Final-2

Question 1

Measurement

Answer 1

Assigning numbers or labels to observations to represent amounts or categories

Question 2

test-retest Reliability

Answer 2

Administer the same test at two different times

Question 3

split-half Reliability

Answer 3

a method for assessing the consistency of a test by splitting it into two halves and comparing the results from each half to see if they are similar.

Question 4

interrater reliability

Answer 4

extent to which the observations of different observers agree

Question 5

face validity

Answer 5

refers to the extent to which a test or measurement appears to measure what it is intended to measure based on a superficial or subjective judgment.

Question 6

convergent validity

Answer 6

refers to the extent to which two measures that are supposed to assess the same concept or construct are correlated or show similar results.

Question 7

discriminant validity

Answer 7

refers to the extent to which a measure does not correlate with other measures that are conceptually different, ensuring that the test is measuring only what it is intended to measure.

Question 8

reactivity

Answer 8

subject’s behavior changes
because of the awareness of the observer

To prevent this:
Allow the subject to get used to the observer and environment

Conceal observer

Allow for anonymous responding

Question 9

Naturalistic observation

Answer 9

a research method in which behavior is observed and recorded in its natural environment without interference or manipulation by the researcher.

Question 10

Systematic observation

Answer 10

a structured research method where specific behaviors are recorded according to predefined rules and procedures, often in a controlled setting.

Question 11

Archival research

Answer 11

Statistical records
Survey archives
Written records (content analysis)

Question 12

Response set

Answer 12

a tendency for participants to respond to survey or test questions in a particular way that is not related to the content of the questions, such as always agreeing or choosing the same response.

Question 13

Constructing survey items

Answer 13

double-barreled questions
loaded questions
negative wording
yea-saying and nay-saying
closed- vs. open-ended questions

Question 14

Administering survey

Answer 14

Questionnaires
Interviews

Question 15

interviewer bias

Answer 15

occurs when the interviewer’s expectations, tone, or behavior unintentionally influence the participant’s responses, affecting the accuracy of the data collected.

Question 16

samples

Answer 16

a smaller group selected from that population to actually participate in the research.

Question 17

populations

Answer 17

the entire group a researcher wants to study

Question 18

confidence intervals

Answer 18

ranges of values, derived from sample data, that are likely to contain the true value of a population parameter, with a certain level of confidence (e.g., 95%).

Question 19

probability sampling

Answer 19

Sampling method where every member of the population has a known, non-zero chance of being selected, helping ensure that the sample is representative of the population

Question 20

Probability sampling types

Answer 20

simple random sampling
stratified random sampling
cluster sampling

Question 21

Simple random sampling

Answer 21

a type of probability sampling where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, usually through random methods like a lottery or computer-generated numbers.

Question 22

cluster sampling

Answer 22

A type of probability sampling where the population is divided into clusters (groups), and entire clusters are randomly selected for the study

Question 23

nonprobability sampling

Answer 23

Any sampling method where participants are not chosen randomly, meaning not everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected. This can introduce bias but is often used when random sampling is not feasible.

Question 24

nonprobability types

Answer 24

haphazard (convenience) sampling
quota sampling

Question 25

haphazard (convenience) sampling

Answer 25

a non-probability sampling method where participants are chosen based on ease of access or availability, rather than random selection, which can lead to biased results.

Question 26

quota sampling

Answer 26

A type of nonprobability sampling where researchers divide the population into subgroups (quotas) and select participants non-randomly until each subgroup reaches a specified quota.

Question 27

response rate

Answer 27

s the percentage of people who were contacted to participate in a study and actually completed the survey or provided data.