Final Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
Temperature is a more important parameter for ______ use
A
Aquatic life
2
Q
The conductivity for potable water ranges from
A
50 -1500 uS/cm
3
Q
Alkalinity is important parameter since it relates directly to the following
A
buffer capacity
4
Q
which of the following statements about turbidity is false?
-turbidity is excess of 5 units can be seen with the naked eye
-the turbidity of a clear lake is about 25 units
-Jackson Candle turbidity is useful for solutions greater than 25 units
-kaolinite is used as a standard for turbidity
-40 NTU = 80 JTU
A
40NTU = 80JTU
5
Q
Turbidity is a important parameter for?
A
-filtration
-aesthetics
-disinfection
-health
6
Q
True color is
A
filtered
arises from dissolved cations such as iron and manganese in the water
7
Q
In general, water which has a higher total hardness will be
-very acidic , pH <4
-slightly acidic, 5.5 -5.6
A
“cannot be determined from data given”
8
Q
Water hardness
-is caused by all divalent ions
-is responsible for the high incidents of osteoperosis
-prevents soap to lather
-causes pipes to rust
A
prevents soap to lather
9
Q
The worlds water supply consists of ____ % fresh water
A
2
10
Q
In general a low pH of water
-can affect reproduction in organisms
-results in the release of heavey metals
results from natural groundwater runoff
-results from atmospheric decomposition
A
all of the above
11
Q
which statment is false, high water temperature?
-is a common factor influencing almost all parameters
-increases growth rates
-increases solubility of gases
-caused by discharge from power plants and metal foundries
-none of the above
A
increases solubility of gases
12
Q
In sampling for hardness
a. plastic or glass bottles can be used
b. Only plastic bottles should be used
c. Sample shelf life is 1 day
d. Samples can be stored for up to 6 months
e. Both a and d
A
both a and d
13
Q
none of the following have a MAC except
-taste
-odour
-temp
-pH
-turbidity
A
turbidity
14
Q
Which is the smallest user of water in canada
-municipal
-thermal
-mining
-agriculture
-manufacturing
A
agriculture
15
Q
What primary agency is responsible for the administration of chemicals in drinking water in NL
A
NL Department of the Environment
16
Q
What primary agency is responsible for the administration of the protection of freshwater aquatic life in drinking water in NL
A
NL department of fisheries
17
Q
What primary agency is responsible for the administration of bacteriological water sampling in drinking water in NL
A
NL Government services
18
Q
What primary agency is responsible for the distribution of water in the incorporated town?
A
Municipality
19
Q
Who coordinates the formation of drinking water guidelines for canada?
A
Federalprovincial territorial committe on drinking water
20
Q
What is the primary source of water pollution in canada
A
-mining effluent
-thermal pollution
-agriculture pollution
-pulp and paper effluent
21
Q
Potable water that exceeds the guideline for aesthetic parameters can not be consumed because of the high health risk (T/F)
A
F
22
Q
Taste and Odour are good indicators of organic contaminants (T/F)
A
F
23
Q
Sea water is generally basic with a pH of 8.1 (T/F)
A
T
24
Q
Generally for metal sampling, sampling must be analysed immediately to preserve sample integrity (T/F)
A
F
25
Drinking water that shows a presence of E. coli only indicates harm may occur (T/F)
T
26
Of all the water available to drink on earth, only 0.007% is available from lakes (T/F)
T
27
Drinking water accounts for only 10% of freshwater use in the world (T/F)
T
28
Canada is one of the highest domestic water users in the world accounting for over 300 L of water per day (T/F)
T
29
Kitchens and drinking water account for the highest home water use (T/F)
F
30
A guideline is legally enforceable (T/F)
F
31
Urban runoff is a primary contributor to pathogens in drinking water (T/F)
F
32
Agriculture fertilizer usage is an example of a diffuse source of pollution(T/F)
T
33
Usually groundwater contains large amounts of DOC(T/F)
F
34
Less than 20% of homes in Canada use groundwater (T/F)
T
35
The high capacity of water enables it to regulate water temperature in the environment and keep it stable (T/F)
T
36
The major anions in marine water is carbonate and bicarbonate
F
37
The most cost-effective distribution system is a gravity-fed system (T/F)
T
38
One of the main methos to ensure QC in sampling is to use field blanks (T/F)
T
39
Beaver fever is known as legionaries' disease (T/F)
F
40
E. coli 0157 is a bacterium that causes severe dysentry in drinking water (T/F)
T
41
Of all the Microorganisms, protozoa are the largest (T/F)
T
42
What is the difference between Guidelines and Standard?
Guidelines are not legally enforcable
Standards are legally enforceable
43
A speed limit of 100 km/hr is an example of what?
Standard
44
Why do some chemicals on the chemicals of concern list get retired?
Because it is no longer used. ex. DDT
They are regularly reviewd
45
Do AO's have standards or guidlines?
Guidelines
46
What are the main AO's?
Color
pH
47
Water Quality Guidelines Based on Usage (5)
1. Drinking Water Quality
2. Recreation Water Quality
3. Agriculture
a. Irrigation Water Quality
b. Livestock Water Quality
4. Aquatic Life
a. Freshwater
b. Marine
5. Industrial(EN1540 – Waste Water)
a. input / output
48
_____ controls water supply; _____ controls quality guidelines
Towns/municipality ; Government
49
Who does water sampling?
Department of Health / Government services
50
What is the exception to guidelines and standards? why?
Objectives
normally objectives are ecological to lower stress on organisms
51
Canadian Stat: X/X do not have access to clean drinking water
1/6
52
Contamination Vs Pollutant
contaminants are not always a pollutant. something that isn't supposed to be there
-- unwanted in the environment
pollutant is based on a baseline
--- contaminant present in the environment or which might enter the environment which, due to its concentration, causes harm
53
BOD stands for?
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
54
where would a nonpoint source sample be taken from?
Agricultural
55
where would a point source sample be taken from?
industrial (pipeline)
56
Adding nutrients to water doesn't mean the nutrient is a MAC but the accumulating effect can be (T/F)
T
57
Point Source
samples taken at the source of the pullutant/contamination
has its own regulations, therefore can be charged
ex. industrial (pipeline)
58
Non-point sources also known as
Diffuse
59
Bioaccumulation
metals that can’t be excreted build up in an organism over its lifetime
Pollutants like heavy metals are CONSERVATIVE pollutants – i.e. they aren’t broken down by bacteria etc and are effectively permanent
Most plants and animals can regulate their metal content to a certain point – but metals that can’t be excreted build up in an organism over its lifetime
60
Biomagnification
Animals feeding on bioaccumulators take in a
higher level of contaminants, which bioaccumulate
within themselves
Those animals feeding on them gain even
higher inputs of contaminants, and
bioaccumulate even greater concentrations
61
CONSERVATIVE pollutants
they aren’t broken down by bacteria etc and are effectively permanent
ex. heavy metals
62
if a fish dies in the water, does it mean its not safe to drink?
no
fish die in distilled water
63
Major sources of pollution (6)
runoff from watersheds
farmland
animal feedlots
urban areas
mining sites
sewage
64
Eutrophication
the natural nutrient enrichment of lakes mostly from runoff of plant nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates from surrounding land. In hot weather or drought the nutrient overload produces algae, creating green lakes
65
Oligotrophic lake
low in nutrients (clear)
66
Eutrophic lake
green lakes
67
The best way to prevent spills is to ___
protect
68
Groundwater Pollution Sources (7)
oil spills
paint thinners
sewage
hazardous wastes
injection wells
waste lagoons
landfills
69
Protecting groundwater: _______ is best
Prevention
70
Multibarrier Approach
using the following to protect drinking water
1. public awareness and involvement
2. legislation and policy
3. guidelines, standards, and objectives
4. research
includes monitoring and management
71
______ of the earth is covered in water
3/4
72
Water Properties (10)
1. Odorless
2. Colorless
3. Transparent
4. Liquid at room Temp
5. Boiling Point at 100 degrees celsius
6. melting point at 0 (less dense)
7. Universal Solvent (polar)
8. High surface tension
9. High specific heat capacity
10. High heat evaporation
73
What are the 3 major water quality issues in NL?
1. pH
2. Color
3.Turbidity
74
which has the most severe guidelines/parameters?
a.human health
b.agriculture
c. aquatic life
d.industrial/commercial
a. human health
75
how are water parameters divided?
by use
76
what are the 4 water uses?
a.human health
b.agriculture
c. aquatic life
d.industrial/commercial
+ Recreation
77
is conductivity a paramater?
no it is used for monitoring
78
is pH a parameter?
no
79
_____% of water in the distribution system is for the fire department
80
80
Magnesium hardness is measured using
a. EDTA as a titrant and HNB indicator at pH>12
b. EDTA as a titrant EBT indicator at pH>12
c. EDTA as a titrant HNB at pH = 10
d. EDTA as a titrant EBT at pH = 10
e. None of the above
a. EDTA as a titrant and HNB indicator at pH > 12
81
In general, water which has a high total hardness will be
a. very acidic, pH<4
b. slightly acidic, 5.5 - 6.5
c. slightly basic, 7.0- 8.5
d. very basic, >12
e. Can not be determined from the above data
e. Can not be determined from the above data
82
Which statement is false regarding dissolved oxygen?
a. It is measured in mg O2/L or %.
b. It is inversely proportional to the temperature of the water.
c. It increases as the conductivity increases.
d. Increases as the Atmospheric pressure increases.
e. Has an acceptable range of 8.0 mg/L
c. It increases as the conductivity increases.
83
Regarding dissolved oxygen? 3 facts
It is measured in mg O2/L or %
It is inversely proportional to the temperature of the water.
Increases as the Atmospheric pressure increases.
Has an acceptable range of 8.0 mg/L
84
In general a high pH of water,
a. can affect reproduction in organisms
b. results in the release of heavy metals
c. results from natural ground water run off
d. results from atmospheric deposition
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
85
A solution is analysed and reported to contain 24 mmol/L Ca2+ and 25 mmol/L HCO3.
In terms of mass balance.
a. It should be less than 10%
b. Can not be determined in this case
c. can not acount for all ions with a mass balance of 32%
d. accounts for all ions with a mass balance of 4%
e. None of the above
e. None of the above
86
An ion mass balance is acceptable when _______
< 5%
87
In terms of chlorine disinfection, which statement is false:
a. as time increases the chlorine concentration decreases
b. free chlorine is based on Cl2, HOCl, OCl-
c. a high pH is the most effective for disinfection
d. Chloroamines are also known as combined chlorine residuals
e. the starch iodide method is used to determine chlorine residuals
c. a high pH is the most effective for disinfection
88
Which statements/s are correct regarding dissolved oxygen?
a. can be measured by titrating a treated sample with sulphuric acid
b. can be measured by titrating with EDTA
c. In the Winkler titration, the endpoint is blue to colorless with HNB
d. In the Winkler titration, the endpoint is pink to colorless
e. requires the sample to be fixed with a pillow containing iodine and manganese
its e?
e. requires the sample to be fixed with a pillow containing iodine and manganese
its e?
89
What is Conductivity
Conductivity is a measure of water’s capability to pass electrical flow
90
Conductivity Units
micro- or millisiemens per centimeter (uS/cm or mS/cm)
91
As temperature _______, conductivity _________
increases, increases
92
What is Salinity
salinity is the total concentration of all dissolved salts in water
93
TDS Units
mg/L
94
Conductivity Change can Indicate
Pollution
95
Temperature
Affects:
Water density
Gas solubility
Chemical reaction rates
Organism growth rates
Conductivity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen
96
Freshwater generally has _____conductivity
low
97
marine systems have ________ conductivity
much higher
98
Ground water typically has higher levels of
conductivity than ____________
surface water
99
Factors that affect pH
* Algal blooms
* Bacterial activity
* Water turbulence
* Chemicals flowing into the water body
* Sewage overflows
* Pollution
100
Alkalinity refers to the
capability of water to neutralize acid. Buffering capacity
101
DO Indicates health of
aquatic system
102
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Varies with
time of day, weather, temperature.
103
Natural Potential causes Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
* increased sunlight or other climate factors
* increased nutrient availability
* Changes in ocean properties
* Changes in river input (e.g.: drought)
* Changes in weather conditions
104
Artificial Potential causes Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
* human loading of nutrients or organic material
* Changes in river input (eg: diversion)
105
As temperature ___________, the amount of oxygen that the water can hold _________
increases, decreases
106
Nutrient pollution in the water -
oo much nitrogen and phosphorus - can have diverse and far-
reaching impacts on public health, the environment and the economy.
107
Too much nitrogen and phosphorus in the water causes
algae to grow faster than ecosystems can
handle
108
Nitrite and Nitrate are forms of the element Nitrogen, which makes up about ______ percent of the air we breathe.
80
109
Sources of excess neutrients (P and N)
agriculture
storm water
wastewater
fossile fuels
110
what is the Health Effects and sources of coliform bacteria
Not necessarily disease-producing,
but may indicate other organisms
that cause gastric infections
Human and animal feces
111
what is the Health Effects and sources of Turbidity
Interferes with digestion
erosion, runoff, and sediment
discharges
112
what is the Health Effects and sources of Arsenic
Skin and nervous system toxicity, possible cancer risk.
Pesticides, industrial wastes, smelter operations, rocks
113
what is the Health Effects and sources of Barium
Cardiac, gastrointestinal, and neuromuscular effects
Coal-fired power plants, automotive paints,
specialty compounds in bricks-tiles-jet fuel.
114
what is the Health Effects and sources of Cadmium
Kidney effects, hypertension, anemia, liver
Mining, smelting, fossil fuel use, fertilizers,
sewage
115
what is the Health Effects and sources of Chromium
Liver, kidney effects
Abandoned mines, electroplating, rocks.
116
what is the Health Effects and sources of Mercury
Nervous system, kidneys.
Manufacture of paint, paper, vinly chloride.
Used in fungicides. Rock and hydrotherma
117
what is the Health Effects and sources of Lead
Nervous system, kidneys. Highly toxic to infants and pregnant women. Brain damage.
Lead pipes and solder joints, paint, airborne
Pb from gasoline combustion.
118
what is the Health Effects and sources of N - Nitrate
“Blue-baby syndrome”- asphyxia, cancer risk
Fertilizer, sewage, feedlots, rocks
119
what is the Health Effects and sources of Silenium
Gastrointestinal effects
Coal burning, mining, smelting, selenium
refining, glass manufacture, fuel oil,
120
what is the Health Effects and sources of Silver
Skin discoloration.
Mining and processing, rocks
121
what is the Health Effects and sources of Fluoride
Skeletal damage.
Additive to drinking water, toothpaste,
processed food
122
Inorganic
Chemicals
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Mercury
Lead
Nitrate
Silenium
Silver
Fluoride
123
what organic chemical are carcinogens
Toxaphane
Benzene
Vinyl Chloride
Chloroform and other trialomethanes
124
what causes Blue-baby syndrome”- asphyxia
N - Nitrate
125
what causes brown or yellow staining of laundry
IRON
126
CHLORIDE Causes
* Dissolution of salt deposit
* Discharge of effluents
* Intrusion of sea water
127
is chloride harmful to humans
no
128
Long term consumption above permissible level of flouride causes
dental flurosis (molting of teeth)
Skeletal flurosis
129
ARSENIC is a ____ and _____ and can cause ______________ and ______ cancer
Industrial waste, and agricultural insecticide
various type of dermatological
lesions, muscular weakness, paralysis of lower limbs,
can also cause skin and lung cancer
130
Heavy Metals in batteries are
Lead & Nickel
131
Heavy Metals in textiles are
Copper
132
Heavy Metals in photography are
Silver
133
Heavy Metals in Steel production are
Iron
134
Sources of heavy metal pollution
ATMOSPHERIC
- Forest fires
- Volcanic activity
- Dust particles
RIVERS
GROUNDWATER SEEPAGE
DELIBERATE DISCHARGE
Anthropogenic emissions
- coal fired power stations
- car exhausts
135
MERCURY causes (mad hatter)
neurological effects,
abnormal development and
heart damage
136
symptoms of mercury include
- Visual field constriction
Behavioral changes, memory loss, headaches
Tremor, loss of fine motor control, spasticity
Hair loss
137
what is minamata disease
bioaccumulation and magnification of mercury in fish to humans
138
TOXIC EFFECTS of CADMIUM (Cd)
depressed growth,
kidney damage,
cardiac enlargement,
hypertension,
foetal deformity,
cancer
139
The toxic effects of lead include
* anaemia,
* kidney damage,
* hypertension,
* cardiac disease,
* Immune system suppression (antibody inhibition) neurological
damage
140
romans had what heavey metal in their distribution system
lead
141
which chromium is dangerous? III or VI
VI
142
12 Key POPs – the dirty dozen
All Cool Dudes Dance Every Happy Hour, Making Tasty Popcorn Disappear Fast.
Aldrin Crop insecticide (corn, cotton)
Chlordane Crop insecticide (vegetables, citrus,cotton, potatoes)
DDT Crop insecticide (cotton)
Dieldrin Crop insecticide (cotton, corn)
Endrin Crop insecticide (cotton, grains)
Heptachlor Insecticide (termites and soil insects)
Hexachlorobenzene Fungicide for seed treatment
Mirex Insecticide (termites, fire ants)
Toxaphene Insecticide (livestock, crops)
PCBs Industrial chemical (paint and plastic additive)
Dioxins Unintentionally produced during combustion
Furans Unintentionally produced during combustion
143
Effect of pressure on gas solubility
When the pressure of a gas is increased, the rate at which gas molecules enter the solution increases
144
Pressure and Solubility of Gases
Solubility decreases as pressure decreases
ex Soft drink bottled
145
6 important gases are dissolved
in lakes, streams, seas
* Nitrogen
* Oxygen
* Carbon dioxide
* Methane
* Hydrogen sulfide
* Ammonia
146
What factors affect gas ability to dissolve in water
* Solubility factor
Not all gases dissolve in water to same extent
* Pressure
Amount of gas absorbed by water is proportional to its partial
pressure in the atmosphere
Altitude decreases saturation level
* Temperature
Solubility of gas in water decreases as temperature rises
* Salinity
Presence of various minerals in solution lowers the solubility
of gases
147
Solubility of oxygen _______ as temp. ______, salinity
_______, and pressure ______
Solubility of oxygen increases as temp. decreases, salinity
decreases, and pressure increases
148
Two sources for oxygen in lakes
* Atmosphere
* Photosynthesis
149
Daily variation in oxygen concentrations
O2 rises during day, declines at night
150
Seasonal variation in oxygen
concentrations
O2 high during summer growing season, low in late-summer
when plants die
O2 also may be low during winter in ice-covered lakes
151
Presently _________ people lack access to improved water supply
1.1 billion
152
Relationship between water- borne
diseases with faecal contamination
If the diseases are spread through drinking water, then the
presence of pathogens in water was due to the presence of
faecal contaminants from the human or animal sources
153
5 - 8 million death/year caused by _________ in children
diarrhea
154
Water borne pathogens
* Bacteria
* Virus
* Protozoa
* Helmiths
155
What are examples of water borne dieseses from
* Bacteria
* Virus
* Protozoa
* Helmiths
Bacteria -Typhoid (Enteric fever)
Viruses - Hepatitis A (Flu like (liver damage))
Protozoa - Giardia
Helmith - Tape worm
156
Factors Affecting Bacterial Survival/Die-off
* Drying
* Temperature
* pH
* uV Radiation
* Competition
* Predation
* Toxic substance
157
red colonies indicate
coliforms
158
blue colonies indicate
E.coli
159
How often are samples collected?
pop. <5K - 4 samples per month
pop.>5k - <90k - 1 per 1k people per month
pop >90K - 90 + 1 per 10k people per month
160
When are boil water advisories in effect
when :
- greater than 10 total coliforms per 100 mL sample
- greater than 0 fecal coliforms per 100 mL sample
-if coliforms are detected in consecutive samples > 1sample or >10%
161
When can a BWA be removed?
2 consecutive samples are negative for fecal coliforms
The cause of the problem has been fixed
162
List the microbiological pathogens from largest to smallest
protozoa>bacteria>viruses
163
List the microbiological pathogens from most chlorine resistant to least
protozoa>viruses>bacteria
164
List the microbiological pathogens from ease of detection
bacteria>protozoa>viruses
165
How to reduce the risks
guidelines
multibarrier apprach
monitoring
public education
166
Processes Designed to Remove
Particulate Matter
1. Screening
2. Sedimentation (gravity to separate particles)
3.Coagulation(physical-chemical process whereby
particles are destabilized)/flocculation(rapid mix)
4. Filtration
* slow sand filters
* rapid sand filters
* diatomaceous earth filters
* membrane filters
5. Disinfection
167
Disinfection Options
Chlorine
Ozone
Ultraviolet light
Boiling
Iodine
168
What are the main parameters of water quality
biological, chemical, physical, radiological
169
>9 total coliforms means?
BWA
170
4 biggest metal concerns
-murcury
lead
-chromium
-cadmium
171
metals we worry about in NL
iron
maganeses
172
'is TOC filtered
no
173
id DOC filtered
YES
