Final!!! Flashcards
0
Q
What is the study of diseases and disorders?
A
Pathology
1
Q
What is the study of the STRUCTURE of the body or organism?
A
Anatomy
2
Q
What is the study of the FUNCTION of a living organism?
A
Physiology
3
Q
What is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane?
A
Osmosis
4
Q
What is the movement of a substance into or out of a cell in a direction opposite in which it would normally flow by diffusion?
A
Active transport
5
Q
What means outside of a cell?
A
Extracellular
6
Q
What means within a cell?
A
Intracellular
7
Q
What organelle that produces energy for a cell?
A
Mitochondria
8
Q
What means between the spaces or structures in an organ?
A
Interstitial
9
Q
What is accumulation of fluid in tissue spaces?
A
Edema
10
Q
What process of a cell division that halves the chromosome # in the formation of reproductive cells?
A
Meiosis
11
Q
What is an organic compound, made of amino acids that contains nitrogen, in addition to carbon, oxygen and hydrogen?
A
Protein
12
Q
What are simple sugars or compound made from simple sugars linked together such as starch and glycogen?
A
Carbohydrates
13
Q
What is a type of organic compound such as fat?
A
Lipid
14
Q
What means going to a given point, such as a sensory neuron that carries nerve impulses TO the central nervous system?
A
Afferent
15
Q
What means away from a given point, such as a motor neuron that carries nerve impulses AWAY from the central nervous system?
A
Efferent
16
Q
What are chemical reaction needed to sustain life?
A
Metabolism
17
Q
What is metabolic breakdown of substances into simpler substances such as digestion of food and the oxidation of nutrient molecules for energy?
A
Catabolism
18
Q
What is metabolic building of simple compounds to more complex substances needed by the body?
A
Anabolism
19
Q
What is the process that breaks food molecules down, releasing stored energy and requires oxygen?
A
Catabolism
20
Q
What is the rate at which energy is released from nutrients in the cell?
A
Metabolic rate
21
Q
What is an organic catalyst that speeds the rate of a reaction, but is not changed in the reaction?
A
Enzyme
22
Q
What is the maintenance of the body conditions within set limits?
A
Homeostasis
23
Q
What is a self regulating system in which a result of an action is the control over that action, that keeps the body conditions within a normal range and maintains homeostasis?
A
Negative feedback
24
What is a pathogen that normally does not cause a disease, but is able to cause illness in a weak ended host who's resistance is down?
Opportunistic pathogen
25
What is present at birth?
Congenital
26
What is maintenance of the body environment?
Homeostasis
27
What is a chemical substance that prevents a sharp change in a pH of a fluid when an acid or base is added to it?
Buffer
28
What means nearer to the head?
Cephalad (#87 change cranial to Cephalad)
29
What term means. War the midline?
Medial
30
What suffix means to "cut into" or "surgical incision?"
-otomy
31
What prefix means 2?
Bi-
32
What suffix means "surgical removal?"
-ectomy
33
What are 3 meanings of the prefixes "a-, an-?"
1. Absent
2. Lack of
3. Deficient
34
What are 2 root words for uterus?
1. Hister
| 2. Hister/o
35
What is the best way to interpret a medical term?
Define suffix first, and continue to read backwards through the word as it is defined.
36
What is the plural ending of a medical term that ends in "-a"?
-ae
Vertebra = vertebrae
37
What structures are contained in the dorsal cavity?
Brain & spinal Chord
38
What is the organizational system of the body?
Cells➡️tissues️➡️organ➡️organ system➡️organism
39
What is the pH of a neutral substance?
7
40
What kind of ions acids and bases contain?
```
Acids= H+
Bases= OH-
```
41
What is the stoppage of blood flow?
Hemostasis
42
What is loss of blood?
Hemorrhage
43
What is blood clotting?
Coagulation
44
What is a localized blood clot?
Thrombus
45
What is another word for platelets, which is a cell fragment that participates in clotting?
Thrombocytes
46
What is a mature red blood cell that carries oxygen?
Erythrocyte
47
What is the process of I gilding large particles through the cell membrane?
Phagocytosis
48
What substance is produced in response to a specific antigen?
Antibody
49
What is the lack of blood flow?
Ischemia
50
What is blood minus its formed elements?
Plasma
51
What is PLASMA PROTEIN responsible for blood clotting?
Fibrinogen
52
What is formed when red pigment in RBCs unite with oxygen?
Oxyhemoglobin
53
What is the universal recipient?
AB+
54
What condition is caused by deficiency of vitamins B12?
Pernicious anemia
55
What are foreign substance that procures an immune response?
Antigen
56
What is the process by which artificial device is used to remove or separates waste from the blood?
Hemodialysis
57
What helps ensure the patients blood clots properly?
Vitamin K
58
What is responsible for making bold cells for the body?
Myeloid tissue
59
What is a non-granular white blood cell?
Monocyte
60
What is a membrane that produces mucus (mucous membrane)?
Mucosa
61
What is a substance produced in the liver that emulsifies fat?
Bile
62
What are small finger-like projections from the surface of a membrane digested food is absorbed?
Villi
63
What is a leaf shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing?
Epiglottis
64
What is a mixture of partially digested food, water, digestive juices that forms in the stomach?
Chyme
65
What term means swallowing?
Deglutition
66
(LES)-what sphincter prevents esophageal regurgitation?
Cardiac sphincter
67
What plays integral role in closing of the nasal passage during swallowing to prevent food from moving upward to the nasal cavity?
Uvula
68
Where are kupffer's cells located?
The liver
69
What is another name for bicuspids?
Premolars
70
What is the endocrine system responsible for?
1. Regulation of growth
2. Metabolism
3. Reproduction
71
What hormone is responsible for the activity of the thymus?
Thymosin
72
What endocrine gland, in the upper portion of the chest that stimulates the development of T-cells?
Thymus
73
What is produced within the beta cells of the pancreas and islets of langerhans?
Amylin
74
What is produced by most body tissues, perform many body functions that are not fully understood; act near site of production?
Prostaglandins
75
What are known as category of lipids that include the hormones of the sex glands and the adrenal cortex?
Steroids
76
What hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex and produced in the anterior pituitary?
ACTH
77
What is the posterior pituitary hormone that promotes reabsorption of water from the kidneys, there by decreasing the amount of urine excreted?
ADH
78
What is the secretion of milk?
Lactation
79
What is active in immunity, destroys foreign cells directly, and mature in the thymus?
T-cells
80
What is one of 4 main types of tissue that forms glands, covers surfaces, and lines cavities?
Epithelial tissue
81
What decreases calcium in the blood?
Calcitonin
82
What is the secretion of an endocrine gland that is a chemical messenger that has specific regulatory effects on certain other cells?
Hormone
83
What is produced in the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans and lowers blood sugar?
Insulin
84
What gland produces sweat?
Sudoriferous gland
85
What region of the brain controls the pituitary and maintains homeostasis?
Hypothalamus
86
What is the production of too much hormone, by a diseased gland?
Hypersecretion
87
What are the other two names of the pituitary gland?
1. Master Gland
| 2. Hypophysis
88
Where do endocrine glands secrete?
Directly into the blood
89
What is the contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
Systole
90
What is the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle?
Diastole
91
What is a cavity or chamber, such as one or two lower chambers of the heart?
Ventricle
92
What is rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the heart?
Fibrillation
93
What are the two upper chambers of the heart?
Atria
94
What serves as a shunt in the developing fetus, that allows most blood to bypass the immature liver, and dumps into the inferior vena cava?
Ductus Venosus
95
What shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium?
Foramen ovale
96
Where is the sino-atrial node?
RIGHT atria
97
Where is the bundle of his located?
Interventricular septum
98
What structure conducts blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein
99
What is a substance produced in response to a certain antigen?
Antibody
100
What is a fever inducing substance?
Pyrogen
101
What refers to the attraction of an antigen to injured tissue?
Chemotaxis
102
What are 2 other names for adenoids?
1. Pharyngeal
| 2. Oropharangeal
103
What are capillaries of the lymphatic system that drain digested fats from the villi of the s intestine?
Lacteals
104
What is the milky appearing fluid absorbed into the lymphatic system from the small intestine consisting of lymph and droplets of digested fats?
Chyle
105
What is a mass of lymphoid tissue along the pathogen a lymphatic vessels that filters lymph and harbors white blood cells active in immunity?
Lymph node
106
What is abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid?
Lymphedema
107
What is a powerful natural body agent that inhibits the symphysis of proteins that viruses require for multiplications?
Interferons
108
When are interferons produced?
In response to infections
109
What blood vessel that is between a blood vessel and an artery?
Arteriole
110
What decreases the diameter of a blood vessel?
Vasoconstriction
111
What is a fluid filled sac that surrounds and fusions the developing fetus?
Amniotic sac
112
What is the lining of the uterus?
Endometrium
113
What is another word for offspring?
Progeny
114
What is the male productive gland?
Testis
115
What is the yellow body that produces progesterone that is formed that is formed from an ovarian follicle after ovulation?
Corpus Luteum
116
What is a developing offspring from the 3rd month of pregnancy until birth?
Fetus
117
What is the tube that permits sperm to exit from The epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac upward in the abdominal cavity?
Ductus vas deferens
118
What is a single cell formed by the union of the sperm and ovum?
Zygote
119
What is it called when a baby is born with one undescended testicle?
Cryptochidism
120
What is formed in the walls of the seminiferous tubules and are then released into the lumen to begin their journey to exterior of the body?
Sperm
121
What is a dome shaped muscle under the lungs that flattered a during inhalation?
Diaphragm
122
What is the region between the lungs, and the organs and vessels it contains?
Mediastinum
123
What is the serous membrane that lines the chest cavity and covers the lungs?
Pleura
124
What is the exchange of gasses between the blood and alveoli by diffusion?
External respiration
125
What are 3, sometimes 4 scroll-like structure located in the nasal cavity?
Nasal conchae
126
What is the substance that helps to reduce surface tension in the alveoli?
Alveoli surfactant
127
What is the hormone released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?
Erythropoietin
128
What is the substance formed in the blood by the action of the enzyme renin from the kidneys that increases blood pressure by causing constriction of the blood vessels and stimulating the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
Angiotensin
129
What is the long tube that conducts ursine from the kidney to the bladder?
Ureter
130
What is the scientific name for the act of urination or voiding of the urinary bladder?
Micturation
131
What is the a absence of urine?
Anuria
132
Where is the bladder located?
Posterior of the pubic symphysis
133
Where are the bulbourethral glands located?
Below the prostate
134
What is the waste that builds up if the kidneys fail to function properly as a result of protein breakdown?
Nitrogenous
135
What is the structure through which blood flow re-enters the circulatory system after it leaves the kidney?
Renal vein
