Final

Question 1

What is “culture”?

Answer 1

A way of life shared by a group of human beings - including their language, beliefs, and things they make and use

Question 2

What is cultural relativism?

Answer 2

is the principle that a person’s beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person’s own culture, rather than judged against the criteria of another culture.

Question 3

What is “context” in archaeology and why is it so important?

Answer 3

Context is relationship among things
Without context, impossible to see the
relationships between artifacts.

Question 4

What is ethnocentrism?

Answer 4

practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one’s own society, and thinking of them as less human, or unfit for society.

Question 5

What is “participant observation”?

Answer 5

Participant observation is a key research method in cultural anthropology where the researcher lives among and actively engages with a community over an extended period while observing and participating in their daily life.

Question 6

What did The Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 do?

Answer 6

protect archaeological resources and sites on public and Native American lands

Question 7

What is the primary importance of The Antiquities Act of 1906?

Answer 7

is the first significant federal legislation directed at the protection of archaeological
resources

Question 8

What is a subsistence pattern

Answer 8

refers to the way a society obtains its food and other necessities of life.

Question 9

What is Science?

Answer 9

A method of inquiry.

Question 10

What is a hypothesis?

Answer 10

Proposed explanations
for natural phenomena.

Question 11

To refer to something as a theory means that?

Answer 11

Theory - General idea that explains a
large set of factual patterns.

has been supported by scientific testing

Question 12

What is a unique research strategy of anthropologists which involves learning the language and culture of a
group by participating in the groups daily activities is called?

Answer 12

participant observation.

Question 13

The systematic study of the material remains (culture) of human behavior in the past is conducted by?

Answer 13

Archaeologists

Question 14

The statute that makes it necessary for federal projects to ease and notify appropriate tribal representatives
if human remains are encountered during archaeological investigations is?

Answer 14

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990

Question 15

The subfields of anthropology as practiced in America do not include?

Answer 15

Linguistic Anthropology

Question 16

To achieve the basic and primary goal of archaeology, which is to understand humans in order to attempt
to reconstruct their cultural past, archaeology requires?

Answer 16

Material remains—these include artifacts, features, ecofacts, and sites

Question 17

What is historical archaeology?

Answer 17

It is the archaeology of a society that has written records. Begins with the beginning of written history in the region under investigation.

Question 18

The term “Cultural Resource Management” (CRM) refers to?

Answer 18

term for trying to take care of what’s important to
people for cultural reasons

Question 19

What does the term “material culture” refer to?

Answer 19

physical objects, resources, and spaces that people create and use as part of their cultural life.

Question 20

What is an archaeological feature?

Answer 20

non-movable element of an archaeological site that was made or modified by humans and is often too large or integrated into the environment to be removed without destroying it.

Question 21

Why is research design so important in archaeology, and when is it most likely to be done?

Answer 21

Research design is crucial in archaeology because it provides a clear, organized plan for how an archaeological investigation will be conducted. It ensures that the work is scientifically valid, ethically sound, and focused on answering specific research questions.

Question 22

What are people often called who look for artifacts as a hobby (not professionally)?

Answer 22

Pot hunter or amateur archeologists

Question 23

What was the “Moundbuilders Myth”?

Answer 23

Native Americans came across a land bridge between Asia and Alaska

Did not believe native americans were that advanced to connect them with the grand works found around the country.

Question 24

The primary reason that most scholars of the 1800s did not believe Native Americans had constructed the
earthen mounds of North America was?

Answer 24

Did not believe native americans were that advanced to connect them with the grand works found around the country.

Primary reason is racism

Question 25

What is the first step of planning excavation research is to?

Answer 25

formulate a clear research question or objective

Question 26

One of the three major criteria for classifying archaeology sites is based on the function of a site. Why is determining the function of a site useful?

Answer 26

helps archaeologists understand how people used the site in the past and what role it played within a broader cultural or settlement system.

Question 27

When a site is classified by its function, it is defined by?

Answer 27

primary activities that took place there based on the artifacts, features, and spatial layout found at the site.

Question 28

The main characteristic shared by all hunting and gathering societies past and present is?

Answer 28

mobility

Question 29

Anthropologists use the term "pastoralists' to refer to peoples who?

Answer 29

refers to a way of life characterized by the central importance of the maintenance of herds of domesticated animals

Question 30

What is the definition of the word “midden” in archaeology?

Answer 30

Ancient Trash Piles

Question 31

What is an ecofact in archaeology?

Answer 31

non-artifactual material remains that are not directly created or modified by human activity but have cultural relevance and provide information about past human behavior

Question 32

How are ecofacts different from artifacts?

Answer 32

artifacts are altered by humans, while ecofacts are natural objects that provide insight into human activities.

Question 33

A Hearth is an example of a type of feature. Other types of features are pits (probably the most common), burials, post molds, etc. Why are features important to the interpretation of an archaeological site?

Answer 33

they provide direct evidence of past human behavior and activities that is often not preserved in movable artifacts.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a feature?

Answer 34

(e.g., housepits, hearths)

Question 35

Compared with hunting and gathering band-level societies, tribal societies are?

Answer 35

are generally larger, more settled, and have more complex social structures

Question 36

A hunting and gathering or food foraging society depends on _________ for food?

Answer 36

hunting and meat

Question 37

The first step in archaeological fieldwork is usually?

Answer 37

Establish a datum & grid pattern system

Question 38

When are Excavations undertaken?

Answer 38

archaeologists have identified a site that may contain valuable information about past human activity, and they need to uncover and study the layers of material remains that are buried in the ground

Question 39

Surface collections and test level excavations are techniques archaeologists use to?

Answer 39

survey and evaluate a site before undertaking full-scale excavation

Question 40

Archaeologists may use auger probes to determine the depth of historic graves, shovel test pits to identify archaeological sites, trenches to excavate across a site. What is stratigraphy useful for?

Answer 40

archaeologists understand the layered sequence of deposits at a site

Question 41

What kinds of tools might you find in an archaeologist’s tool kit?

Answer 41

variety of specialized tools for excavating, recording, and analyzing artifacts and features. Trowel

Question 42

Why is screening useful in archaeology

Answer 42

it allows archaeologists to recover small artifacts, ecofacts, and materials

Question 43

Screening involves

Answer 43

Sifting excavated earth through screens enables the archaeologist to recover many materials that might otherwise be overlooked

Question 44

After the excavation is finished, archaeologist go back to the lab to begin analyzing the data (artifacts, etc.). The first step in analysis is?

Answer 44

cataloging the collected artifacts and materials.

Question 45

Bifaces, blades, and cores are all types of lithic artifacts/ What does the term “lithics” mean?

Answer 45

Stone most likely worked on

Question 46

Why is it so important that archaeologists take careful, detailed notes of their excavations?

Answer 46

Site is destroyed after they look at it

Question 47

What are some Hollywood stereotype of archaeologists?

Answer 47

adventures, daredevil, treasure hunter

Question 48

It is essential that archaeologists take abundant, accurate, and detailed field notes during excavations because?

Answer 48

It is destroyed after they look at it

Question 49

The federal law that states that federal agencies are responsible for identifying and evaluating all sites in areas to be developed, to determine eligibility for the National Register is?

Answer 49

National Historic Preservation Act of 1966,

Question 50

What is created when the remnants of human activity are covered or buried by some natural process resulting in an accumulation of artifacts?

Answer 50

archeological site