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1
Q

WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH?

A

ability to cope with daily stress in a socially acceptable way
extra:
emotion regulation
build relationships
be independent
manage stress

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2
Q

why mental health important for overall
well-being?

A

allows you to function as a capable human being in society
impacts self worth
Impacts physical aspects like sleep

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3
Q

What is mental illness

A

a disturbance in a person’s ability to cope with stress, to think and in their mood

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4
Q

how mental illness differ from everyday stress or emotional challenges?

A

lasts for longer periods or returns periodically
doesn’t need a reason to feel an emotion or act out in a behaviour
can be more severe or alarming

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5
Q

What are some common factors that can influence a person’s mental health, both positively and negatively?

A

positive:
stable childhood
support system
exercise
negative:
traumatic experiences
stressful job or homelife
disability or illness

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6
Q

What is stigma in the context of mental health? Provide an example of
how stigma can impact individuals seeking support.

A

believing people with mental illness are dangerous or attention-seeking
blames them for their condition
example:
stigma decreases the self and public worth of people with mental illness
decreases the amount of resources available

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7
Q

What are the key principles for promoting mental well-being among seniors
RIPFS

A
  1. Respect and Dignity
  2. Independence and choice
  3. Participation and social inclusion
  4. Fairness and equity
  5. Safety and security
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8
Q

Who are the key professionals that make up a mental health care team, and what roles do they play in supporting individuals?

A

Psychiatrists:
can diagnose and treat mental illnesses via medications or therapy (ea CBT)
Psychologists:
study behaviour and mood to diagnose mental illnesses, treat with therapy
HCA:
promote mental wellness and advocate for client needs

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9
Q

What are the four main categories of treatments and interventions for mental illness?

A

Therapy
medications
trauma informed practice
alternatives (exercise, diet)

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10
Q

How does culture influence the way mental health disorders are understood and treated?

A

Seeking treatment:
can view as sign of weakness
Family acceptance:
may deny or accept
Preference for treatments:
may distrust traditional medicine and prefer local healers or remedies

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11
Q

What challenges do family members of individuals with mental health disorders face?

A

funding
housing
Anxiety
Guilt
Potential depression
stigma
lack of social support

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12
Q

What is the role of Support Workers in Mental Health Care settings

A

Provide compassionate care (DIPPS)

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13
Q

Name some of the principles of Mental Health Care
FDVB

A
  1. Follow the care plan
  2. Do no harm
  3. View client is a whole person
  4. Be patient and supportive
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14
Q

Person-First language

A

emphasizes the individual before their condition
“children with epilepsy”
“men with diabetes”

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15
Q

Identity-First Language

A

condition is part of identity rather than separate
“I’m deaf” “I’m autistic”

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16
Q

What are the key principles of trauma-informed practice
STPCEA

A

Safety
Trustworthiness
Peer Support
Collaboration
Empowerment
Awareness

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17
Q

Trauma-Informed Practice

A

acknowledges that trauma affects all individuals and communities
is linked to mental health conditions

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18
Q

Describe BC’s Mental Health Act

A

BC law governing mental health and substance use
Allows for involuntary admission and treatment of individuals with serious mental health conditions who are at risk to themselves or others
Certified individualized under this act can be treated without consent

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19
Q

INVOLUNTARY ADMISSION

A

Individuals who are at risk to self and others
4 criteria:
1. mental disorder is impairing their ability to react appropriately
2. They require psychiatric treatment in a facility
3. To prevent illness from progressing and prevent client from harm and harming
4. doctor thinks that they are not suitable as a voluntary patient

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20
Q

VOLUNTARY ADMISSION

A

patient request admission into hospital for assessment and can accept/refuse treatment.
not a risk to self or others.
Families or significant may/may not provide input
Patient can discharge and leave, however
doctor can admit the patient “involuntarily”

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21
Q

Define anxiety

A

It is vague, uneasy feeling in response to
stress

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22
Q

What causes anxiety? Describe some of them

A

genetics, increased risk if family member has it
brain chemistry, like imbalance of serotonin or dopamine
substances, could be from withdrawl
Stressful or traumatic life events, can trigger anxiety when reminded of events

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23
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of anxiety

A

irrational and excessive fear
difficulty managing daily tasks
anxious thoughts and predictions
avoidance of feared situations
excessive physical reactions (heart racing, feeling short of breath)

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24
Q

caregiving strategies for supporting clients with anxiety?

A

support/accompany for group activities
accepting attitude
breathing technique
low stimuli environment

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25
some treatment options for anxiety?
medication behaviour modification therapy psychotherapy education support groups
26
major depression
Severe feelings of worthlessness, sadness, disappointment, and emptiness lasting for weeks
27
What 4 factors can cause depression
biological genetic environmental psychosocial
28
symptoms of depression in older adults
Loss of appetite Weight loss Sleep disturbances Fatigue Pain or discomfort Dyspnea poor concertation
29
treatment options for major depression
Psychotherapy Medication Lifestyle changes Social support and counseling
30
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Type of depression but different from major depressive disorder (MDD) Typically starts in Fall and improves in Spring and early Summer Common in colder regions
31
bipolar disorder
extreme shifts in mood, energy, and daily functioning going from depressive lows to highs called mania or hypomania
32
Name and describe the three phases of bipolar disorder
Acute Phase: Symptoms escalating may require immediate treatment/hospitalization Continuation Phase: Symptoms persist managed through treatment Maintenance Phase: Mood is stabilized preventive treatment to avoid relapse.
33
treatment options for bipolar disorder
Medication: Mood stabilizers Atypical antipsychotics Therapy: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Psychoeducation Lifestyle Management: Regular sleep schedule avoiding alcohol/drugs
34
How can care providers support a client with bipolar disorder
Encourage medication adherence Monitor and report mood changes Emotional support Ensure a safe environment
35
Describe schizophrenia
disconnection from reality (psychosis) severe and chronic mental health disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
36
What are some potential causes and risk factors of schizophrenia?
Genetics Brain chemistry and structure (Imbalances in dopamine and glutamate) Environmental triggers Substance use
37
What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized Speech Disorganized or Abnormal Behavior Illusions
38
What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Reduced emotional expression Lack of motivation Social withdrawal Reduced speech
39
What are delusions
Are fixed, false beliefs without any basis in reality include: paranoid Grandiose Nihilistic Sexual
40
What is hallucination?
a false sensory perception perceptual experiences that do not exist in reality
41
Name a few types of hallucinations
Auditory Visual Tactile Olfactory Kinesthetic
42
How do symptoms of schizophrenia impact a person’s ability to maintain self-care
Deficits noticeable during psychotic episodes but can occur anytime Positive & negative symptoms can interfere with ADLs At risk for sleep deprivation, malnutrition, self-neglect, increased health risk from pre- existing medical conditions
43
treatment options for schizophrenia
Medications (psychotropic) Psychosocial Treatment (ea Group Therapy) Community Case Management (ACT)
44
What communication skills are essential for effectively supporting clients with Schizophrenia
respect personal space Avoid staring Allow for periods of silence Speak in easy to understand sentences Use observations without judgment
45
Describe personality disorders
personality traits become inflexible, unhealthy and maladaptive individual has difficulty perceiving and relating to people and situations
46
What are some symptoms of personality disorders?
Frequent mood swings Angry outbursts Difficulty making friends Need for instant gratification Poor impulse control
47
What are some types of personality disorders
Borderline Antisocial Avoidant Narcissistic Obsessive Compulsive Schizotypal Dependent Histrionic Schizoid Paranoid
48
What key factors should be considered when caring for someone with borderline personality disorder
Fear of abandonment Potential self-harm Manipulative behaviour
49
Name some treatment options for borderline personality disorder
therapy medication self-awareness support systems/groups
50
What is the definition of substance use disorder (SUD)
Medical term for a pattern of substance use causing significant problems or distress
51
What are some signs that substance use is interfering with daily life?
Missing work or school Using substances in dangerous situations (driving) Legal issues Interference with relationships
52
substance dependence
Medical term for continued drug or alcohol use despite significant problems
53
Signs of substance Dependence
increased tolerance to drug Withdrawal Social Withdrawal Continued Use Despite Harm
54
What are the short-term risks associated with alcohol use
Intoxication dependence potential vomiting loss of consciousness respiratory depression
55
What are the long-term risks associated with alcohol use
Liver, pancreas, heart problems Poor nutrition Decreased sexual function Depression dementia Impaired social & work/school functioning Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
56
What are some common symptoms of substance use disorder
Using larger amounts Unsuccessful attempts to cut down Strong cravings Interference with responsibilities Engaging in risky behaviors Withdrawal
57
What are the early symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
Coarse hand tremors Sweating Increased pulse & blood pressure Insomnia Nausea and/or vomiting
58
What are the severe symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
Hallucinations Delirium Seizures
59
Why is alcohol withdrawal particularly risky for older adults
may not show typical signs of withdrawal develop withdrawal symptoms even with smaller alcohol amounts Complicated Withdrawal Course Clients with cognitive impairment may not accurately report
60
What factors influence the severity of withdrawal symptoms
Nature of substance Length of time used Amount used Use of other substances other medical & psychiatric conditions
61
dual diagnosis
term used when someone experiences a mental illness and a substance use disorder simultaneously
62
What are the key responsibilities of caregivers when supporting individuals with SUD or mental illness
Watch for signs of drug use Document and report any observations Approach with Professionalism Be non-judgmental Focus on client strengths Maintain safety
63
What are some strategies to prevent suicide at a societal level
Limiting access to means of suicide Encouraging responsible media reporting on suicide Fostering socio-emotional life skills in adolescents Early identification, assessment, management, and follow-up for those affected by suicidal behaviors
64
Why are older adults, especially men aged 65 and older, at higher risk of suicide
They use more lethal means when attempting suicide adults, 1 out of 3 attempts lead to death youth, 1 out of 200
65
What are some major mental health disorders that contribute to suicide risk in elderly individuals
major depression psychosis traumatic events personality disorders isolation
66
What are some behavioral changes that may indicate a person is at risk for suicide
Behavioral Changes Losing interest in hobbies or activities Statements of Hopelessness or Burden physical complaints Immediate Red Flags: Threating to harm or kill themselves Talking or writing about dying or suicide Seeking methods of self-harm
67
What steps should you take if someone expresses suicidal thoughts
ask if they have a plan Listen, be empathetic Do not minimize feelings Consider your own safety Contact your supervisor Call 911 if necessary
68
Define abuse
Intentional physical or mental harm caused by another person or persons
69
Who are the abusers
Family members friends partners classmates co-workers supervisors caregivers. can be multiple people
70
What are the types of abuse
Physical Emotional Sexual Financial Neglect Bullying Cyberbullying
71
What is the most common types of abuse seniors suffer from
physical emotional financial neglect
72
examples of psychological abuse
Ignoring Denying Forgetting Accusing Degrading Terrorizing Isolating
73
examples of sexual abuse
Unwanted touching assault harassment
74
What is neglect
Failure to provide basic needs or medical care
75
examples of physical abuse
grabbed slapped object thrown at them Pinched hair pulled being held down
76
Describe each phase in the cycle of abuse
1) Tension Building Phase abuser becomes increasingly irritated by daily events/comments. victim attempts to calm or please 2) Abusive Phase tension erupts into abuse. 3) Honeymoon Phase Abuser feels ashamed or sorry. apologizes promises not to repeat the abuse may offer gifts or extra attention. abuser and victim may believe change is possible 4) Calm Phase temporary period of normalcy before the cycle repeats
77
Why are clients with dementia more at risk of being abused by their caregivers
may not recognize or remember abuse unable to report can be "difficult" or "act out" and caregivers can believe they deserve the abuse caregivers can get burnout
78
What are the red flags to watch out for with caregivers who may become abusive
degrading comments hitting or shoving excuses irritability skipping steps or tasks labelling residents as "difficult"
79
What can the HCA do to prevent client to client abuse
prevent triggers keep the clients separate dont leave unattended ensure needs are met
80
What should you do if you suspect abuse
if cognitive, ask victim reassure victim note details of abuse report abuse to services or employer
81
What should you include when reporting abuse
Victim: Name address phone number age gender Abuser: same including relationship to victim Description of Abuse: Nature of abuse or neglect Date, time, and place of incident. Stick to facts

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