final

Question 1

alpha waves represent?

Answer 1

“quiet” inactive wake
- moderate (8-12 Hz) frequency; moderate amplitude
- synchronous wave form

Question 2

beta waves represent?

Answer 2

active wake
- high frequency (13-30Hz)
- variable but smaller amplitude
- asynchronous; irregular

Question 3

theta waves represent?

Answer 3

drowsy or light sleep
stage 1 NREM
4-8 Hz
not as synchronous as alpha

Question 4

delta waves represent?

Answer 4

deep sleep “slow wave sleep”
> 3.5 Hz
large amplitude
at stage 3 20-50% deep sleep
at stage 4 at least 50%

Question 5

sleep spindles

Answer 5

correlated with memory
some studies say related to IQ
happens with theta at stage 2 burst of 12-14 Hz for at least one second

Question 6

K complexes

Answer 6

happens at stage 2
a singular high amplitude spike

Question 7

PGO waves

Answer 7

REM sleep
pons geniculate occipital
mediate dreams

Question 8

difference between NREM and REM

Answer 8

NREM
- eyes don’t move
- contains deepest stage of sleep
- decrease brain activity as move through stages
REM
- eyes move
- dreams occur
- increased brain activity
- atonia - near paralysis

Question 9

EEG

Answer 9

electroencephalogram
measures brainwaves
0.001-0.01 mV
0.5-40 Hz

Question 10

EMG

Answer 10

electromyogram
measures muscles
1-10 mV
20-2000 Hz

Question 11

EOG

Answer 11

electrooculogram
measures eye movement
0.01-0.1 mV
dc-10 Hz

Question 12

omission theory

Answer 12

save energy
often predator species sleep substantially more than prey
adaptive reaction to light/dark cycles (species that don’t rely on vision tend to be nocturnal)

Question 13

physical restoration

Answer 13

immune function
growth hormones secreted during SWS
higher % of SWS after long physical activity

Question 14

cognitive restoration

Answer 14

sleep especially important for optimal brian funtioning
- fatal familial insomnia
-greater % of SWS in frontal lobe when we think a lot
- evidence that sleep important for “consolodation” of memories
- SWS promotes neuronal “pruning and sculpting”

Question 15

what is REM for

Answer 15

brain development
involved in learning and memory
may be involved in mantaining procedural

Question 16

why do we dream

Answer 16

psychoanalytic theory (freud) - wish fulfillment
activation/synthesis theory (hobson+mccartey) - PGO waves and random visual images from your brain and your cortex is trying to make sense of it

Question 17

endogenous sleep factor

Answer 17

adenosine
inhibits Cholinergic (ACh)
neurons that project to the Cortex

Question 18

dysomnia w/ examples

Answer 18

problem with amount, quality, or timing of sleep
- insomnia - sleeping pills were the cause for insomnia
- sleep apnea
- narcolepsy - due to degeneration of orexin/hypocretin neurons in humans

Question 19

parasomnias

Answer 19

disorders in which abnormal behaviors occur during sleep
- somnambulism (sleep walking)
- night terrors
- REM sleep behavior disorder

Question 20

short term memory (STM)

Answer 20

limited capacity: 7 +/- 2 items
limited duration: few seconds
can maintain in STM as long as needed with active rehearsal
biological basis: based on electrical after-discharge of neurons; no protein synthesis; no structural changes

Question 21

long term memory (LTM)

Answer 21

thought to be unlimited capacity
relatively permanent
once consolidated, does not need to be rehearsed (reference memory)
biological basis:
requires protein synthesis in brain, leads to long term structural changes

Question 22

declarative (explicit) memory

Answer 22

facts, people, dates, info that can be declared
- conscious willful effort to recall
- top-down
- knowing “that”…
- mediated by hippocampus

Question 23

nondeclarative (implicit) memory

Answer 23

skills, behavior, performance that is recalled without conscious effort
- bottom-up
- knowing “how”…
- mediated by basal ganglia and/or cerebellum

Question 24

episodic memory

Answer 24

declarative
context dependent (where and when)
personal experience
reconstructive nature

Question 25

semantic memory

Answer 25

declarative context independent generalized knowledge; no specific memory of when/where it was learned

Question 26

role of hippocampus in memory

Answer 26

consolidation of new declarative LTMs

Question 27

role of amygdala in memory

Answer 27

"emotional coloring" flashbulb memories

Question 28

donald hebb rule

Answer 28

neuron a strengthens b if neuron b is weak - forms new dendritic spines - GLUT binds to NMDA rec (only opens the channel when it's been primed/in an excitable state) - AMPA? ex. classical conditioning (neuron a food neuron b bell) N's that fire together wire together

Question 29

long term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 29

recordings from neurons and their electrical state from a slice of brain 1. deliver one pulse (just enough to cause a blip on the screen) 2. deliver multiple pulses 3. repeat step 1 now you get amplified response to the one pulse in step 3 because of step 2

Question 30

why is LTP important

Answer 30

evidence suggests that LTP mediates LTM

Question 31

clive wearing

Answer 31

virus destroyed his hippocampus - can remember to play the piano and his wife deborah but nothing about her - remembers how to do things (implicit) - can't remember any facts or things about his life (declarative/episodic) - there are some random things he knows like his dad's liscense plate and his childhood phone number relives his life every 7 seconds

Question 32

EP

Answer 32

virus impaired temporal lobes (hippocampus and surrounding areas) anterograde amnesia working memory is intact he can repeat back words said to him but not 15 minutes later can't remember people's names will repeat story multiple times about his work with computers can remember stuff from before but can't make new LTM