final Flashcards
i'm going to kms
maghreb people
amazigh / berber people
- nomads
- storytelling, talking with animals
- Sunni muslims
- sacred places
sahara people
Tuareg - herders with distinct classes
Ighaargen - nobility
Kel Ulli - common people, herd camels and goats
- traditional storytelling
- art with roots
- perception inwards vs outwards, non division (we think this means not seeing a difference between oneself and the environment/other people? what the fuck ivan.)
bushman
- original people of africa, also known as the San
- originated in the kalahari, karoo, namib, and cape
- connection with animals and capacity to track, an innate skill that goes beyond what we are able to learn
- poison arrows from poisonous grubs
- equality within the groups, kills are shared. sharing and interdependency
- rely on roots, melons, cucumbers for water most of the time
east africa people
- hazda people
- hunter-gatherers
- click language
- allowing societies - datoga
- Nilotic (ethnic group) herders
- bomas - samburu
- camel and goat herders
- water management
- pasture knowledge - hamar
- life stages and rites of passage - isolation or whipping
- violent people
- cosmovision - bena-banna
- walk on stilts to look for prey - masai
- oh u know
forest people
babongo / forest people
- nomadic hunter - gatherers
- innate sense of sustainability, know how much to take to survive without harming the environment
- several groups with different dialects, small cooperative communities
- leadership based on wisdom and skill
- allowing society, open to others
- cheerful and talkative with ivan
- isolation initiation ceromony
karoo people
nama people/khoikhoi
- herders, nomads
- knowledge of plant diversity and medicinal plant use, nara melons, knowledge of seasons and productivity
miombo indigenous groups
- barabaig herders
- hehe
- baboon hunters
- allowing societies
- secret rituals
- traditions and intuition
- himba herders
- use ocher for sun protection and beauty
- depend on water (don’t we all??? stfu)
- cattle (i think these were the ones that showered with cow pee)
- rituals at different age stages
- found in namib and miombo
which indigenous groups are hunter-gatherers?
- forest people
- hadza
- hehe - babboon hunters
which indigenous groups are herders?
- kel ulli in the Meghreb (goat herders)
- datoga
- samburu (camels and goats)
- barabaig in the miombo
red list categories
- least concern
- near threatened
- vulnerable
- endangered
- extinct in wild
- extinct
CITES categories
CITIES - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
appendix I - no commerce allowed. species threatened with extinction
appendix II - sustainable commerce allowed, through issuance of permits and certificates. trade still must be controlled to ensure species survival
appendix III - less regulated commerce, but species is protected in at least one country that has requested help from other CITES parties
formal extinction risk factors
- population risk
- environmental risk
- natural catastrophes
- genetic risk
ivan’s informal extiction risk factors
- habitat loss, especially habitat loss for bird migrations
- invasive species
- exploitation, wildlife/pet trade, and hunting
- pollution, climate change, human-wildlife conflict
structure of human-wildlife conflict studies
Type of conflict
Species involved
Where: geographical variations/migragtions
Seasons + Precipitation
Solutions
in-situ vs. ex-situ
in-situ: protects species in their natural habitat (wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, biosphere reserves)
ex-situ: protects species in an artificial habitat (seed banks, botanical gardens, zoos, natural history museums)
most common types of human wildlife conflict
in order from most to least common based on namibia case study: livestock predation, crop raiding, infrastructure damage, human attack
pyramid of human-wildlife conflict
L1 (top): dispute - loss of crop, livestock, income, safety
L2: underlying conflict - the dispute becomes a recurring issue that isn’t satisfactorily resolved
L3 (bottom): deep rooted conflict - social identity or values are threatened
species that are particularly vulnerable to extinction and decline
- Species with narrow geographical range
- Species with only one or few populations
- Species in which population size is small
- Species in which population size is declining
- Species hunted or harvested by humans
- Species that need an extensive home range
- Animal species with large bodies
- Species that are not effective dispersers
- Seasonal migrants
- Species with little genetic variability
- Species with specialized niche requirements
example of extinction debt
Canarium hardwoods’ seed were only dispersed by big koala lemurs/giant lemurs, which went extinct around 500 years ago. since there are no animals left that eat their fruit and disperse their seeds, it’s only a matter of time until the tree goes extinct too
lazarus species example
species that almost went extinct but are now recovering
sahara oryx - last one hunted in 1998, captive breeding programs released more starting in 2016. protection from poachers
4 main original groups in pre-colonial africa (human diffusion)
- Khoisan/san hunter-gathers with click language in east and south africa. invaded by cattle farmers
- Nilo-Saharan herders, split into Nilotes (north africa) and Cushitic (east africa)
- Bantu cultivation in west africa, spread south
- forest people (hunter gatherers) in central africa, split west and east
pre-colonial history of the maghreb
- oldest evidence of H. sapiens
- hunter-gatherers first
- domestication of cereal crops (sorghum, millet), figs, olives
- occupied by romans, large extinctions
- occupied by Arabs, free use of natural resources and improvement of land concept
- occupied by french, land use changes, fertile areas dedicated to production for export. way of controlling people because they are no longer self-sustaining
pre-colonial history of the congo
- savannah with woodlands during dry periods from 15,000-5,000 years ago. lakes, rivers, inhabited by hippos, turtles, amphibians, crocodiles
- africa’s cattle likely domesticated from wild aurochs (larger, big horns), which either came from middle east, europe, or sahara desert
- cave paintings/rock art divided history into 5 periods
1. large wild fauna era (prior to 8,000 BC)
2. era of hunters (8,000-6,000 BC)
3. era of stockbreeders (6,000-3,500 BC)
4. horse era (3,500 BC-1st century AD)
5. camel era (2000 years ago- present) - during the “big dry”, there were massive migrations to the coast of the sahara to survive
pre-colonial history of the congo
- difficult to colonize because of dense forest. when colonization does happen, it’s usually during cold or dry periods when parts of the forest recede to savannah
- forest people
- western bantus cleared forest with stone axes, planted yams, oil palms, beans, bambara ground nuts, amaranth, squash. colonized most of the region by 2,000 BC
- MONSOON EXCHANGE: brought plantains, taro, goats, dogs (transformed hunting), iron smelting (metal tools that allowed opening of the forest and helped the bantus colonize)
