Midterm Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
MAC stands for?
A
Maximum Acceptable Concentration
2
Q
What is the difference between Guidelines and Standard?
A
Guidelines are not legally enforcable
Standards are legally enforceable
3
Q
A speed limit of 100 km/hr is an example of what?
A
Standard
4
Q
Why do some chemicals on the chemicals of concern list get retired?
A
Because it is no longer used. ex. DDT
They are regularly reviewd
5
Q
What does AO stand for?
A
Aesthetic Objective
6
Q
Do AO’s have standards or guidlines?
A
Guidelines
7
Q
What are the main AO’s?
A
Color
pH
8
Q
Water Quality Guidelines Base on Usage (5)
A
- Drinking Water Quality
- Recreation Water Quality
- Agriculture
a. Irrigation Water Quality
b. Livestock Water Quality - Aquatic Life
a. Freshwater
b. Marine - Industrial(EN1540 – Waste Water)
a. input / output
9
Q
_____ controls water supply; _____ controls quality guidelines
A
Towns/municipality ; Government
10
Q
Who does water sampling?
A
Department of Health / Government services
11
Q
What is the exception to guidelines and standards? why?
A
Objectives
normally objectives are ecological to lower stress on organisms
12
Q
Canadian Stat: X/X do not have access to clean drinking water
A
1/6
13
Q
Contamination Vs Pollutant
A
contaminants are not always a pollutant. something that isn’t supposed to be there
– unwanted in the environment
pollutant is based on a baseline
— contaminant present in the environment or which might enter the environment which, due to its concentration, causes harm
14
Q
BOD stands for?
A
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
15
Q
where would a nonpoint source sample be taken from?
A
Agricultural
16
Q
where would a point source sample be taken from?
A
industrial (pipeline)
17
Q
Adding nutrients to water doesn’t mean the nutrient is a MAC but the accumulating effect can be (T/F)
A
T
18
Q
Point Source
A
samples taken at the source of the pullutant/contamination
has its own regulations, therefore can be charged
ex. industrial (pipeline)
19
Q
Non-point sources also known as
A
Diffuse
20
Q
Bioaccumulation
A
metals that can’t be excreted build up in an organism over its lifetime
Pollutants like heavy metals are CONSERVATIVE pollutants – i.e. they aren’t broken down by bacteria etc and are effectively permanent
Most plants and animals can regulate their metal content to a certain point – but metals that can’t be excreted build up in an organism over its lifetime
21
Q
Biomagnification
A
Animals feeding on bioaccumulators take in a
higher level of contaminants, which bioaccumulate
within themselves
Those animals feeding on them gain even
higher inputs of contaminants, and
bioaccumulate even greater concentrations
22
Q
CONSERVATIVE pollutants
A
they aren’t broken down by bacteria etc and are effectively permanent
ex. heavy metals
23
Q
if a fish dies in the water, does it mean its not safe to drink?
A
no
fish die in distilled water
24
Q
Major sources of pollution (6)
A
runoff from watersheds
farmland
animal feedlots
urban areas
mining sites
sewage
25
Eutrophication
the natural nutrient enrichment of lakes mostly from runoff of plant nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates from surrounding land. In hot weather or drought the nutrient overload produces algae, creating green lakes
26
Oligotrophic lake
low in nutrients (clear)
27
Eutrophic lake
green lakes
28
The best way to prevent spills is to ___
protect
29
Preventing or removing eutrophication
* Advanced waste treatment to remove nitrates and phosphates
* Ban or limit the use of phosphates in household detergents
* Employ soil conservation and land use control to reduce nutrient runoff
30
Groundwater Pollution Sources (7)
oil spills
paint thinners
sewage
hazardous wastes
injection wells
waste lagoons
landfills
31
Cooler temperatures: ________ chemical reactions
slow down
32
Protecting groundwater: _______ is best
Prevention
33
Multibarrier Approach
using the following to protect drinking water
1. public awareness and involvement
2. legislation and policy
3. guidelines, standards, and objectives
4. research
includes monitoring and management
34
When testing for chloring in a towns drinking water, which houses do you check?
the first
the last
two in the middle
35
______ of the earth is covered in water
3/4
36
What is water used for in a typical 4 family home? (6)
Lawns, etc
Toilets
Bathing
Laundry
Dishes
Drinking,Cooking
37
Water Properties (10)
1. Odorless
2. Colorless
3. Transparent
4. Liquid at room Temp
5. Boiling Point at 100 degrees celsius
6. melting point at 0 (less dense)
7. Universal Solvent (polar)
8. High surface tension
9. High specific heat capacity
10. High heat evaporation
38
How do you know its groundwater?
temperature (4 degrees celcius)
39
What is the difference between Surface water and groundwater with regards to temperature, turbidity, and Mineral content?
Temp = SW- varies ; GW - constant
Turbidity = SW - varies ; GW - Low
Mineral Content = SW - Varies ; GW - constant
40
O2 is often present in_____ (SW or GW)
Surface water
41
Fe, Mn, and CO2 is often present in ____ (SW or GW)
Groundwater
42
NH3, H2S, and SiO2 is often found in ____ (SW or Groundwater)
Both! but no H2S in SW
43
erosion increases ______
turbidity
43
turbidity decreases ______
DO
44
all aqueous solutions are considered ___________
electrical neutral
45
what parameters usually throw off drinking water
biological (bacteria)
46
Major anions (4)
HCO
SO4
Cl
NO3
47
Major cations (5)
Ca
Mg
Na
K
Fe
48
TDS is ______ in groundwater
higher
49
why would color be a concern?
because of what causes the color (ex. minerals, organics)
50
LAB Q: if the true and apparent color are the same then the color is due to?
dissolved organics or dissolved minerals
51
LAB Q: what is the difference between true and apparent color?
apparent color is everything (unfiltered) whereas true color is dissolved (filtered)
52
What are the 3 major water quality issues in NL?
1. pH
2. Color
3.Turbidity
53
What is the AO for color of drinking water?
< or equal to 15ICU
54
is TDS and conductivity drinking water parameters?
NO
55
apparent is always _____________than true because ?
equal to or higher. because true is filtered
56
when looking at water quality of aquatic you think of? (2)
freshwater and marine
57
when looking at water quality of agriculture you think of? (2)
irrigation and livestock
58
what causes acid rain?
CO2 dissolves in rain
59
the TDS of groundwater is?
higher
60
which has the most severe guidelines/parameters?
a.human health
b.agriculture
c. aquatic life
d.industrial/commercial
a. human health
61
how are water parameters divided?
by use
62
what are the 4 water uses?
a.human health
b.agriculture
c. aquatic life
d.industrial/commercial
+ Recreation
63
is conductivity a paramater?
no it is used for monitoring
64
is pH a parameter?
no
65
how often is bacteria testing done?
once a month
66
categories of water quality parameters. (4)
1. chemical
a. organic
b.inorganic
2. Biological
a.bacteria
b.viruses
c. protozoa
d. worms
e. algae
3. radiological
4. physical
a.solids
b.color
c.transparency
d. pH
67
how do you test e-coli
absence/presence
68
how do you test coliform
bacteria
69
who tests for bacteria
hospitals
70
what is the issue of bacteria testing?
it takes time to complete the test and by then someone has already drunk it.
71
_____% of water in the distribution system is for the fire department
80
72
The movement of liquid water along with its ability to form
hydrogen bonds, allows water to pull substances apart and
dissolve them better but not always faster then an acids!
(T/F)
F
73
Homeostasis
Helps maintain a constant physiological condition of
cells, and organisms’ global ecosystems because...
* a. Makes a good insulator
* b. Resists temperature change
* c. Universal solvent
* d. Acts as a coolant
* e. Controls climate
74
Physical characteristics are (4)
Conductivity, Turbidity, Odour,
Colour
75
Biological determinants (3)
fecal coliforms, specific viruses,
biodiversity
76
Rain water has low ____ and low ____
DOC and TDS
77
Thermal stratification
characteristic of deep (> 10 m) temperate lakes
affects chemical speciation and chemical/biological processes
78
ground water has high _____, high ______, and low _____ and low _____
high TDS and mineral content
Low ph and DOC
79
a small town receives how many water samples per month?
1
80
a town with a population of less than 5 thousand people receives how many water samples per month?
4
81
a town with a population of more than 5 thousand but less than 90 thousand people receives how many water samples per month?
>5k <90k
1 sample per 1K people
82
a town with a population of more than 90 thousand people receives how many water samples per month?
90 samples plus 1 sample per 10 thousand people
83
all chemical test are done by?
department of environment
84
sampling for bacteria is
reactive approach
85
samples of water must be tested within ___ hours in NL
30
86
sample of water must be tested within ____ hours around the world
6
87
does chlorine protect against beaver fever
no
88
how to sample bacteria-logical
-sterile bottle and neutralizing material (for chlorine)
-need at least 100 mL
presence/absence for e-coli
89
looping distribution systems help
remove dead ends
- water pressure drops
- dirty water
90
metals samples can be stored after acidified at < ___ pH
6 - can store for 6 months once corrected
91
how to neutralize chlorine when taking organic samples?
vitamin A
92
how long can metal samples be stored for?
6 months
93
how long can organic samples be stored for?
most - 1 week
94
what is the most common preservation method
refigerate
95
bacteria tests are done by?
department of health
-total coliforms and e-coli
not viruses or protoza
96
organics samples should be stored in
amber glass containers
97
metal samples should be stored in
plastic containers
98
who tests for chlorine?
department of health and muncipality
99
how often are physical paramters checked
twice a year
100
how much of a water sample is usually collected?
500 mL
101
which house is the most imp when testing for chlorine?
last! because if it has residual chlorine then the previous houses are assumed to be safe
102
what is the minimum for testing distribution system
3
103
How often is recreational water tested? (why)
its not
theres too many sites
104
who tests irrigation water?
department of irrigation
105
is freshwater tested?
no
106
is marine water tested
no
107
who determines how many samples you need to take?
lab
108
for every ___ samples, take ___ blank
5, 1
109
Quality assurance
Quality assurance can be defined as "part of quality management focused on providing
confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled."
110
Quality control
Quality control can be defined as "part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality
requirements."
111
Labs are ___ certified
CALA
112
what are the 6 methods of tests
1. Anion-Cation (most imp)
2. Measure TDS vs calculated TDS
3. Measure Conductivity vs calculated conductivity
4. Measure Conductivity vs Ion sum
5. calculated TDS vs Conductivity ratio
6. Measured TDS vs Calculated conductivity ratio
113
anion-cation only does
inorganics
114
What is the acceptable difference in charge for the anion-cation
+/- 0.2meq
115
What is the issue with Measure TDS vs calculated TDS
takes too long to do and acceptable difference is too big
116
What is the acceptable difference in charge for Measure TDS vs calculated TDS
20%
117
Measure Conductivity vs calculated conductivity does
inorganics NOT ORGANICS
118
What is the acceptable difference in charge for Conductivity vs calculated conductivity
10%
119
What is the acceptable difference in charge for Measure Conductivity vs Ion sum
10%
120
what are the issues with Measured TDS vs Calculated conductivity ratio
takes too long and too much possibility of human error
121
what are the physical variables
salinity (S)
Conductivity
Specific Conductance
Color
122
What are the units for salinity
mg/L or ppt
123
what is the differences between physical parameters and chemical parameters
-cant see chemicals
-physical is what you can see (in-situ testing)
124
more ions = more _____
conductivity
125
what does conductivity tell you?
nothing. its a indicator
126
Higher conductivity = higher _____
TDS
127
micro siemens are for _______ and mili siemens are for ______
freshwater ; saltwater
128
specific conductance is
how temperature of watereffects conductivity
higher temp = higher conductivity (think dissolving sugar)
129
a spike or dip in conductivity means?
spike = metals
dip = organics
130
The higher the salinity, the _____ the DO
lower
131
What act controls bottled water
food and beverage
132
what act controls drinking water
water resources act
133
TS is measured in
mg/L
134
is DO a MAC?
no
135
Turbidity is
measurement of
light penetration in water
136
does Hardness or Alkalinity have a MAC or AO
NO to both
137
a hardness value of 0.50 mg CaCO3/L is
soft water
138
a hardness value of 50 - 150 mg CaCO3/L is
moderate water
139
a hardness value of 150 - 300 mg CaCO3/L is
hard water
140
a hardness value > 300 mg CaCO3/L is
Very hard water
141
what are the 3 types of waste water
domestic
industrial
strom water
142
Properties of organic compounds
* Usually combustible
* Have lower melting and boiling points
* Less soluble in water
* Have very high molecular weight
* Most organic compounds can serve as a source
of food for micro-organisms
143
Source(s) of organic compounds
Nature: fibres, vegetable oils, animal oils and
fats, cellulose, starch, sugar.
Synthesis: a wide variety of compounds and
materials prepared by manufacturing
processes. E.g. DDT, polyvinyl chloride.
Fermentation: Alcohols, acetone, glycerol,
antibiotics, acids.
144
Classification of organic matter (difference in
degradability)
* Biodegradable organics
* Non-biodegradable organics
145
Some organics can caused cancer
Trihalomethane (THM-carcinogenic compound)
areproduced in water andwastewater treatment plants
when natural organic compounds combine with chlorine added for disinfection purposes.
146
What is Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)?
The quantity of oxygen utilised by a mixed population of micro-organisms to biologically degrade the organic matter in the wastewater under aerobic condition
147
BOD is the most important parameter in water
pollution control (T/F)
T
148
BOD test takes how long
5-day at 20C
149
Test method (BOD5 @ 20C)
1. A water sample containing degradable
organic matter is placed in a BOD bottle.
2. If needed, add dilution water (known
quantity).
3. Measure DO in the bottle after 15 minutes (DOi)
4. Closed the bottle and placed it in incubator
for 5 days, at temperature 20oC
5. After 5 days, measure DO in the bottle (DOt).
150
Why dilution is needed for BOD?
For a valid BOD test, the final DO
should not be less than 1 mg/L. BOD
test is invalid if DOt value near zero.
* Dilution can decrease organic strength
of the sample. By using dilution factor,
the actual value can be obtained.
151
How long does COD take
two hours
152
What is Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD)?
Definition
* The quantity of oxygen needed to
chemically oxidize the organic
compound in the sample, converted to
carbon dioxide and water.
* Commonly used to define the strength
of industrial wastewaters
153
Which is commonly used for industrial wastewaters? COD or BOD
COD
154
Test Procedure for COD
* Add measured quantities of potassium
dichromate, sulphuric acid reagent
containing silver sulphate, and a
measured volume of sample into a
flask.
* The mixture is refluxed (vaporized and
condensed) for two hours. The
oxidation of organic matter converts
dichromate to trivalent chromium,
Organic matter
155
Inorganic compounds: Definition
When placed in water, inorganic compounds
dissociate into electrically charged atoms
referred to as ions.
* All atoms linked in ionic bond.
156
Inorganic compound Source(s)
May cover heavy metals, nutrients
(nitrogen and phosphorus), alkalinity,
chlorides, sulphur, and other inorganic
pollutants.
157
Water-borne disease include
cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid
fever, and diarrhea
158
what are indicators for waterborne diseases
indicator bacteria such as
total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform
(FC) are used as indicator organisms
159
