Final Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
Who published the paper on complex neural networks?
A
Geoffrey Hinton
2
Q
What are the 3 layers of an Artifical Neural Network (ANN)?
A
- Input Layer
- Hidden Layer
- Output Layer
3
Q
What does the Input Layer do in an ANN?
A
Intakes information (e.g., detecting the intensity of pixels)
4
Q
What does the Hidden Layer do in an ANN?
A
- Learns and processes information
- Finds patterns within information
- Abilitity to infer
5
Q
What does the Output Layer do in an ANN?
A
- Spits out information
6
Q
What is machine learning?
A
The process of learning from data and adjusting outputs based on if output is correct or incorrect
7
Q
How does a trained ANN differ from an untrained ANN?
A
A trained ANN will assign weights to different factors, an untrained ANN will assign equal weights to all factors
8
Q
What is Deep Learning?
A
When an ANN is learning with multiple hidden layers.
9
Q
What are the 3 layers that showcase what Deep Learning is?
A
- Artificial Intelligence
- Machine Learning
- Deep Learning
10
Q
What are the steps for ANN to help with Dynamic Pricing?
A
- Collect Information
- Learn from Data
- Output a price based on factors
11
Q
What is Natural Language Processing?
A
NLP enables machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language
12
Q
What physical object is AI?
A
Chips (GPUs, semiconductors)
13
Q
How long did it take for ChatGPT to reach 1 million users?
A
5 days
14
Q
How has AI helped in the agriculture field?
A
- Optimize crop yields
- Monitor plant health
- Manage resources efficiently
15
Q
How has AI helped in manufacturing?
A
- Improving efficiency in production processes, quality control, and predictive maintenance
16
Q
How has AI helped in Finance?
A
- Algorithmic trading
- Customer service
17
Q
How has AI helped in defence?
A
- Protecting against cyber threats
- Ensuring the security of sensitive information and communication
18
Q
What invention led to the dissolvement of Scribes?
A
The Gutenberg Printing Press
19
Q
Who was affected during the Industrial Revolution?
A
Artisans - who lost their jobs since manufacturing was much more efficient and productive
20
Q
Who are Luddites?
A
A group of people who railed against the ways that mechanized manufacturers and their unskilled laborers undermined the skilled craftsmen of the day
21
Q
What are some jobs that are already being replaced by AI?
A
- Artists
- Videographers
- Photographers
22
Q
What other jobs are at high risk of being replaced by AI?
A
- Authors
- Mathematicians
- Computer Scientists
23
Q
What is a positive way that AI has already improved our lives?
A
Solved the protein folding problem
24
Q
What was the name of the AI model that helped solve the protein folding problem?
A
Alpha Fold 3
25
What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)?
- AI that could perform any task as well, or better, than any human
- Find unfamiliar tasks and find solutions
- Adapt to new situations, problem solving, and abstract thinking
26
What is a sub-goal?
Goals that need to be accomplished to achieve the end goal
27
What is the best sub-goal for AGI?
Gaining more control
28
What is signalling?
Ways to show off our wealth or coolness
29
What is an honest signal?
A trait or behaviour that's hard to fake and shows true ability (e.g., University Degree, Stotting Gazelles, or Peacock's tail)
30
What is the purpose of signalling?
To be received by a Receiver to distinguish oneself.
31
What is Costly Signalling?
A behaviour that is costly for everyone that can serve as an honest signal for high types.
32
What is a "high type"?
Individuals who possess qualities or characteristics that are highly valued by others
33
What is a "low type"?
Individuals who lack or possess fewer desirable qualities or characteristics than high types
34
What would happen if doing these things weren't costly?
Signals would lose all meaning and credibility because there is no barrier to entry
35
What is the Nash Equilibrium in the context of Costly Signalling?
1. High types signal because it benefits them
2. Low types don't signal because it's too costly
3. Receivers believe the signal only if they see it
36
What are Buried Signals?
Costly signals that are harder to spot
37
What is a pull mechanism with buried signals?
When someone "pulls" the signal from an individual making it seem almost accidental
38
What is the best flex with costly signalling?
Downplaying it. Let others connect the dots.
39
What is the benefit of burying costly signals?
It adds to their cost and creates even stronger signals when discovered
40
What is the saying about money vs. wealth?
Money screams, Wealth screams out of your frequency
41
What are examples of Warmth?
- Friendliness
- Humility
- Trustworthiness
- Empathy
- Kindness
42
What are examples of Competence?
- Intelligence
- Status
- Power
- Attractiveness
- Skill
43
What are Warmth and Competence fundamental dimensions of?
How people are perceived
44
What is the paradox of communication?
Everyone wants to be both warm and competent and everyone likes warm and competent people
BUT people who try to boost their warmth and competency are not perceived as being warm or competent
YET everyone loves it when you make them feel warm and competent
45
What is humblebragging?
Trying to sneak in a signal of your competence in a cloak of humility
46
What is fishing for compliments?
Forcing or manipulating people to signal your competence or warmth for you.
47
What is a back-handed compliment?
Signaling warmth while being seen as trying to maintain your competence over someone
48
What is name-dropping?
Slyly trying to boost your perceived competence (I know someone who went to a fancy school)
49
What is Hiding Success?
Having paternalistic motives when you hide success (My promotion is so much better than anything you have or will ever get) which leads to others feeling insulted
50
What is the difference between Hiding Success and Signal Burying?
Hiding success looks bad when communicating with a competing coworker or friend.
Signal burying works when there's no competition and no expectation to reveal the signal
51
What is an "I told you so"?
Signals that you care too much about making sure everyone knows of your competence
52
Why don't any of these forms of communication work in boosting your status, but costly signalling does?
Talk is cheap
53
What is a separating equilibrium?
It involves players adopting different strategies, allowing observers to identify the types of players based on their actions
54
What is a pooling equilibrium?
It occurs when players adopt the same strategy, making it impossible for an observer to distinguish between types of players.
55
How does Costly Signalling look in comparison to Buried Signals?
Costly signals will pale in comparison to the same signal that is buried (e.g., donated by anonymous)
56
What steps can you take to listen to understand, not to respond?
1. Shift the focus onto them - you are prioritising their thoughts, not your response.
2. Keep it relevant - you are engaging with what matters to them.
3. Avoid self-centred replies - You listen to understand, not perform.
57
What 3 things can occur if you repeat and expand of what others said to you?
1. Shows you truly listened
2. Deepens the conversation
3. Makes them feel valued
58
What happens if you are complimentary and self-deprecating?
Signals that you are secure in your competence and completely comfortable pointing out your flaws while highlighting others' competencies.
59
What are Buy Side Entities?
They purchase securities or other assets for investments
60
What are Sell Side Entities?
They help clients facilitate the sale of securities to investors
61
What are the 3 categories for the Buy Side?
1. Private Equity
2. Hedge Funds
3. Venture Capital
62
What does Private Equity do?
Invest in privately held companies or acquires public companies to take them private.
Goal is to improve financial performance and eventually sell the company for a profit.
63
What is a public company?
Any company whose shares are publicly traded on a stock exchange
64
What is a private company?
Any company whose shares are not publicly traded
65
How does Private Equity typically exit from an investment?
Typically, through a merger or acquisition, or an initial public offering
66
What is an IPO?
The process through which a private company offers shares of its stock to the public for the first time.
67
What is a Leveraged Buyout (LBO)?
A private equity firm buying out another company using a significant amount of borrowed money
68
What are the 3 steps to an LBO?
1. Borrow money to buy company
2. Fix it up to make it more valuable
3. Sell it for a higher price and pay back the loan
69
What are Hedge Funds?
Companies that invest in a wide range of assets (Stocks, bonds, currencies, commodities, derivatives) that use many strategies (activist investing, long/short, betting on M&A)
70
How do Hedge Funds differ from Private Equity?
Hedge funds rarely buys entire companies and can sell assets at anything (making them more liquid)
71
What is Venture Capital?
Investing in small private companies (risky start-ups)
72
How does Venture Capital exit an investment?
Typically through IPO or Aquisition
73
What is Dilution?
Losing a % share of a company, NOT losing # of shares
74
What do Investment Banks do?
Underwrite for a public company
75
What are the 2 Steps that investment bankers do?
1. Investment bank buys securities
2. Resells to investors
76
What are family offices?
Tailored hedge funds
77
What is Functional Fixedness?
The tendency to perceive objects as having fixed functions and to overlook alternative uses for them
78
What is a Gaussian Distribution?
A bell-curve
79
What is a Pareto Distribution?
Essentially a winner-takes-all graph - A small number of people capture most of the reward.
80
