Final Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
- Relays are:
A. electronic switches that are used to detect rotary motion
B. limited current and voltage ratings
C. a range of limit switches ensuring actuators remain within limits
D. an electromagnet that controls a mechanical lever arm to operate a switching mechanism
A
D. an electromagnet that controls a mechanical lever arm to operate a switching mechanism
2
Q
- The advantages of a conventional electric motor-driven prosthesis are:
A. They are compliant
B. They have a high power-to-weight ratio
C. They do not suffer from backlash
D. All of these are true
E. None of these are true
A
B. They have a high power-to-weight ratio
3
Q
- Solid-state relays (SSRs) generally have an opto-isolated high-voltage input that controls low current-handling transistors or thyristors.
A
False
4
Q
4. What kind of control is now available where the rate of control is proportional to the actuation signal amplitude and gives the TD more precision? A. Digital control B. Analog control C. Proportional control D. Amplitude control
A
C. Proportional control
5
Q
- What is a MOSFET?
A
C. metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors
6
Q
- Most portable rechargeable batteries are wet cell types, which are hermetically sealed.
A
False
7
Q
- These are primary battery types that are available for different applications
A
A. Zinc Carbon
B. Zinc air
C. Mercury
8
Q
- The main advantages of primary batteries are their high energy density, long storage life, and ease of disposal
A
True
9
Q
- One convenient alternative from to the lead-acid battery is the gel cell, which contains a semisolid electrolyte that prevents spillage
A
True
10
Q
- In regards to total energy output, improved efficiency can be achieved by “tuning” a device so that its electrical resonance is matched to the mechanical excitation frequency.
A
True
11
Q
- In regards to a Wheatstone bridge, temperature changes can result in resistance changes of the same order as those caused by strain, so temperature compensation is not essential if good accuracy is required.
A
False
12
Q
12. Rotary Optical, Absolute, Optical Disk, and Incremental are all examples of: A. MEMS Devices B. Encoders C. Transducers D. Machine Learning
A
B. Encoders
13
Q
- Small displacements can be measured using precision potentiometers.
A
False
14
Q
14. Rate Gyros, Accelerometers, Tilt Sensors, and Switches are all examples of: A. Op-Amps B. Encoders C. Transducers D. Machine Learning
A
C. Transducers
15
Q
- Potentiometers made from conductive plastic film are the components of choice. They are low friction and low noise and have a long operational life. Unfortunately, they are sensitive to temperature and other environmental factors
A
True
16
Q
16. What sensor can be manufactured from accelerometers mounted on three orthogonal axes and equating the relative gravity vector in each? A. Rate Gyro B. Tilt sensor C. Op-Amps D. DSP
A
A. Tilt sensor
17
Q
- From a mechanical perspective, potentiometers add inertia and friction to the moving parts of the system they are measuring. As a result, a conductive plastic potentiometer will not last hundreds of million of cycles even if the conditions are good. Wire-wound pots last much longer.
A
False
18
Q
18. What are the types of pressure? A. Clustering, Bayesian, and support vector B. Absolute, gauge, and differential C. Inverting, differential, and charge D. GSR, EEG, and ERG
A
Absolute, gauge, and differential
19
Q
19. kPa, psi, cm H2O, in HG, and mbar are all units of measure for what? A. flux B. force C. pressure D. Hall-Effect
A
pressure
20
Q
- Linear encoders are more sensitive to variations in temperature than the other types of encoders, but their main disadvantage is a limited frequency response.
A
False
21
Q
21. In traditional methods of measuring blood pressure, the "lub-dub" sound is called: A. Hall Effect B. Korotkoff C. Kirchhoff’s Law D. Coriolis Force
A
B. Korotkoff
22
Q
- Magnetic field strength is most commonly measured using:
A. magnetoresistance (MR) and the Hall effect
B. magnetoresistance (MR) and voltage
C. magnetoresistance (MR) and current
D. magnetoresistance (MR) and magnetic flux density
A
A. magnetoresistance (MR) and the Hall effect
23
Q
23. The most commonly used piezoelectric material that is very sensitive and flexible is called: A. DSP B. PVF2 C. LVDT D. MEMS
A
B. PVF2
24
Q
24. MR is a property of most magnetic materials. A decrease in electrical resistance occurs when a magnet field is applied \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the direction of the current flow. A. Positive B. Perpendicular C. Negative D. Parallel
A
B. Perpendicular
25
```
25. Electrodes that do not use externally applied electrolyte gels are known as:
A. Wet
B. Dry
C. Active
D. Passive
```
Dry
26
26. Electrical devices that produce or trigger a physical or physiological response by stimulating the body's musculature or nerves are also considered to be actuators.
True
27
27. Capacitance is _________________ proportional to the dielectric constant of the material between the plates.
A. Directly
B. Inversely
Directly
28
```
28. The equations that describe how electrical building blocks are combined are known as:
A. Korotkoff
B. Kirchoff's laws
C. Coriolis effect
D. Hall-effect
E. Lorentz force law
```
A. Kirchoff's laws
29
```
29. Proportional, Integral, Proportional plus Integral (PI), Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) are all examples of what?
A. Rate Gyros
B. Tilt Sensors
C. MEMs device
D. Controllers
```
Controllers
30
```
30. The most common of all the sensors used for angle and angular rate measurement are:
A. rotary encoders
B. magnetic encoders
C. digital optical encoders
D. absolute encoders
E. incremental encoders
```
C. digital optical encoders
31
32. In Biomechatronics, signals obtained directly from the organism include:
A. Tactile signals from the TD, outputs of potentiometers, and rate gyros.
B. Electrical, chemical, and pressure signals.
C. Inverting, non inverting, differential, instrumentation, and charge
D. Inverting, noninverting, differential, and instrumentation
A. Electrical, chemical, and pressure signals.
32
```
31. The encoder that consists of a light source and a number of photo transistors separated by a rotating mask made from alternating opaque and transparent radial bands is consistent with a(n):
A. rotary encoders
B. magnetic encoders
C. digital optical encoders
D. absolute encoders
E. incremental encoders
```
C. digital optical encoders
33
```
33. Which encoder can be made from glass or plastic onto which has been deposited a radial pattern organized into tracks, or metal disks through which holes have been cut?
A. rotary encoders
B. magnetic encoders
C. digital optical encoders
D. absolute encoders
E. incremental encoders
```
Rotary Controllers
34
34. Signals generated from the biomechatronic process include
A. Tactile signals from the TD, outputs of potentiometers, and rate gyros.
B. Electrical, chemical, and pressure signals.
C. Inverting, non inverting, differential, instrumentation, and charge
D. All of these
A. Tactile signals from the TD, outputs of potentiometers, and rate gyros.
35
35. Most absolute encorder discs are encoded with either binary or python codes.
False
36
37. A common application for those amazing absolute encoders is like ones found on a prosthetic arm.
True
37
37. A common application for those amazing absolute encoders is like ones found on a prosthetic arm
True
38
38. Bioelectric potentials are ionic voltages produced as a result of electrochemical activity in some type of specialist cells.
True
39
```
39. Located at the joints or pivot points of an articulated prosthesis, which encoder can monitor exact angular position, direction and speed of arm travel?
A. rotary encoders
B. magnetic encoders
C. digital optical encoders
D. absolute encoders
E. incremental encoders
```
D. absolute encoders
40
```
40. Tachogenerators are small AC or DC generators that output what in proportion to the rotational speed of a shaft?
A. Voltage
B. Velocity
C. Current
D. Amperage
E. Light
```
Voltage
41
```
41. What uses the conservation of angular momentum to keep one or more inertial axes pointed in one direction as the external frame translates and rotates?
A. Tachogenerators
B. Rate gyros
C. FOG rate sensor
D. PSD sensor
```
B. Rate gyros
42
```
42. Most modern low-cost microelectromechanical systems (MEMSs) rate gyros operate using the ______________, which states that if an object is moving in a straight line and is subject to a rotation, its path will deviate from that straight line.
A. Coriolis Force
B. Hall Effect
C. Lombard’s Paradox
D. Kirchhoff’s Laws
```
A. Coriolis Force
43
```
43. The main advantages of MEMS rate gyros are their __________ size and the fact that they are ___________ power
A. Medium, low
B. Small, high
C. Small, Low
D. Medium, high
```
C. Small, Low
44
```
44. Another advantage of MEMS rate gyros are that they are ________________ reliable.
A. Extremely
B. Moderately
C. Relatively
D. Not very
```
A. Extremely
45
45. MEMS rate gyros are very sensitive to external environmental factors like shock, vibration, and acceleration due to the fact that the mass of the vibrating element is so small.
False
46
46. MEMS rate gyros suffer from drift and offset, and their sensitivity is lower than some of the other types
True
47
47. Accelerometers are sensors designed to measure continuous mechanical vibrations such as bearing vibration from blasts or impacts, or the lower-frequency acceleration generated by bodies in motion.
True
48
48. More sophisticated tilt sensors can be manufactured from accelerometers mounted on twoorthogonal axes and equating the relative gravity vector in each
False 3 axis
49
```
49. Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area exerted by a(n) ________________ on any surface.
A. Density
B. Fluid
C. Torque
D. Acceleration
```
Fluid
50
50. The conventional sphygmomanometer is an indirect method of measuring blood pressure.
True
51
51. A thermocouple consists of a combination of different materials bonded together which will generate a potential difference, proportional to the temperature difference between the hot and cold terminals.
True
52
52. Tactile feedback is one of the critically important aspects of any successful hand prosthesis.
True
53
```
53. Tactile Feedback relies on contact-based effects including:
A. Hardness
B. Kinetelysis
C. Lubrication
D. Conductivity
E. Slippage
```
Harness Slippage Heat Transfer
54
54. Though tactile sensing requires sophisticated sensors, it is also reliant on the processes through which the device interacts with the explored object
True
55
55. Resistive Tactile Sensors rely on materials whose resistance changes with increases in applied force.
True
56
```
56. An actuator that is capable of moving an inertial load at extremely high accelerations and relocating it to an accuracy of better than 10-5 mm over limited travel is known as a:
A. Servo Motor
B. Stepper motor
C. Voice coil
D. PAM
E. DC motor
```
Voice Coil
57
```
57. Most high performance DC motors are __________________, as this would reduce inertia, and increase the space available for coil windings:
A. Copperless
B. Ironless
C. Aluminiumless
D. Steelless
```
Ironless
58
```
58. The simplest form of motor control is:
A. Open loop
B. Closed loop
C. Brushless
D. Ironless
```
Open Loop
59
```
59. To maintain a constant speed or a specific motion profile that is torque dependent, what type of control is needed?
A. Open loop
B. Closed loop
C. Brushless
D. Ironless
```
Open Loop
60
60. Myoelectric control is related to the subject's intention and can be used as a control variable since EMG signals reflect the activities of the muscles.
True
61
```
61. Connecting a DC power supply to a motor at regular intervals to provide a mean voltage is called:
A. PWM
B. DSP
C. PAM
D. PVF2
E. LVDT
```
PWM
62
62. Enzymes are remarkable because:
A. They are very effective in decreasing the rate of chemical reactions
B. They are extremely selective to a given substance and are very effective in increasing the rate of chemical reactions
C. They are very flexible and sensitive to temperature
D. None of these answers
B. They are extremely selective to a given substance and are very effective in increasing the rate of chemical reactions
63
```
63. What uses four power transistors that are independently controlled to ensure that the appropriate pulse width is applied to the motor with the correct polarity?
A. Wheatstone Bridge
B. H-bridge
C. Bridge rectifier
D. None of these
```
B. H-bridge
64
64. Electrochemical sensors are:
A. The most versatile and are the best developed of all the chemical sensor types.
B. sensors that measure voltage, current, or resistivity
C. sensors that generally consist of a pair of electrodes as a part of a closed circuit
D. all of these answers
E. none of these answers
All of these
65
```
65. Due to their availability in a wide range of sizes and associated gearheads, what is the actuator of choice in biomechatronics?
A. Servo Motor
B. Stepper motor
C. Voice coil
D. PAM
E. DC motor
```
DC Motor
66
```
67. Stepper motors use two types of coil windings - unipolar and bipolar. Bipolar coils have how much more torque compared to unipolar?
A. 10%
B. 30%
C. 100%
D. 300%
```
30%
67
```
66. Which actuator comprises of a permanent magnet or variable reluctance core that can rotate in precise angular increments in either direction and can sustain a strong holding torque at zero speed?
A. Servo Motor
B. Stepper motor
C. Voice coil
D. PAM
E. DC motor
```
Stepper Motor
68
```
68. One type of actuator that uses an error-sensing feedback to provide precision position control is called:
A. Servo
B. Stepper motor
C. Voice coil
D. PAM
E. DC motor
```
Servo
69
69. Hydraulic control valves are:
A. Proportional, which allow any position between open and closed.
B. Two positions, open-closed only and Four-port, three-position or 4/3 valves.
C. Check valves, which allow flow in one direction only and Poppet valves that can be forced to allow reverse flow
D. Spool valves as they can control multiple flows
E. All of the above
All of the above
70
70. In regards to hydraulic systems:
A. They generate moderate forces from large actuators.
B. They generate large forces from very compact actuators.
C. They generate medium forces from large actuators.
D. They generate moderate forces from very compact actuators.
B. They generate large forces from very compact actuators.
71
71. Compared to hydraulics, pneumatic systems are cleaner as they do not require lubrication.
False
72
```
72. In regards to PAMs, when the bladder is pressurized, its diameter increases, which forces the mesh to ___________________?
A. Lengthen
B. Contract
C. Expand
D. Inflate
```
Contract
73
73. The response time of a PAM decreases with an applied load
False
74
```
74. Metals that exhibit pseudo-elasticity and shape memory effect are called:
A. LDVT
B. SMA
C. MEMs
D. MEMES
```
SMA
75
```
75. Advantages of SMAs include biocompatibility, diverse applications, and strong corrosion resistant and strong contraction force. What is the primary disadvantage of SMAs?
A. High force to weight ratio
B. Expensive
C. Unproven
D. No inrush or back EMF
```
Expensive
76
```
76. A rigid body having two or more elements paired together and connected to other bodies for the purpose of transmitting force or motion is known as a:
A. Link
B. LDVT
C. SMA
D. Voice coil
```
Link
77
```
77. The primary function of a link mechanism is to produce:
A. Rotation of a crank
B. Oscillation of a crank
C. Reciprocation of a crank
D. All of these
E. None of these
```
All of these
78
```
78. When engineering linkage systems, care must be taken to ensure that the length of the various elements are never such that the connecting rod and the rocker fall in a straight line which is known as:
A. Op-Amp
B. Voice coil
C. Dead point
D. Hall effect
```
Dead Point
