Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

brain and behavior > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

(42 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what the body does to drugs
absorption, disruption, metabolism, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what drugs go to body/behavior
site and mechanism of action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

neurotransmitter vs. neuromodulator

A

neurotransmitter
-act by directly transmitting signals between neurons
-released in localized manner at synapse
-specifically influences activity of target neurons
-has shorter-lasting effect
neuromodulators
-act by modifying response of neurons to other neurotransmitters
-released in diffuse manner throughout brain
-modulates overall activity of neural circuits
-generally has longer-lasting effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ionotropic vs metabotropic

A

ionotropic
- direct; NT opens channel
- effect is immediate but short-lived
- affects polarity
- 1 chemical meesenger NT
metabotropic
- indirect: activates cascade of events
- effect is variable but generally longer
- primary NM + internal 2nd messenger
- broader effects on metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

agonist

A

add NT or precursor
induce release
block reuptake
block metabolic breakdown
mimetic (direct agonist)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

antagonist

A

prevent synthesis
deplete release
stimulate autoreceptors; inhibit release
direct/indirect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

principles of drug action

A
  • drugs have multiple effects (central vs peripheral)
  • receptor distribution often determines selectivity of drug action
  • drugs modify (do not create) cellular processes (agonist vs antagonist)
  • any agonist can become antagonist (ex increasing dose)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

non-competitive inhibition

A

change shape of enzyme so it cannot bind to substrate
ex. lithium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

direct antagonist

A

interferes with active site of enzyme so substrate cannot bind (like an outlet cover)
ex. naloxone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

competitive agonist (mimetic)

A

interact directly with the receptor and activate it, producing the desired effect
ex. morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

indirect agonist

A

do not directly activate the receptor but enhance its response to the natural molecule work by increasing the availability or effectiveness of the natural molecule
ex. cocaine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

short-term vs long-term

A

short-term and reversible act as agonists ex. donepezil for alzheimer’s disease
long-term and irreversible are initially agonistic but then become antagonistic and render cell refractory ex. DFP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

functions of ACh (acetylcholine)

A

in PNS inhibitory (slows HR)
in CNS general arousal (being awake), learning and memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

functions of DA (dopamine)

A

motor regulation/movement, pleasure/reinforcement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

functions of NE/NA (norepinephrine/noradrenaline)

A

selective attention, stress response (fight/flight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

functions of 5-HT (serotonin)

A

regulation of emotion and mood
control of appetitive
firing increase during repetitive motor responding (walking, grooming)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

functions of GLUT (glutamate)

Study These Flashcards
A

principle excitatory NT in brain
plays major role in learning and memory

18
Q

functions of GABA

Study These Flashcards
A

principle inhibitory NT in brain
known as “calming” NT
involved in sleep, relaxation, anxiety regulation and muscle function

19
Q

functions of GLY (glycine)

Study These Flashcards
A

principle inhibitory NT in spinal cord

20
Q

functions of endocannabinoids (lipids)

Study These Flashcards
A

natural anxiolytic
reward
appetite stimulant

21
Q

suggested functions of opioid peptides

Study These Flashcards
A

natural analgesic: released during fighting, mating
involved in mediation of reward (with DA)

22
Q

subtypes for cholinergic receptors

Study These Flashcards
A

nicotinic: ionotropic
muscarinic: metabotropic receptors

23
Q

adrenergic receptors

Study These Flashcards
A

alpha: higher affinity for NE than E, vasoconstriction
beta: higher affinity for E than NE, vasodilation

24
Q

serotonin receptor subtypes

Study These Flashcards
A

5-HT3 is ionotropic
others are metabotropic
5-HT often acts as inhibitory neuromodulator: diffuse effect

25
glutamatergic receptor subtypes
ionotropic: NMBA receptor (special role in memory), AMPA receptor, kainate receptor metabotropic GLUT recpetor
26
GABA receptor subtypes
GABA-A: ionotropic - linked to Cl- channel GABA-B: metabotropic - linked to K+ channel
27
endogenous opioid receptor subtypes
all metabotropic and inhibitory endorphins: bind to Mu enkephalins: bind to Delta dynorphins: bind to Kappa
28
presynaptic heteroreceptors vs autoreceptors
autoreceptors are activated by NT released by same neuron heteroreceptors are activated by NT released by another neuron
29
presynaptic inhibition
suppresses the release of neurotransmitters from axons by binding chemical messengers to inhibitory receptors at transmitter release sites on the axon ex. GABA
30
biological base for schizophrenia. evidence? specific drug treatment? action of these drugs?
hyperactive DA mesolimbic pathway (pos symptoms) underactive DA mesocortical pathway (neg/cog symptoms) evidence that dysregulation of serotonin and glutamate also involved DA antagonists only treat positive symptoms -abilify - partial DA agonist has mixed agonist-antagonist prop.
31
biological base for ADHD. evidence? specific drug treatment? action of these drugs?
impairment of both DA and NE NTs which mediate exec functions including attention, cognitive control of behavior ritalin/adderall DA/NE agonists (stimulants)
32
biological base for BPD. evidence? specific drug treatment? action of drug?
maybe manic phase assoc. with over-active NE think this from high MHPG (another NE by-product) in urine/blood historically, lithium is effective "mood stabilizer" in direct NE antagonist
33
biological base for MDD. evidence? specific drug treatment? drug action?
genetic/environment interaction monoamine hypothesis (low NE and/or 5-HT) revised monoamine hypothesis (focus on receptor regulation rather than NT level must be more to it than chemical imbalance if atypical meds don't affect monoamines SSRIs, 5-HT and NE reuptake inhibitors
34
neurogenic hypothesis of depression and evidence consistent with it
stress inhibits adult neurogenesis and increases vulnerability evidence: hippocampal volume in depressives/PTSD patients is reduced
35
what does C4 gene synaptic pruning have to do with schizophrenia? can this line of research explain some things we know to be true?
C4 gene accelerates/intensifies pruning shows that pruning is delicate process that we don't really understand
36
mechanism of function: nicotine
agonist
37
mechanism of function: methanphetamine
agonist- induces DA release (and block reuptake)
38
mechanism of function: cocaine
agonist - blocks reuptake (induces DA release)
39
mechanism of function: ritalin+adderall
DA/NE agonists - stimulants - induce release
40
mechanism of function: lithium
indirect NE antagonist
41
mechanism of function: valporate
GABA agonist (inhibits breakdown)
42
mechanism of function: benzos, alcohol, barbiturates
indirect GABA-A agonists

brain and behavior (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions