Remake Midterm

Question 1

Socrates

Answer 1

470 BC, noticed people who had contradictory beliefs and refuted them

Question 2

Plato

Answer 2

428 BC, student of Socrates, a radical monotheist

Question 3

cosmic hierarchy

Answer 3

gods, demigods, humans, beasts, nature

Question 4

Soren Kierkegaard

Answer 4

1813 Reason is a b***h who can only lead you astray, Alternate Abraham story

Question 5

William Clifford

Answer 5

1845, professor, belief must be based on evidence (The Ethics of Belief)

Question 6

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 6

1225 Sought to harmonize philosophy and Christian theology (5 Ways)

Question 7

knowledge

Answer 7

justified, true belief

Question 8

virtue

Answer 8

acquired or innate disposition to do what is good

Question 9

Aquinas’ existence argument

Answer 9

all things apart from God share in or ‘participate’ in existence, while God is Existence

Question 10

Metaphysics

Answer 10

the study of what is real that goes beyond the physical

Question 11

Pascal’s Wager

Answer 11

Only one wager is good- to wager the way that has the chance of infinite reward

Question 12

Clifford’s principle

Answer 12

it is wrong always and everywhere for anyone to hold a belief on insufficient evidence

Question 13

agnosticism

Answer 13

the belief that we cannot know if God exists

Question 14

justice

Answer 14

politics is the science of justice

Question 15

Piety as defined in Euthyphro

Answer 15

Piety is part of justice having to do with serving the gods

Question 16

hierarchy of goods

Answer 16

prioritizing some goods above others: e.g. the judges in the Apology prioritize money and reputation

Question 17

elenctic method

Answer 17

1. someone makes an overconfident claim
2. the expert is cross-examined and refuted
3. Socrates & his debate partner look for a universal definition

Question 18

logical fallacy

Answer 18

an error in reasoning wherein the conclusion does not follow from the premises, but sounds convincing

Question 19

essence

Answer 19

a thing’s identity and thingness

Question 20

theism

Answer 20

belief in the existence of a god or gods, especially belief in one god as creator of the universe, intervening in it and sustaining a personal relation to his creatures.

Question 21

Euthyphro dilemma

Answer 21

Is the pious loved because it is pious (a standard outside of God) or is it pious because it is loved (an arbitrary God)

Question 22

necessary being

Answer 22

things that cannot help but exist

Question 23

Aquinas’ 5 Ways

Answer 23

1. motion
2. causation (things don’t cause themselves)
3. why is there ANYTHING
4. degrees of perfection
5. unknowledgeable things act toward an end

Question 24

Blaise Pascal

Answer 24

1623 mathematician,philosopher , a child prodigy

Question 25

providence

Answer 25

God's eternal governance of all things so that they act according to their natures (to give him glory)

Question 26

principle of non-contradiction

Answer 26

a statement and its opposite cannot both be true at the same time and in the same way

Question 27

dialectical argument

Answer 27

an argument involving dialogue

Question 28

valid argument

Answer 28

an argument in which the conclusion follows from the premises

Question 29

decision theory

Answer 29

the method by which we decide what to do when it is uncertain what will happen

Question 30

evidentialism

Answer 30

Person is justified in believing proposition only if person’s evidence supports believing proposition

Question 31

fideism

Answer 31

the view that religious truth is ascertainable by faith alone and that faith is separate from reason

Question 32

speculative reason

Answer 32

reasoning about truth/falsity, gaining knowledge and avoiding error

Question 33

Allegory of the Cave

Answer 33

plato, allegory of the city and allegory of the soul

Question 34

empirical fact

Answer 34

testable, repeatable, physical fact. (William Clifford)

Question 35

first mover

Answer 35

God. The universe is in motion so there must be a first mover.

Question 36

practical reasoning

Answer 36

reasoning about good/evil, gaining happiness and avoiding misery