Final

Question 1

Aristotle

Answer 1

Student of Plato
Virtue (THE GOLDEN MEAN) leads to our telos (happiness as a human)

Question 2

Immanuel Kant

Answer 2

deontological ethics (Deontological- right study), empiricist.
The categorical imperative- Act only on that maxim that you can at the same time will should become a universal law
the goal is having a good will

Question 3

Proper Function Argument

Answer 3

All humans aim at some good, and all these lead to the highest good: happiness.
Eudiamonia. Action of the soul in accordance with reason (virtue)

Question 4

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 4

Humans are naturally at war, they contract their wills away to others (the Leviathan) so that they can live in a civil state

Question 5

Virtue(s)

Answer 5

moderation, courage, justice, wisdom/prudence

Question 6

Telos and teleology

Answer 6

complete end/goal/destiny (The proper function)
the rules lead you to become something

Question 7

Universal laws vs. Subjective maxims

Answer 7

subjective maxims are rules of conduct that apply only to the individual
universal laws are determined by reason and, if applied to everyone, lead to the kingdom of ends

Question 8

The Golden Mean

Answer 8

the middle ground between the vice of excess and the vice of deficient

Question 9

Empiricism

Answer 9

true knowledge can only be obtained by sensory experience… there is no metaphysical reality

Question 10

Eudaimonia (Aristotle)

Answer 10

the settled condition of having a good guardian spirit
Living well and acting well

Question 11

Categorical Imperative (basic form)

Answer 11

Act only on that maxim that you can at the same time will should become a universal law

Question 12

Chief Goals of Government

Answer 12

1. how does the one state relate to the many
2. should the citizens or the law be sovereign (or something else)?

Question 13

A Kingdom of Ends

Answer 13

a perfectly rational kingdom ruled by a perfectly rational god

Question 14

Greatest Happiness Principle

Answer 14

actions are right in so far as they promote happiness and wrong insofar as they promote the reverse of happiness.

Question 15

Duty vs. Inclination

Answer 15

Kant- Happiness is a distraction from morality. Inclination (incentives) typically guide us away from duty

Question 16

Utility

Answer 16

the presence of happiness and the absence of pain

Question 17

Stephen Hales

Answer 17

The divine command theory is wrong because of the Euthyphro dilemma
introduction to moral relativism
morality is possible without god

Question 18

Intrinsic vs. Instrumental goods

Answer 18

something with “intrinsic” worth, like reason, or something that is only good for the purpose of getting something else

Question 19

Hypothetical Imperative

Answer 19

“If x then do y” Agent’s preferred goals are in view. These don’t bind everyone the same way

Question 20

Deontology

Answer 20

Kant- you are good if you discover your duty and do it.

Question 21

Harm principle

Answer 21

the only actions that can be restrained by the state are the actions that cause harm to other individuals
and making people take on responsibilities to help the state

Question 22

Crito’s five reasons for escaping

Answer 22

1. it is possible to escape
2. other places are safe
3. revenge
4. children
5. brave & daring

Question 23

Socrates’ five replies to Crito

Answer 23

1. living wisely matters
2. other places aren’t like athens
3. it is unjust to repay injustice with injustice
4. pity would damage reputation
5. courage adheres with piety and justice

Question 24

Leviathan

Answer 24

the single power to whom all willingly contract their rights to, in order that war may cease. He teaches people to fear and desire the right things

Question 25

Social Contract

Answer 25

Hobbes: the mutual transferring of rights. For the sake of peace, men contract themselves to obey the Leviathan as the moral god

Question 26

State of Nature vs. Civil estate

Answer 26

outright war: everyone against everyone. Civil estate is the absence of war

Question 27

Tyranny of the majority

Answer 27

the majority rules in such a way as to oppress the minority, or in such a way that the political landscape is not met well

Question 28

Tolerance

Answer 28

the "don'ts" of religion should not be enforced because you shouldn't tell someone else how to enjoy himself

Question 29

John Stuart Mill

Answer 29

influenced by Bentham, calculating the most pleasure progress beyond arguing about the highest good

Question 30

Mill's arguments vs. censorship

Answer 30

the state should not interfere in what only concerns the individual

Question 31

Human nature (Hobbes)

Answer 31

humans are driven by fear and desire, and life is meaningless competition

Question 32

Relativism

Answer 32

The truth about moral claims and what people should adopt changes across cultures & times

Question 33

Moral Skepticism

Answer 33

we do not and cannot know what is morally right and wrong

Question 34

Divine Command Theory

Answer 34

God loves all good actions and hates all evil actions, we can know what he loves & hates, God's attitudes sync perfectly with morality

Question 35

Character (Aristotle)

Answer 35

formed by actions. The underlying set of dispositions that shape one's typical responses

Question 36

Justice according to Plato

Answer 36

Giving to each what is owed.

Question 37

hierarchy of goods

Answer 37

your list of priorities that lead you to a good life

Question 38

Freedom (Kant)

Answer 38

Freedom is doing what you will never regret