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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Mutation for Sickle Cell

A

A changes to T

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2
Q

Purine vs Pyrimidine shaope

A

Purine has 2 rings

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3
Q

Way to remember variables

A

DMIC - dependent measure independent control y x axis

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4
Q

What causes products to exit enzyme

A

In lock and key just a change means doesnt fit, in induced fit there is conformational change that pushes products out

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5
Q

Difference between 70S and 80S ribosomes

A

70s has 50s and 20s
80s has 60s and 40s

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6
Q

What gives EM better resolution

A

lower wavelength of electrons

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7
Q

Iodine changes in starch

A

Yellow/Brown - Blue/Black

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8
Q

What is an artefact in microscopy

A

Things you can see just from preparation techniques

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9
Q

What is a +ssRNA virus and examples we need to know

A

RNA acts directly to transcribe proteins
Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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10
Q

What is a -ssRNA Virus and examples we need to know

A

RNA needs to be transcribed before translated.
Ebola

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11
Q

What is a DNA virus and examples to know

A

DNA acts as template for new DNA and for mRNA
Lambda Phage Virus

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12
Q

What is an RNA retrovirus and examples to know

A

Reverse transcriptase is used to incorporate viral DNA into host cell. Host cell becomes virus making factory and new viruses exit by exocytosis
HIV

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13
Q

Details about Ebola

A

-ssRNA virus
fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, vomiting

virus and spreads through faeces, urine, blood and meat of infected animals.
also person to person through contact
high mortality rate

rapid identify
nursing in isolation
sterilise equipment
identifying contacts

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14
Q

How cytokinesis occurs in animals vs plants

A

Contractile ring closes in animals and cell plate forms new cell wall in plants

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15
Q

What controls the cell cycle

A

Cyclins binding to Cyclin dependent kinases trigger the next steps in the cell cycle

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16
Q

Root tip structure

A

Root cap
Meristem
Zone of elongation
Zone of differentiation

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17
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A

Producing spore - sporulation involving production of asexual spores that are capable of growing into new individuals.
Regeneration - When organisms replace lost body parts.
Fragmentation - Organsims reproducing themselves asexuals from fragments of their original body.
Producing buds - Budding is when a small new individual forms as part of parent organism
Vegetative propagation - Like budding but with runners, containing stored food and are very resistant.

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18
Q

Types of chromosome mutation

A

Translocation Mutation - break off and go to other
Can be balanced or unbalanced.
Non-disjunction - doesn’t split properly in mitosis
Polysomy - Down syndrome is 3 x chromosome 21
Monosomy - Turners Syndrome is missing sex chromosome

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19
Q

Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis

A

Primordial Germ Cell
Development
Spermatogonia - Oogonia
Mitosis
Spermatocyte - oocyte
Meiosis 1
Spermatocyte - secondary oocyte + polar bodies
Meoisis 2
Spermatid - ovum only after fertilisation
Development
Spermatozoa

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20
Q

Plant gamete production

A

In pollen sacs there are microspore mother cells
Divide by meiosis to form haploid microspores
these undergo mitosis. Each gamete contains tube nucleus and generative nucleus which then undergoes final mitosis before fertilising

Diploid megaspore mother cells divide by meiosis to produce haploid megaspores, three of these degenerate
3 x mitosis to produce embryo sac
egg cell, 2 polar nuclei, and other cells

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21
Q

Male vs Female Parts of the plant

A

Stamen - Anther
Carpel - Stigma, Style, Ovary, Ovule

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22
Q

What is it called when man and woman of same species look diff

A

Sexual dimorphism

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23
Q

Types of adaptations

A

anatomical adaptations - e.g Hairs on plants to capture and eat insects

Physiological adaptations - e.g. The slowing of heart rate as a seal dives

Behavioural - e.g. Instinctive behaviour

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24
Q

Water potential formula

A

Water potential of cell = Turgor pressure + Osmotic potential
x = p + pi

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25
What is turgor pressure
Inwards force of cell wall on cytoplasm
26
What is osmotic pressure
tendency for water to move across a membrane
27
Structure of a leaf
Waxy cuticle, Upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, guard cells and stomata
28
What makes up the capiliary
Single endothelium lining
29
What is on the ECG trace
P wave - Depolarisation of atria QRS wave - Ventricle depolarisation T wave - Ventricle repolarisation which masks atrial repolarisation
30
What is oncotic pressyre
Excerted by plasma proteins to push fluid back into the capillary
31
Aneursysm vs Stroke
Aneurysm is bursting of artery Stroke is no blood flow to the brain
32
What is the Bohr effect
Shifts right the dissociation curve at High CO2 concentratiosn
33
Structure of vascular bundle
Xylem inside, phloem middle, then outer cells
34
What makes the casparian strip unable to pass.
Suberin
35
Apoplast
The route taken by water between the cells or through the cell walls in a plant. Water moves by osmosis into the cell wall and this happens until it reaches the casparian strip in which it needs active transport to move ions into the cytoplasm of the cells
36
symplast
route through the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata of plant cells by which water and dissolved substances are transported. Dissolved substances must be actively pumped into the cyotplasm of the cell
37
Strengths and Weaknesses of Mass Flow
Phloem is under pressure due to Sap release Xylem and Phloem location make sense Movement is up and down the tube at diff speeds Sieve plates no sense Why do companion cells need to be alive
38
Equation for aerobic respiring
C6H1206 + 602 = 6C02 + 6H20
38
glycolysis
ATP is used to phosphorylate glucose, adding phosphate groups Split into 3 carbon sugar, GP. GP is converted to pyruvate. NAD is reduced and ATP is formed. 2 ATP in 4 ATP out 2 NADH out
39
Ways to count bacteria
Haemocytometer - Top and Left Diluation Plating - Till individual colonies Turbidity - measures dead cells Dry mass
40
Endotoxin Bacteria
Salmonella
41
Exotoxin Bacteria
MRSA
42
Tuberculosis method of infection
-By host tissue invasion -Tubercles are coated in thick waxy coat that when engulfed by phagocytosis, it survives -Lies dormant in tubercles and not destroyed by immune system -Causes damage when immune system is weakened by wider infectio
43
Bacteriocidal AB
Penicillin. Breaks down wall for example
44
Bacteriostatic AB
Tetraclyline
45
transmission, mode of infection, pathogenic effect Stem Rust Fungus
Wind carries spores or infected plant fragments are in the soil Spores germinate in water on plant Hyphae enter through stomata of leaves Nutrients is absorbed by fungus and stem is weakened
46
transmission, mode of infection, pathogenic effect flu
-ssRNA. DRoplets infection, animal droppings, Infected ciliated epithelial cells of lungs and causes lysis Damaged lunges, fever, headache
47
transmission, mode of infection, pathogenic effect malaria
Plasmodium spp Female mosquitoes Causes red blood cells to burst Liver damage + anemia
48
Humoral Immune response
Macrophage engulfs then becomes APC T helper cell binds and divides to form T helper and T memory cells B cell takes in antigen and becomes APC. T helper cell binds to B cell and stimulates B cell to divide. Forms B memory cells and B effector cells which become plasma cells then antibodies
49
Cell mediatied immune response
Infected cell becomes APC. T killer cell binds to APC and forms clones of t killer memory cells and clones of active T killer cells. These bind to the APC's and cause lysis
50
What are the types of antibody actions?
Opsoniation: Coated to be detected by phagocytes Precipitation: Inhibit toxins that are released or make them insoluble Agglutination: Clumps microoganisms together for easier phagocytosis Lysis: Breaks open bacteria cells
51
Difference between DNA sequencing and DNA profiling
Exact order in sequence but profile just tests for specific sections
52
Southern blotting
a procedure for identifying specific sequences of DNA, in which fragments separated on a gel are transferred directly to a second medium in alkaline solution: nylon filter, on which detection by hybridization may be carried out using gene probes
53
What is a fibroplast
Cell found in skin and other tissues than can be converted to ipS
54
What is another name for adult stem cells?
somatic stem cells
55
name some transcription factorst
Oct 4 Sox 8
56
Explain the effect of soy bean modification on fatty acid balance?
A Originally has linoleic acid: - Oxidises easily causing soya oil to become unusable - Polyunsatured GM formed more oleic acid: - Not easily oxidised - Monounsaturated in which there is evidence that says is better for heart healt
57
Genetic modification of soy beans steps
Ti plasmid extracted from agrobacterium tumefaciens Desired gene is inserted into plasmid The plant is infected with bacteria carrying modified plasmid Plasmid becomes part of plant cells chromosomes Infected cells develop into tumours/crown galls Cells can be taken from the gall carrying the desired genes These cells can be used to produce new plant containing new gene
58
What are all the types of white blood cells
Three groups: PHAGOCYTES - nuetrophils - monocytes -> Macrophages Lymphocytes - T cells - B cells Eosinophils
59
Which bacteria normally endotoxins
Gram negative bacteria as part of outer membrane
60
What does a neutrophil do?
ngests bacteria cells, kills it then digests it (Non-specific immune response)
61
What are granulocytes? The name of them? And their function?
Leucocytes that have granules in the cytoplasm of cells and contain lobed nuclei Nuetrophils (Non specific, engulf and disgest pathogens by phagocytosis, multi lobed nuclei) Eosinophils (Non specific, Allergic reactions and inflammation by releasing hitamines, seen using eosin stain) Basophils (Non specific, Allergic reactions and inflammation by releasing hitamines, two lobed nuclei)
62
What are Angranulocytes? The name of them? And their function?
Leucocytes that do not have granules in the cytoplasm of cells and do not contain lobed nuclei Monocytes (Specific Immune system, differentiate into macrophages which are phagocytes, largest of the leucocytes) Lymphocytes (Specific immune system, smallest leucocytes but very large nuclei)

Biology B (13 decks)

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