Final Flashcards

Question

Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 1

(According to Maslow's theory) - needs arranged in order of urgency - explain range of human motivation - lower-level motives must be satisfied before higher ones - physiological needs lowest - self actualization needs highest Maslow thought that striving to become something or to do something meaningful in one’s life is essential for humans

Answer 2

Self-actualization is expressed through a meta-needs: wholeness, perfection, completion, justice, richness, simplicity, aliveness, beauty, goodness, uniqueness, playfulness, truth, autonomy, meaningfulness

Answer 3

esteem and self-esteem love and belonging safety and security physiological needs: food, air, water, sleep, sex, etc.

Answer 4

is a motivational system Love is a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates”.  Love may be a goal-oriented state in a way that is similar to hunger and sex drives

Answer 5

Hatfield and Rapson’s theory Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

Answer 6

a theory of love: Passionate love: love marked by powerful, even overwhelming, longing for one’s partner Companionate love: love marked by a sense of deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner

Answer 7

contains three major components: Passion, Commitment and Intimacy

Answer 8

The drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals.  Approach goal  Avoidance goal ... procrastination!

Answer 9

a theory of achievement motivation: An individual’s ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which they are in control of the behaviours necessary to achieve those goals.

Answer 10

part of achievement motivation: An individual’s confidence that he or she can plan and execute a course of action to solve a problem

Answer 11

intrinsic motives extrinsic motives amotivational

Answer 12

Can be seen as a combination of: - subjective perceptions (conscious and unconscious) and energy - emotions are brain / body reactions to situations we experience

Answer 13

varies from person to person based on cultural influences, and unique personal experiences. So, even though we can't choose the emotions we feel, we can choose the ways in which we respond through emotional awareness

Answer 14

1. A subjective thought and/or experience (cognitive appraisal) 2. An accompanying patterns of neural activity and physical arousal (physiological arousal) 3. An observable behavioral expression (ex. an emotional facial expression or changes in muscle tension)

Answer 15

Transitory, depend more on the situation than on a specific person

Answer 16

Pattern of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences across a variety of life situations

Answer 17

concsious or unconsious unconscious - brain executes reaction to fear - designed to get a person to safety - the person acts before being consciously aware

Answer 18

Low road (unconscious processing) High road (conscious processing)

Answer 19

emotional stimulus thalamus senses fear LOW ROAD: thalamus signals amygdala, which sounds the alarm and produces emotional response HIGH ROAD: thalamus signals sensory cortex (command central) which signals amygdala whish sounds the alarm and produces an emotional response

Answer 20

The A N S is involved in emotional responding. The sympathetic division prepares the body to respond to stress. The parasympathetic division restores the body to normal conditions.

Answer 21

Emotional stimulus triggers Cognitive appraisal (Danger) which causes: - ANS arousal - behaviours (run) - emotional expression (fearful face) - emotional feelings (fear)

Answer 22

physiological, behavioral, and cognitive components - They disagree as to how these three components interact

Answer 23

James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, and the Two-Factor Theories of Emotion

Answer 24

In the James-Lange Theory, the subjective experience of fear follows the physiological response. - For example, your heart was racing, which made you nervous about the noise. James-Lange Theory of Emotion  Our physiological reactions to stimuli (the racing heart) precede and give rise to the emotional experience (the fear).  Event, physical response, emotion.  Emotions result from our interpretations of our brain and body reactions to stimuli  Feel afraid because we tremble

Answer 25

Walter Cannon and Philip Bard disagreed with the James-Lange theory. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion  Feeling of emotion (e.g., fear) occurs at same time as physiological arousal (e.g., pounding heart).  The brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings.  These representations in the brain trigger responses in the body  An emotion-provoking event leads simultaneously to an emotional and bodily reaction  One does not cause the other.

Answer 26

- many different emotions can elicit physiological arousal - how do we choose which emotion goes with arousal? - Schachter and Singer suggested that is our interpretation of why we are aroused that creates the emotional experience - Cognitive aspects (e.g., thoughts, memories, beliefs, interpretations of experiences, etc.) play a role in emotional experiences. - Emotions are a combination of an undifferentiated arousal (“alertness”), with an attribution (explanation) of that arousal

Answer 27

- Though emotion has similarity across cultures, there are some important cultural differences. - Culturally, how emotions are expressed. - Cultures differ in display rules, how and when to express emotion - Does not influence emotion itself, but instead its overt expression - Western societies: Boys do not cry - Restraint of expression, deference to authority in Eastern societies

Answer 28

- cross cultural differences in emotion - emotional dialects variations across cultures in how common emotions are exptressed ex. people from North America from Gabon (a country in West Africa) experience contempt North Americans are more likely to lower their brow Gabonese are more likely to raise their upper lip

Answer 29

Culturally specific ‘rules’, unwritten expectations, and etiquette for emotional expression - Dictate when and how feelings should be expressed - How, when, why, and where to express, or not express emotions

Answer 30

Evaluate potentially stressful event and how it affects well-being Is perception irrelevant or involving harm, loss, threat, challenge

Answer 31

Evaluating one's coping resources and how to deal with stressful event

Answer 32

Made Psychological Model of Stress - focused on the importance of a person's perceptions and appraisal of stressors includes: Primary appraisal Secondary appraisal The stress response depends on the outcome of the primary and secondary appraisals, whether the person’s coping resources are adequate to cope with the threat, and how severely the resources are taxed in the process

Answer 33

Optimism: optimism lowers stress, may reduce risk of illness (positive psychology) Psychological Hardiness: see stressor as a challenge instead of a threat Social Support: can give help, information, advice, emotional support Associated with low vulnerability to anxiety and more clam reactions to stress

Answer 34

We all cope with stress and events in our lives * Stress and Coping Paradigm * An interaction of person’s appraisal, personality, and stressor. * There are 2 basic ways of coping 1. Problem-focused coping: 2. Emotion-focused coping:

Answer 35

1. Problem-focused coping: * Attempts to tackle the problem head on - reducing, modifying, eliminating source(s) of stress. 2. Emotion-focused coping: * Dealing with one’s feelings about the stressful event - changing emotional responses.

Answer 36

An interaction of person’s appraisal, personality, and stressor

Answer 37

Significant tool for coping: Aerobic exercise such as running, swimming or rowing for a minimum 2.5 hours per week is recommended. * Only 2 in 10 adults and 1 in 10 children and youth achieve the basic recommended exercise. * Even moderate amounts of daily activity is beneficial. * Strength training increases muscle and bone strength; reduces sarcopenia (muscle wasting) and osteoporosis (loss of bone mass.) * Strength training moderates the effects of aging on older adults’ muscles and bones

Answer 38

Focused attention/open- monitoring * Mindfulness-based stress reduction * Integrated mind-body training

Answer 39

Individual’s ability to cultivate strengths to positively meet the challenges of life * Factors that help the individual to overcome adversity and beat the heavy odds against them * Not a trait that people either have or do not have. * Involves behaviors, thoughts, and actions that can be learned and developed in anyone * Functions well despite challenges or threats

Answer 40

Protective influences- personal, social, & institutional resources that foster competence & promote successful development Buffer or reduce the risk of the consequences of an event or environment 2 types: * Within the individual * Within the environment

Answer 41

Emotional resilience is defined as being able to overcome stressors or endure negative life events while finding personal meaning in such experiences (Grant & Kinman, 2012)

Answer 42

- Emotional awareness and perspective * Internal locus of control * Personal and professional support * Perseverance * Spirituality * Optimism * Sense of humour

Answer 43

Opposite of PTSD ‘‘Positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances’’ (Tedeschi & Calhoun, 2004) * Individual who experiences positive life changes coping with a traumatic event or life crisis * Resilience which implies adjusting positively to adversity * PGT implies the person has changed positively or been transformed; is in a different ‘place’ than prior to the trauma * Often reported by cancer survivors

Answer 44

1. Improved relationships 2. New possibilities for one's life 3. A greater appreciation for life 4. A greater sense of personal strength 5. Spiritual development

Answer 45

Abnormal Psychology Psychopathology (mental illness) is often seen as a failure of adaptation to the environment (maladaptive behaviour) * The failure analysis approach tries to understand mental illness by examining breakdowns in functioning

Answer 46

What is considered “maladaptive”? * Heavy drug users who are not distressed by their behaviours? * A new relationship that concerns family members? * Having a religious conversion? * Risk-taking by extreme sports enthusiasts? * IMPORTANT - Although maladaptive behaviour is part of mental illness, many professionals feel all behaviour is adaptive in some way

Answer 47

The art or act of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms * Interpretation of a pattern of symptoms in order to develop effective treatment * Stems from a medical model

Answer 48

WHO - nearly ½ the world’s population is affected by mental illness, with an impact on self-esteem relationships and ability to function in everyday life. The Situation in Canada (CMHA, 2022): * In any given year, 1 in 5 Canadians experiences a mental illness. * By the time Canadians reach 40 years of age, 1 in 2 have – or have had – a mental illness * Approximately 20% of Canadian youth are affected by a mental illness or disorder * In Canada, only 1 out of 5 children receive appropriate mental health services * Five chronic diseases and conditions that may co-exist with mental illness. These included diabetes, hypertension, asthma, ischemic heart disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Answer 49

Historical Background of Diagnostic Statistics Manual Understanding the history of the DSM editions is important owing to their influence over diagnostic practice and research * In the late 1900s and early 2000s (prior to WWII) there were not many psychiatry was mainly an aspect of large state hospitals and asylums – where seriously mentally ill were ‘housed’. Little need for classification.

Answer 50

After WWII, psychiatry rose in prominence and so did the need to classify and organize mental illness. DSM-1 (1952) was originally created as a way of collecting data on mental disorders in psychiatric hospitals. * It was developed in relation to the International Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders, (ICD) produced by the WHO. * The ICD 6 (1949) was the first edition of the ICD that included a section on mental disorders. * The DSM-1 included 128 mental illnesses, and it had an inpatient psychiatry focus. It was 132 pages in length and cost $3.00

Answer 51

Diagnostic Statistics Manual 5 (text revised) The DSM has grown in scope to become a major system of classification and diagnosis of mental disorders. * The DSM-5-TR includes 541 diagnostic categories and is 947 pages in length. * Contains diagnostic criteria and decision rules for each condition * Warns to “think organic” (rule out physical causes of symptoms first) * Uses a biopsychosocial perspective * Contains information on prevalence * Percentage of people within a population who have a specific mental disorder

Answer 52

A mental disorder is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning. * Mental disorders are usually associated with significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities. * An expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor or loss, such as the death of a loved one, is not a mental disorder. * Socially deviant behavior (e.g., political, religious, or sexual) and conflicts that are primarily between the individual and society are not mental disorders unless the deviance or conflict

Answer 53

State of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 2007

Answer 54

Presence of a physical or mental disease or impairment

Answer 55

Health related quality of life What the person can do (functioning) * Self-care * Role * Social * How the person feels (well-being) * Emotional well-being * Pain * Energ

Answer 56

* Study of both positive and negative impacts that humans’ behaviour and decisions have on their health, survival, and well-being. * Increasing field in the 20th and 21st centuries as most premature deaths are attributable to lifestyle factors. * People more likely to die from tobacco use, alcohol use, obesity, and inactivity - heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes.

Answer 57

Biomedical Model * Illness and biological factors. Biopsychosocial Model * Biological, psychological, social factors. Health Psychology * Psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, how they respond

Answer 58

- focuses on health and illness and holds that both are determined by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors Most health professionals endorse this model More frequently being called - biopsychosocial - cultural model

Answer 59

Acute and Chronic Diseases Acute disease * Temporary conditions * Conditions that develop over a short period of time and cause a rapid change in health. Chronic Disease * Conditions that last at least three months and may require additional support such as physio or occupational therapy

Answer 60

a health issue leading cause of death in Canada Risk Factors: unhealthy diet, smoking, escess alcohol consumption coping = medical treatment plus maintaining quality of life

Answer 61

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) * HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; causes AIDS. * HIV attacks immune system until it becomes non-functional. * No cure or vaccine

Answer 62

HAART = highly active antiretroviral therapy; combination of at least three medications. * Education and information. * Psychotherapy, self-help groups, group therapy. * Antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs

Answer 63

Nicotine = powerful substance leading to addiction. * Smoking delivers a dose of nicotine to the nervous system and stimulates reward circuitry (positive reinforcement). * It also reduces uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms that build during periods of absence (negative reinforcement). * These dual processes reinforce smoking and can lead to intense cravings. * Lung cancer and coronary heart disease. * Number one in preventable causes of disease in Canada. * In Canada, the life expectancy of the average smoker is between 7 and 14 years shorter than that of a nonsmoker * *Declining levels of cigarette smoking but increased levels of vaping especially in the younger population

Answer 64

- Poverty - Discrimination - Interpersonal relationships

Answer 65

- Less access to healthcare * Lack of control * Magnified by stress * Poorer diets

Answer 66

- Uncontrollable and unpredictable * Increased blood pressure * Unhealthy behaviours

Answer 67

nterpersonal relationships * Social Resilience * Ability to keep positive relationships and to endure and recover from social isolation and life stressors. * Social isolation * As great a risk as smoking, obesity, and high blood pressure * Married couples tend to live longer * Marriage is also a large source of stress * Children

Answer 68

- Physiological and psychological response to stressor that threatens or challenges our ability to cope effectively * Requires adaptation or adjustment

Answer 69

Event capable of producing physical or emotional stress

Answer 70

developed general adaption syndrome (to stress) General Adaptation Syndrome (G A S) = sequence of reactions in response to stressors. * Three Stages of G A S

Answer 71

developed by Hans Selye Three stages of GAS 1. Alarm stage - sympathetic nervous system releases hormones: emotional reaction - defense forces mobilized to respond to the stressor 2. Resistance Stage - physiological efforts to resist or adapt to stressor 3. Exhaustion Stage - if organism fails in efforts to resist stressor Any event requiring readjustment, positive or negative, will produce stress. * Eustress = positive or good stress. * Distress = damaging or unpleasant stress.

Answer 72

positive or good stress that we need to keep us going and complete a task

Answer 73

damaging or unpleasant stress

Answer 74

(coined term homeostasis) fight or flight response to stress, sympathetic nervous system (Now considered to have 4 possible reactions)

Answer 75

Flight: facing any perceived threat aggressively Flight: running away from danger Freeze: unable to move or act against a threat Fawn (or appease): immediately acting to try to please or avoid any conflict (but not people pleasing)

Answer 76

H P A (hypothalamus, pituitary, adrenal) axis and the fight, flight, freeze or fawn response

Answer 77

Stressors (environmental demands) can lead to appraisal of demands and adaptive apacities, which can lead to a) perceived stress: can lead to negative emotional responses and then physiological or behavioral responses ->increased risk of physical and psychiatric disease b) benign or positive appraisal -> positive emotional response

Answer 78

stress as a physiological response - The effects of stress can be acute or chronic: prolonged exposure results in damaging influences from the sympathetic nervous system, immune system suppression, cardiovascular disease, some forms of cancer and shortening telomeres

Answer 79

- Typically results from experiencing extreme trauma (acute or chronic) * Living it or witnessing it * 4 Primary characteristics

Answer 80

* Intrusive re-experiencing event * Negative Mood and Cognitions * Avoidance of triggers * Hyper-arousal/ vigilant – always on alert

Answer 81

- Substance abuse * Generalized Anxiety Disorder * Depression * Suicide Ideology * Unemployment; Poverty Prevalence * Childhood trauma * Military * Emergency service workers PSYC1000 W25 Dr. G. Pitt 30

Answer 82

Body’s defense against invading bacteria, viruses, and other illness-producing organisms * Consists of the skin, phagocytes, lymphocytes (T and B cells), and macrophages * Can be compromised by disorders like A I D S * Interacts with psychological functioning

Answer 83

Study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system * How psychological factors (emotions, thinking, behaviour) affect immune system? * Stress can decrease levels of immune system’s B and T cells. * Stress and anxiety can worsen autoimmune diseases

Answer 84

Top cause of death and disability in the U S and Canada * Associated with many factors, especially stress * Stress is, by itself, is associated with risk factors for C H D * Stress can increase inflammation in the body, which is linked to factors that can harm the heart, such as high blood pressure and lower “good” HDL cholesterol. * Chronic stress can also affect the heart in a more indirect way. * For example – Chronic stress can affect sleeping, eating, exercise, weight, lifestyle choices – all of which increases the risks for heart health.

Answer 85

of STRESS includes appraising stressors: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal Lazarus and Folkman focused on the importance of a person’s perceptions and appraisal of stressors. * The stress response depends on the outcome of the primary and secondary appraisals, whether the person’s coping resources are adequate to cope with the threat, and how severely the resources are taxed in the process.

Answer 86

Blinders - disregarding other reasons Biases - categorizing individuals; 'otherness' (stigmatizing) Self-fulfilling - people 'wear' the label; defining characteristic Collateral damage - serious side effects of medications Impacting rights to employment, educaiton, insurance and mortgages

Answer 87

varying by individual Mental Illness OR Mental Disorder * The DSM treatment and into individuals’ life narratives * In the DSM and medical community, the language that is used, terms, discourse are often in the context of a medical model that helps or hinders individuals and families. * Some children grow up learning the language of mental illness early. * Individuals learn the language of mental illness through their own experiences or the experiences of others. * The language of mental illness can permeate families – impeding or supporting family life.

Answer 88

Generally, assessment and diagnosis involve clinical, medical, modernist aspects – what is wrong with the individual (particularly with mental illness) “Assessment” related to life narratives can look very different * Ongoing, dynamic and multidimensional * Moves away from the medical model and from modernist – to postmodernist, post structural * Incorporates local knowledge, strengths, resources, positive factors supporting individuals * Beginning of therapeutic interventions

Answer 89

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (A D H D) * The D S M-5-T R states that an individual must have a minimum of six symptoms of inattention or six symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity in order to receive a diagnosis of ADHD * Over-diagnosed? * ADHD was added to the D S M-III in 1980 * Incidence of ADHD in North America has risen significantly over the decades. * Currently in Canada - ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in Canada, affecting 4-6% of adults and 5-7% of children, or approximately 1.8 million Canadians. In other words, 1 of every 21 people in Canada has the disorder (Centre for ADHD Awareness, Canada, 2025) Really prevalent in one area of the world and not the other

Answer 90

Legal defense proposing that people shouldn’t be held legally responsible for their actions if they weren’t of “sound mind” when committing them ex. insanity defense

Answer 91

Insanity defense requires people to not know: * What they were doing at the time of crime * What they were doing was wrong * Less than 1% successful * This defense is used in less than 1% of cases in Canadian courts and it has a success rate of less than 25%

Answer 92

is a procedure for protecting the public from people with significant mental disorders and protecting them from themselves Psychological Diagnoses in the Courtroom

Answer 93

* Pose a clear and present threat to themselves or others * Are so impaired they can’t care for themselves

Answer 94

Community Treatment Orders (CTOs) * Alternate to Involuntary Commitment * An order issued by a physician and agreed to by an individual (and/or their Substitute Decision Maker) under the Ontario Mental Health Act. This allows the individual to receive care and treatment in the community in lieu of detention in a hospital or psychiatric facility

Answer 95

There is no agreement among the professional psychiatrists as to what mental illness is. * Mental Disorder – Mental Illness * A pattern of mental symptoms causing significant problems in life * Can develop in a relatively short time * Also known as psychopathology * Cause distress beyond what is normal, typical, or culturally appropriate * On a continuum from healthy to disordered * As are personality traits

Answer 96

1 in 5 people will experience mental illness. * Every year: * 8% of people experience a mood disorder * .3% experience schizophrenia * 12% experience an anxiety disorder * 2.5% experience an eating disorder * 10% become disabled from a mental health disorder

Answer 97

Culture is a significant factor in mental health – diagnosis, treatment, interpersonal relationships, communities However, culture is also a rich source of resilience and strength. It can provide support to overcome barriers and help people find their pathway to wellness

Answer 98

Members from different ethnic or cultural groups may have a higher risk of mental health or substance use problems due to a greater number of stressors, such as discrimination and isolation. * Immigrants and refugees may cope with added stress of fitting into a new community, may face language barriers, and may be unable to access services (rural or remote). * Individuals may have experienced trauma prior to or during migration. * In addition, stigma around mental health within groups may affect an individual’s ability to access help. - Different cultural groups may have different explanations of mental health

Answer 99

- a cluster of mental disorders involving excessive anxiety - What separates anxiety disorders from other forms of anxiety is a combination of an unjustifiable degree, duration, and source of anxiety. * Most anxieties are transient and can be adaptive * However, anxiety disorders become excessive and inappropriate One of the most prevalent and earliest onset of all classes of disorders * Affect 12 percent of Canadians. * Since beginning of Covid, anxiety disorders have increased threefold in Canadians

Answer 100

Observational learning - Can also learn fears by observing others or by hearing misinformation from others * Anxious people tend to think about the world in different ways from non-anxious people * Catastrophic thinking - predicting terrible events despite low probability

Answer 101

- Characterized by high levels of anxiety over long period, difficult to control. * Feel tense, on edge, tired, irritable, have difficulty concentrating/sleeping. * Symptoms - trembling, palpitations, sweating, dizziness, nausea, diarrhea, frequent urination. * More prevalent in women

Answer 102

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder * Distressing, maladaptive focus on details and control, perfectionist-like * Condition marked by repeated and lengthy (at least one hour per day) immersion in obsessions, compulsions, or both Obsessions * persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inappropriate and cause marked distress Distress is relieved by compulsions * repetitive behaviour or mental act performed to reduce or prevent stress * Link to Parkinson’s disease, dopamine

Answer 103

Over 20% of North Americans will experience a mood disorder * Class of disorders that describe types of depression and bipolar disorders. * Moods or emotions that are extreme or unwarranted * Characterized with general emotional state or mood which is distorted or inconsistent that interferes with ability to function. * Complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social influences * Major life events can be the precursor to Mood disorders * Different models conceptualizing mood disorders based on nature and nurture

Answer 104

Major depressive disorder Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia) Manic episode Hypomanic episode Bipolar disorder I Bipolar disorder II Cyclothymic disorder Postpartum depression Seasonal affective disorder Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 105

Major Depressive Disorder - most common, at 16% of general population - more prevalent in females, most likely to develop in 30s Chronic or recurrent state in which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or diminished interest in pleasurable activities, along with symptoms that include weight loss and sleep difficulties

Answer 106

overwhelming sadness, despair, hopelessness, no pleasure

Answer 107

Biological perspective * Genetic inheritance, brain chemistry. * Norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine. * Cognitive perspective * Distortions in thinking

Answer 108

Manic episodes and depression, with “normal” periods in between. * Manic Episode * Excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, hyperactivity, lowered need for sleep, high energy, inflated self-esteem, extremes in behaviour * Equally common in men and women * Very heavily genetically influenced, but stressful life events can cause episode onset (whether negative or positive

Answer 109

Excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, hyperactivity, lowered need for sleep, high energy, inflated self-esteem, extremes in behaviour Markedly inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, greatly decreased need for sleep, much more talkative than usual, racing thoughts, distractibility, increased activity level or agitation, and excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that can cause problems (like unprotected sex, excessive spending, reckless driving)

Answer 110

11th leading cause of death in Canada * 3rd for children and adolescents in Canada * Suicide Prevention Canada cites * Each day, approximately 11 people will end their lives by suicide. * Men complete suicide 4 x more often than women * Women attempt suicide 4 x more often than men. * Over 90% of people who complete suicide had a mental health disorder. * 12 – 20% of all children have suicidal idealization * Suicide accounts for 38% of deaths among Indigenous youth

Answer 111

IS PATH WARM ideation substance abuse purposelessness anxiety trapped hopelessness withdrawal anger recklessness mood changes

Answer 112

the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep thinking and accepting human being

Answer 113

the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, appreciation, affection and mutual concern for eachother's wellbeing

Answer 114

associated with physical and emotional longing for the other person

Answer 115

related to tenderness the affection we feel when our lives are intertwined with another person

Answer 116

drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals

Answer 117

an enjoyable and preasant incentive that a person is drawn toward, such as a praise, financial reward, or feeling of satisfaction

Answer 118

an attempt to avoid an unpleasant outcome such as shame, embarrassment, losing money, or feeling emotional pain

Answer 119

THere are 3 universal needs relatedness - feeling connected with others, satisfied by forming bonds autonomy - need to feel control of your own life competence - ability to form task at a skill level satisfying the individual

Answer 120

an individuals confidence that they can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem - improves performance

Answer 121

an individual's ability to achieve their goals and attain psychological well-being is influenced by the degree to which they are in chontrol of the behaviorous necessary to achive those goals

Answer 122

performance motive - motivation geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition, or avoiding embarrassment

Answer 123

self determined to non-self determined intrinsic motivation extrinsic motivation amotivation

Answer 124

a feeling of having little or no motivation to perform a behaviour

Answer 125

process of being internally motivated to perform behaviours and overcome challenges (genuine desire to master a task, rather than being motivated by reward)

Answer 126

a behaviour with the following 3 components: a) a subjective thought and or experience b) accompanying patterns of neutral activity and phusical arousal c) observable behavioural expression

Answer 127

group of nuclei in medial portion (near middle) of temporal lobes in each hemisphere of the brain help in fear response

Answer 128

autonomic nervous system responsivle for flight or fight 1) sympathetic - helps recruit energy to fight or flee 2) parasympathetic - helps preserve energy, decreases activity

Answer 129

play important role in emotional regulation receive info from amygdala directly analyze situation and decide ifi emotional response is necessary

Answer 130

our physiological reactions to stimuli (ex. a racing heart) precede the emotional experience (ex. the fear) feeling of fear is determined by how your body responds 1) based on perception of stimulus - heart starts to race 2) brain receives feedback about that response 3) brain decides you should feel fear, based on feedback received

Answer 131

the brain interprets a situation and generates subjective emotional feelings and these representations in brain trigger responses in the body so fear and then body response

Answer 132

patterns of physical arousal and the cognitive labels we attatch them to form the basis of our emotional experiences combining the physical (ex. negative arousal) and cognitive (thinking you're sad) experiences gives rise to emotional experience of sadness

Answer 133

muscles of eye - squint

Answer 134

mouth muscle - smile

Answer 135

- first person to recognize expressions of emotion are universal

Answer 136

variations across cultures in how common emotions are ecpressed

Answer 137

unwritten expectiations we have regarding when it is appropriate to display certain emotions ex. trying not to blush

Answer 138

hypothesized mechanism that serves to maintain body weight around a physiologically programmed level initially controlled by genetic influences but actual weight is modified based on environmental factors = food intake

Answer 139

the ability to keep positive relationships to endure and recover from social isolation and life stressors

Answer 140

the often subtle unintentional spreading of behaviour as result of social interactions es. bodyweight, smoking

Answer 141

psychological and physiological reaction that occurs when perceived demands exceed ecisting resources to meed demand

Answer 142

cognitive act of assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event includes: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

Answer 143

determining is this a threat

Answer 144

determining how to cope with a threat if there is one

Answer 145

range of emotional intensity in which an individual is likelu to perform at their best = individual zone of optimum functioning

Answer 146

general adaption theory syndrome stages or alarm, resistance and exhaustion first stress triggers an alarm44resistance - usually phhysical and mental resources to respond to the stress or in an appropriate way exhaustion - ability to cope declines

Answer 147

ability to cope declines

Answer 148

hypothalamic - pituitary - adrenal acis neural endocrine circuit that provides communication btw nervous syustem and encocrine system when you erceive you're in stressful situation cortisol is released (secreted by the adrenal cortex - prepares the body to respond to stressful situations

Answer 149

common stress response based on seeking support - more likely to occur in females - prompted by oxytocin

Answer 150

hormone involved in repro, childbirth and social bonding

Answer 151

study of the relationship btw immune system and nervous system functioning

Answer 152

plaque build up in coronary arteries resulting in restricted bood flow

Answer 153

describes people who tend to be impatiant, worry abt time, easily angered, competitive and highly motivated

Answer 154

laid back, patient, easy going, relaxed disposition

Answer 155

The process used to manage demands stress and conflict It includes problem, focused, coping, and emotion, focussed coping

Answer 156

Uses scientific methods to study human strengths and potential

Answer 157

Tendency to have a favourable constructive you on situation, and to expect positive outcomes

Answer 158

Tendency to have a negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes

Answer 159

Tendency to interpret and explain negative events as internally best example being due to that person rather than to an external situation This is a constant stable quality

Answer 160

Tendency to respond to problems with a pattern of anxiety, hostility, anger, guilt, or nervousness

Answer 161

Ability to effectively recover from illness or adversity

Answer 162

Capacity to grow and experience, long-term positive effects in response to negative effects Growth occurs during the process of coping

Answer 163

Any procedure, that involves a shift in consciousness to a state in which an individual is highly focused, aware, and in control of mental processes

Answer 164

Focussed attention Related to meditation focus on attention on breathing or something. Thanks.

Answer 165

Open monitoring Focus and experience each sensational property is a type of meditation

Answer 166

Narrative focus is What each word meant, and how it is related to them Experiential focus is paying attention to thoughts and bodily reactions to words as they happened

Answer 167

Mindfulness based stress reduction Structured relaxation program based on elements of mindfulness meditation

Answer 168

Brain derived neurotrophic factor protein in the nervous system, that promote survival growth, and the formation of new synopsis

Answer 169

An acquired suppression of avoidance or escape behaviour in response to unpleasant or uncontrollable circumstances

Answer 170

Psychological strategies people use to preserve a sense of non-random order when personal control is compromised

Answer 171

The study of mental illness

Answer 172

Cause distress to oneself or others, impair, day-to-day functioning, or increase risk of injury, or harm to oneself or others Maladaptive describes behaviours

Answer 173

The medical model sees psych through the same lens as Western medicine tends to see physical conditions as a set of symptoms, causes, and outcomes and treatments aimed at changing physiological process in order to alleviate symptoms

Answer 174

When an individual has difficulties distinguishing between what is real and what is imagined

Answer 175

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders A standardize manual to aid in the diagnosis of disorders We are currently on DSM five

Answer 176

Attention hyperactivity disorder A developmental disorder in which children show inappropriate levels of hyperactivity and impulsivity, while also having problems, maintaining their attention on people or activities

Answer 177

Claims, defendant was in such an extreme abnormal state of mind, when committing a crime that they could not discern, their actions were legally or morally wrong

Answer 178

Particularly unusual patterns of behaviour that are maladaptive, distressing to oneself or others and resistant to change They must have lasted a long time According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), a personality disorder exists when an individual’s “personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause either significant impairment in social or occupational functioning or subjective distress.” * Onset in adolescence or early adulthood * Personality disorders can be comorbid with other mental illnesses * The term – personality disorder - itself can be stigmatizing

Answer 179

Paranoid personality disorder Individuals are consistently preoccupied with the belief that other people are attempting to home or receive them. They often react with anger to these imagined, social or physical threats. Individual is highly suspicious, untrusting, guarded, hypersensitive, easily slighted, lacking in emotion; holds grudges

Answer 180

Schozoid, personality disorder Individuals are socially detached they do not desire, close relationships, including being part of a family and take a little pleasure in most activities Part of cluster a

Answer 181

Consists of both a discomfort with close relationships, as well as unusual, or eccentric thoughts and behaviours Individual dresses in extremely unusual ways; lacks social skills; may have odd ideas resembling the delusions of schizophrenia Part of cluster a

Answer 182

Borderline personality disorder Intensive extremes between positive and negative emotions, an unstable sense of self impulsivity and difficult social relationships Part of cluster B

Answer 183

Narcissistic personality disorder Characterized by an inflated sense of self importance and an excessive need for attention and admiration, as well as intense self doubt and fear of abandonment Cluster B

Answer 184

Histrionic personality disorder Excessive attention, seeking and dramatic behaviour Cluster B

Answer 185

Antisocial, personality disorder Profound lack of empathy or emotional connection with others A disregard for others, rights or preferences, and a tendency towards imposing their own desires, often violently on others, regardless of consequences onto others Cluster B

Answer 186

Includes odd and eccentric behaviours Includes schizoid, personality disorder, and schizotypical personality disorder schizoid like tendencies with a person with personality disorder (sort of like schizophrenia but not)

Answer 187

Dramatic and erratic behavior’s Includes borderline, narcissistic, histrionic, and antisocial,

Answer 188

Anxious and fearful behaviours Includes avoidant, dependent, obsessive compulsive personality, and dissociative identity personality disorders

Answer 189

Individuals avoid social interactions, including those at school work because they feel inadequate and are deeply afraid of being rejected so they avoid trying new things and focus on criticism they might receive

Answer 190

Have an excessive need to be taken care of requiring frequent assurance from others and help with every day decision making Fear of being rejected dominates the lives of people with this disorder

Answer 191

Obsessive, compulsive, personality disorder Individuals are perfectionistic, unusually focussed on details, organization, and productivity These individuals also tend to avoid spending money, or throwing out old, worthless objects

Answer 192

Category of mental disorders, characterized by a split between a persons, conscious awareness and their feelings, cognition, memory and identity

Answer 193

Multiple personality disorders Person experiences a split in identities, such that they feel different aspects of themselves as though they were separated from each other. It’s severe enough that a person construction entirely different personalities like split.

Answer 194

Category of disorders involving fear of or nervousness, that is excessive, irrational or maladaptive

Answer 195

Generalized anxiety disorder Frequent Lee, elevated levels of anxiety, generally from normal challenges and stresses of every day life

Answer 196

An anxiety disorder marked by occasional episodes of sudden, very intense fear

Answer 197

Brief moments of extreme anxiety that include a rush of physical activity paired with frightening thoughts

Answer 198

Intense fear of having a panic attack in public as a result of the sphere, the individual may begin to avoid social settings and increasingly isolate themselves

Answer 199

Intense fear of a specific object, activity or organism

Answer 200

Strong fear of being judged by others, or being embarrassed or humiliated

Answer 201

Obsessive compulsive disorder Unwanted, inappropriate persistent thoughts (obsessions) like obsessions that engage and often real ritualistic behavior’s (compulsions)

Answer 202

Disorder marked by prolonged periods of sadness, feelings of worthlessness and hopelessness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and physical sluggishness

Answer 203

A stress model interaction between genetic predisposition for disorder and life stress like Zoe is predisposed for depression cause grandma had it but also the stress of her school contributed her to develop depression

Answer 204

Extremely high and low in mood, motivation and energy

Answer 205

Prodromal Active Residual

Answer 206

First phase of schizophrenia Easily confused, difficulty organizing, thoughts, loss of interest, withdrawal from friends and family loss of normal motivation, withdrawal from life spend increasing amount of time alone, engrossed in own thoughts

Answer 207

People, experience, delusional, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. It’s the second phase of schizophrenia.

Answer 208

The last phase of schizophrenia Peoples predominant symptoms have disappeared or lesson to considerably, and they may simply be withdrawn, have trouble concentrating and generally lack motivation

Answer 209

Presence of maladaptive behaviors, such as confused and paranoid, thinking and inappropriate emotional reactions Describes schizophrenia Hallucinations = imaginary sensations. * Delusions = false beliefs. * Thought disturbances. * Grossly disorganized behaviour. * Inappropriate affect = facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures not reflecting emotion expected

Answer 210

Absence of adaptive behaviors, absent or flat emotional reactions, lack of interacting with others and social setting, and the lack of speech and motivation Loss or deficiency in normal thoughts and behaviours. * Flat affect/emotion = no usual emotional response; robotic. * Poorest outcomes.

Answer 211

Alterations in perception such that a person hears sees smells, feels or tastes something that does not actually exist, except in a persons own mind

Answer 212

Beliefs that are not based on or well, integrated with reality

Answer 213

Considerable difficulty people with schizophrenia, have a completing tasks of every day life

Answer 214

Paranoid, schizophrenia, disorganized, schizophrenia, and catatonic schizophrenia

Answer 215

symptoms include delusional beliefs that one is being followed, waatched, or persecuted, and may include delusions of grandeur or the belief that one has some secret, insight, power, or some other characteristic makes one special

Answer 216

syptoms = thoughts, speech, behaviours and emotion that are poorly integrated and incoherent inappropriate, unpredictable mannerisms

Answer 217

symptoms = episodes in which a person remains mute and immobile - sometimes in bizarre positions - for extended periods individuals may also exhibit repetitive, purposeful movements

Answer 218

Cognition * Perceptions and interpretations of others, events and self...their thinking about an event or person is distorted by a pattern of engrained false perception - thinking is just different than 'normal' Affectively * Characterized by emotional intensity which is usually charged, range which can be wide, appropriateness which can be odd & strange and mood fluctuations with or without cause (affect = emotion - diff than what most people feel) Interpersonal functioning * Varies from enmeshment to disconnectedness Impulse control * Poor control, resulting in the person with a personality disorder being a risk for injury to self or other bizarre

Answer 219

Persistent depressive disorder Low-level depression of at least two years’ duration; feelings of inadequacy, sadness, low energy, poor appetite, decreased pleasure and productivity, and hopelessness

Answer 220

Individual isolates self from others; appears unable to form emotional attachments; behaviour may resemble that of children with autism

Answer 221

- Odd and false belief systems * Loss of contact with reality. * Hallucinations and/or delusions. * Inappropriate or flat affect. * Disturbance in thinking. * Social withdrawal. * Bizarre behaviour. * Disorganized speech

Answer 222

TOO MUCH SYNAPTIC PRUNING In adolescents who develop schizophrenia, too much synaptic pruning occurs. They have fewer connections between neurons, which leads to a smaller and less powerful prefrontal cortex Low dopamine in frontal lobes Dopamine theory * Excessive dopamine activity and/or other neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, glutamate, and serotonin systems ). * Low activity levels in frontal lobes. * Reduced volume in hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, front lobe grey matter.

Answer 223

There are various theories, but current research indicates that normal, healthy childhood development was interrupted in some significant manner. * One type of scenario in which this occurs is that of childhood abuse or neglect – including severe emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. * This can be extended to better understand personality disorders - the person coped in the best way they knew how, in response to difficult life circumstances, and at that past time (typically during childhood), it helped them to survive – adaptive * However, those old coping mechanisms tend not to work very well in adulthood, and have become ineffective, or maladaptive. * One perspective is that a personality disorder is like a “badge of courage” because it indicates that someone has survived much hurt

Answer 224

A psychological intervention is designed to help people resolve emotional, behavioural, and interpersonal problems and improve the quality of their lives * Psychological treatments or psychological counselling to bring about change * Over 600 “brands” of therapy

Answer 225

1400s * First institutions built; brutal conditions End of the 1800s * Overcrowded asylums, ineffective treatments 1960s * Deinstitutionalization * Residential treatment centers * Previously institutionalized patients who were released back into society often did not have family or social support structures in place to help them reintegrate successfully

Answer 226

Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, counsellors, and clinical social workers are the primary provides of therapy. * Others who may provide therapy: * Family therapists * Couple and family therapists * Aboriginal elders, traditional healers and teachers * Behavioural, developmental therapists/consultants * Child and youth counsellors * Family physicians

Answer 227

a general term referring to therapy that involves dialogue between patient and therapist for the purposis of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts the goal is to expand awareness or insight into how an individual’s past life experiences may influence their thinking, feeling, and acting * Self-knowledge and understanding can lead to positive behaviour changes. * Psychotherapy that involves dialogue between client and therapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of an individual’s past, psychological problems and conflicts. * Encompasses psychodynamic therapies, humanistic therapies, and some group approaches

Answer 228

developed by Freud one of the first forms of therapy forms of insight therapy that emphasize the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts Conflicts affect the thoughts and emotions of the individual, and their source often remains outside of conscious awareness. * The unconscious conflicts and their effects are called neuroses (anxieties)

Answer 229

technique to gain access to unconciousness one of freud's psychoanalysis core ideas during which patients are encouraged to talk or write without censoring their thoughts in any way Technique in which clients express themselves without censorship of any sort

Answer 230

another technique by Freud for accessing unconscious mid method of examining the details of a dream (the manifest content) in order to gain insight into the true meaning of the dream, the emotional, unconscious material that is veing communicated symbolically (the latent content)

Answer 231

third strategy for accessing unconscious mind in therapy is to pay attention to resistance occurs in therapy when the patient engages in strategies that keep unconscious thoughts or motivations that they wish to avoid from fully entering conscious awareness - can be as subtle as using humour to avoid talking about something painful

Answer 232

a fourth tool for psychoanalysis whereby patients direct certain patterns or emotional experiences toward the analyst, rather than the original person involved in the experiences (eg. their parents) Client projecting intense, unrealistic feelings onto therapist * Such as a young adult who has been abused by a parent may see a therapist who resembles the parent as a threat its a significant milestone in the process of psychoanalysis

Answer 233

a variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning a strategy of psychoanalysis by freud that we still use today

Answer 234

the therapist listens attentively and empathetically (humanistic existential psychotherapy) the therapist addresses the clients' feelings and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment, rather than looking for unconscious motives or dwelling in the past

Answer 235

aka person centred therapy developed by Carl Rogers focuses on individuals abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist Carl Rogers was greatly influenced by Humanism * Created Person-Centered therapy * Rogers felt that * People are experts of their own problems, and search for meaning and purpose in life * People are basically strong and capable and in the right circumstances people have an ability to handle difficulties and realize potential * Negative emotions can be the result of unmet need, especially for love and belonging PSYC1000 01 W25 Dr. G. Pitt 20

Answer 236

attempt to directly address problem behaviours and the environmental factors that trigger them focus on reconditioning patients to adopt different behavioural responses to situations Based on Behaviourism * Do not focus on cognitive thought. * Behavioural therapies attempt to address problem behaviours and the environmental factors that trigger them * Therapy is eliminating or acquiring certain behaviors * Behaviours are learned * Adaptive and maladaptive * Interventions should focus on influencing reinforcements Examples: * Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy * Aversion Conditioning * Systematic Desensitization

Answer 237

gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is coupled with relaxation training

Answer 238

therapeutic thing related to systemic desensitization whereby a patient may undergo a process - like they expose themself to the scenario that causes the most anxiety and panic - ex. scared of speaking in groups and giving a presentation to 100 people

Answer 239

a behavioral technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response, typically by using punishment

Answer 240

cognitive behavioural therapy a form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive restructuring, stress inoculation training, and exposing people to experiences they might have a tendency to avoid, ie. systemic desensitization about the present rather than the past

Answer 241

MBCT a technique that combines mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive behavioural therapy focus on accepting oneself rather than fixing oneself (traditional CBT)

Answer 242

a key way in which mindfulness affects a person occurs when a person is able to step back from their normal consciousness and examine themselves more objectively, as observer like meta cognition becoming aware of yourself and your thoughts

Answer 243

group and family therapies take systems approach - an orientation that encourages therapists to see an individual's symptoms as being influenced by many interacting systems

Answer 244

have obtained PhDs and are able to formally diagnose and treat mental health issues ranging from the everyday and mild to the chronic and severe

Answer 245

mental health professionals who typically work with people who need help with more common problems such as stress and coping; issues concerning identity, sexuality, and relationships; anxiety and depression; and developmental issues such as childhood trauma

Answer 246

medical doctors who specialize in mental health and who are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medications

Answer 247

as patients symptoms became more treatable, a society-wide movement toward deinstitutionilization occured movement of large numbers of psychiatric inpatients from their care facilitis back into regular society generally after having their symptoms alleviated by medication

Answer 248

housing facilities in which residents receive psychological therapy and life skills training, with the explicit goal of helping residents become re-integrated into society

Answer 249

focuses on identifying how individuals mental health is influenced by the community in which they live, and emphasizes community-level variables such as social programs, support networks and community resource centres to help those with mental illness adjust to the challenges of everyday life

Answer 250

are treatments that have been tested and evaluated using specific methods

Answer 251

the relationship that emerges in therapy btw the therapist and the patient

Answer 252

Try to bring to conscious awareness previously repressed impulses, conflicts, and memories includes: - free association - interpretation - dream analysis - transference - countertransference

Answer 253

Therapist projecting thoughts, feelings, onto client * The client’s story may be very familiar to the therapist’s story * Training helps to bring awareness to the potentials of countertransference.

Answer 254

- Attachment Based Therapy * Relational Therapy * Self-Psychology Therapy * Ego Psychology Therapy * Object Relations Therapy The premise of the above therapies is how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning

Answer 255

- Assumes that human nature is fundamentally positive, rather than emphasizing the essentially negative perspective advanced by psychoanalytic approaches. * Emphasizes individual strengths and the potential for growth * Focuses on the importance of facing painful experiences such as feelings about isolation, death, and meaninglessness, transforming fears and negativity. * Stresses importance of assuming responsibility for our lives and living in the present

Answer 256

Albert Ellis (1962) and Aaron Beck (1963) * Conscious thinking is the basis for most behavior and emotional response * Unconscious or preconscious can easily be brought to the forefront with probing and reflection * Therapies should be directed at reducing and changing negative cognition into more realistic and rational thought patterns. * Beck’s Cognitive Therapy * Ellis’ Rational Emotive Therapy

Answer 257

- Psychological problems are an exaggeration of adaptive responses resulting from common cognitive distortions ▪ Distorted beliefs are the result of cognitive errors ▪ Emphasis on helping individuals change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs * Automatic thoughts = unreasonable, unquestioned ideas ruling person’s life. * Goal = stop negative thoughts, replace with objective thoughts. * Guide clients so real-world experience provides evidence to refute false beliefs

Answer 258

* For serious psychological disorders, severe chronic pain. * Severe O C D, depression, bipolar disorders Lobotomy * Psychosurgery severs nerve fibers connecting frontal lobes to deeper brain centers. Cingulotomy * Electric currents through electrodes to destroy cingulum.

Answer 259

Psychosurgery severs nerve fibers connecting frontal lobes to deeper brain centers

Answer 260

* Electric currents through electrodes to destroy cingulum type of psychosurgery

Final Flashcards

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