influence the way we feel about certain concepts
ex: scientist informing the public on findings they obtained from the science community
- they are also a type of NGO
What is the ozone layer problem?
In the 1970s the ozone layer ( collective good) was being depleted which was an issue because it protected is from the sun thus leading to states working together forming the Montreal Protocol where states agreed to decrease their use of things like CFC’s.
–> an example of a success story where countries have come together for the environment
What are the three important parts/ legs of dealing with climate change
The three legs of climate change are
1. Mitigation: policies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase carbon sinks ( natural element that takes kin more carbon than it emits like trees)
–> ex: Kyoto Protocol
- Adaptation: change resources and project to be prepared to deal with effects of climate change
ex: building flood defense or developing drought resistant crops - Loss and Damage: dealing with the negative effects of climate change
–> brings up questions on who is responsible and who should pay
ex: .lead to suing of puerto rico and exxon
What is the UNFCCC
The United Nation Framework Convention on climate change is…
- framework that is committed to doing something about climate change in the future
- established the conference of parties which meet every year to negociate on climate change
ex: meeting led to kyoto protocol
What is the kyotoprotocol?
The 1997 Kyotoprotocol is…
- form of mitigation
- treaty where between European states and Japan which they agreed to cut their greenhouse emissions via an allowance
- Did not apply to developing states
Instilled three market mechanism to meet GOAL:
1. Emission trading: each state has an allowance of how much they can emit but if they are bellow their set amount they can sell their amount to another country that needs it
- Clean development mechanism: is where developed states can create projects in developing countries to get credits for decreasing their emission
–> allows states to participate without implementing rules in their markets - Joint implementation: I as a developed country can create a green project but in a developed country using credit to own emission reduction
–> Makes it cheaper for states; cost effective ways to meet requirement
What is the Paris Climate Change
The Paris Climate Change replaces the Kyoto Protocol in 2015
- its goal was to keep rising temperatures under 2 degrees C
- it used a bottom up approach where states got to select their own goals without it being binding
- states agreed to publish their own climate plans each year
- agreed that developed states would take the lead via a green climate fund giving $ to help developing countries
NOT LEGALLY BINDING SO YOU only risk your reputation
–> US left with Trump entered in Biden and has now left again
What are the three perspectives views on Environment
Three perspective:
- Realist: see the environment as a national security issue
–> scare resource competition can cause conflict and shift in dispersing resources can cause a shift in power possibly leading to war
- Liberalist: see the environment as transnational eventually leading to cooperation
–> have faith in NGOs and IGOs to deal with conflict - Constructivist: focus on discourse
–> shift in perspective will effect how environment issues will be approached
What is human security
Human security is a broad concept of security including the protection of individuals from systemic violence and much more
what is migration?
Migration is a person who moves away from their usual place of residence whether within a country or across international boarders
that included whether:
- temporarily or permanently
immigration: someone coming from somewhere else
emigration: leaving from ones country
What are the types of migration?
The types of migration include:
1. Refugee: a person with a well founded fear of being persecuted due to their race, religion, nationality, member of a particular social group, or political opinion causing them to leave the country
- Asylum seeker: A more general term for those who have applied for protection in another country
–> asylum seekers include refugees before being legally recognized as that and those who do not get labeled as a refugee - Internally displaced person (IDP): A person who has been uprooted from their home but still remains in that country
- Economic migration: people fleeing poverty, unemployment, or other poor economic reasons
- climate migration: people fleeing their home due to the effects of climate change
–> this typically is slow to happen but typically occurs because the land is unable to sustain the population
What did the convention Relating to the status of Refugees do?
The Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
- 1951
- required evidence for individual persecution
- gave the refugees the right to non-refoulement
What is the right to non-refoulement and who does it apply to?
The right to non-refoulement is applied to refugees in which it states that a refugee cannot be sent back to their country of origin
–> THIS is the only type of migration that this right applies to thus it only applies to refugees.
Who is responsible for protecting refugees?
UNHCR- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees is the one responsible for protection refugees until they are granted asylum or returned to their home
Where do the majority of Refugees come from ?
2/3rds of all refugees come from five countries ( all developing countries) = Venezuela, Syria, Afghanistan, South Sudan, and Myanmar
What is the protection gap?
The protection gap is this time when you are in limbo, in the deciding stage if you will gain asylum of not; you can’t be sent back home but you have no protection
What is the situation of Rohingya in Myanmar
Rohingya in Myanmar :
The Rohingya are a Muslim ethnic minority in Myanmar
- they have been persecuted since the 1970s
- in 2017 there was a huge spark of genocide
- many of the Rohingyas fled to Bangladesh
