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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main enzyme in Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

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2
Q

Name 3 things that would stimulate Glycogenolysis

A

Low Energy Charge (ADP, AMP)
Glucagon (Liver)
Calcium (Muscle)

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3
Q

Name 3 things that would inhibit Glycogenolysis

A

High Energy Charge (ATP)
Insulin
Glucose

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4
Q

Name the 3 main enzymes in Glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
Pyruvate kinase

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5
Q

Name 3 things that would stimulate Glycolysis

A

Low Energy Charge (ADP, AMP)
Insulin
Glucose

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6
Q

Name 4 things that would inhibit Glycolysis

A

High Energy charge (ATP)
Glucagon (liver)
Pyruvate, Alanine and or lactate
Citrate

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7
Q

What enzyme is involved in making lactate

A

Lactate Dehydrogenase

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8
Q

Name 3 circumstances where lactate production would be stimulated

A

Low energy charge (ADP, AMP)
Pyruvate (exercise)
NADH (alcohol)

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9
Q

Name 2 circumstances where lactate production would be inhibited

A 
High energy charge (ATP) 
Low pH (lactic acid)
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10
Q

What is the main enzyme in making alanine

A

Alanine amino transferase (ALT)

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11
Q

Name 2 things that would stimulate alanine production

A

Low energy charge (ADP, AMP)

Pyruvate

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12
Q

What would inhibit alanine production

A

High energy charge (ATP)

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13
Q

What is the enzyme involved in the “prep step”

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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14
Q

What 3 things would stimulate the “prep step”

A

Low energy charge (ADP, AMP)
NAD+
CoA

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15
Q

Name 3 things that would inhibit the “prep step”

A

High energy charge (ATP)
NADH
Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

Name the three lipases of lipolysis. What is the main lipase?

A

Adipose Triglyceride Lipase
Hormone sensitive lipase
Monoacylglycerol lipase

Hormone sensitive lipase

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17
Q

What are 5 things that would stimulate lipolysis

A 
Low energy charge (ADP, AMP)
Glucagon
Epinephrine 
Norepinephrine 
Cortisol
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18
Q

Name 2 things that would inhibit lipolysis

A

High energy charge (ATP)

Insulin

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19
Q

What is the main enzyme of Beta Oxidation (OHOT)

A

Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Name 3 things that would stimulate Beta Oxidation

A

Low energy charge (ADP, AMP)
NAD+, FAD
Glucagon

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21
Q

Name 3 things that would inhibit Beta Oxidation

A

High energy charge (ATP)
Insulin
NADH, FADH2

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22
Q

Name the 5 main enzymes of the Krebs Cycle (Citric acid cycle)

A 
Citrate synthase 
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 
Alpha Ketogluterate dehydrogenase 
Succinate dehydrogenase 
Malate dehydrogenase
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23
Q

What are 2 things that stimulate the Krebs cycle

A

Low energy charge (ADP, AMP)

NAD+, FAD

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24
Q

Name 2 things that inhibit the Krebs cycle

A

High energy charge (ATP)

NADH, FADH2

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25
What is the main enzyme in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
26
What energy bearing molecule stimulates Pentose Phosphate Pathway
NADP+
27
Name 4 things that use up NADPH that in turns increases NADP+
Reductive Biosynthesis Antioxidant Regeneration Respiratory Bursts Detoxification
28
What are 3 things would inhibit the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
NADPH Ribose Low energy charge (ADP, AMP)
29
What is the main enzyme of Glycogen synthesis
Glycogen synthase
30
Name 4 things that stimulate Glycogen synthesis
High energy charge (ATP) Insulin Glucose Low glycogen concentration
31
What are 2 things that inhibit Glycogen synthesis
Low energy charge (ADP, AMP) | Glucagon (liver)
32
Name the 3 main enzymes of fat synthesis
Citrate lyase Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Fatty Acid Synthase
33
Name 4 things that would stimulate fat synthesis
High energy charge (ATP) Insulin NADH, FADH2 Citrate
34
What 3 things inhibit fat synthesis
Low energy charge (ADP, AMP) Glucagon (liver) NAD+, FAD
35
What is the main enzyme of cholesterol synthesis
HMG CoA reductase
36
Name 4 things that stimulate Cholesterol synthesis
High energy charge (ATP) Insulin NADH, FADH2 Citrate
37
What 3 things inhibit cholesterol synthesis
Cholesterol Low energy charge (ADP, AMP) NAD+, FAD
38
What two cycles is Gluconeogenesis a part of
the Cori Cycle and Glucose Alanine cycle
39
What are the 4 main enzymes of Gluconeogenesis
Pyruvate Carboylase PEP Carboxykinase Glucose 6 phosphatase Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphatase
40
What two things would stimulate Gluconeogenesis
Glucagon (Liver) | Low blood glucose
41
Name 3 things that inhibit Gluconeogenesis
Insulin Glucose Low energy charge (ADP, AMP)
42
What are the 2 enzymes of alcohol metabolism
Alcohol Dehydrogenase | MEOS (microsomal ethanol oxidizing system)
43
What stimulates alcohol metabolism
Ethanol
44
What inhibits alcohol metabolism
When alcohol is metabolized it produces NADH NADH inhibits fat burning and the Kreb's cycle NADH stimulates lactate and fat synthesis
45
What is the main enzyme in the glutamine-glutamate pathway
Glutamine synthase
46
What would stimulate NAD+ or FAD
All dehydrogenases EXCEPT lactate dehydrogenase
47
If you want to build new cells, what are two ingredients you need?
Ribose and Glutamine
48
Pentose phosphate pathways supplies what essential block for building new cells?
Ribose
49
What is glutamine synthetase essential in?
Making glutamine for cell building
50
In order for the pentose phosphate pathway to created ribose for cell building, what enzyme must be present
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
51
What are the 4 concepts we need to know about alcohol metabolism
decrease krebs cycle decrease fat burning increase fat building increase lactate
52
What is precursor for adenine
Inosine
53
What is common base for adenine?
Xanthine
54
How do adenine, xanthine, or inosine leave body?
Uric acid cycle
55
What can muscle burn for energy?
Carbs (sugar) Fat (palmitate) Some AA (LIV GAA)
56
Glucagon is released into the blood, name two things that are stimulated in your liver
Gluconeogenesis | Glycogenlysis
57
In the presence of Glucagon, is glycolosis running fast in your liver?
No, it is inhibited
58
Glucagon is released into the blood, name two things that are inhibited in your liver
Glycolosis | Glycogen synthesis
59
You eat a box of doughnuts. Citrate lyase, running fast?
Yes, Fat (CAFs) Citrate Lyase Acetyl CoA Carboxylase Fatty Acid Synthase
60
You eat a box of doughnuts. Prep step, running fast
Oh My Gosh, yes pyruvate dehydrogenase is flying
61
You eat a box of doughnuts. Kreb Cycle, stimulated?
No, the dehydrogenases of the Kreb's cycle are inhibited
62
Your in the gym and your respiratory quotient is high, HMG CoA Reductase, running fast?
No, cholesterol synthesis is inhibited
63
Oh My Gosh you went to the brunch buffet at Granite city and ate 5 cinnamon rolls, insulin SPIKED. Glycogen Phosphorylase stimulated?
No, GlycogenLYSIS = Break down of Glycogen = Glucagon = need glucose
64
Acetyl CoA Dehydrogenase is stimulated by what?
Nothing, it doesn't exist. Don't fall for this distractor Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase is part of OHOT = fat burning
65
Glycolosis and your prep step, running fast during fat building from sugar?
Yes, they are pushed to run in the presence of glucose
66
What does insulin cause in your muscles?
Facilitated diffusion by bringing GLUT 4 to the surface
67
Bile salts commonly end in what?
Cholate or Cholic acid
68
Is ALT running faster when your exercising with a low RQ or a High RQ? Why or Why not?
It is running fast when your exercising at a high RQ ALT is working to use the spill over of Pyruvate from your prep step to make Alanine to send to the liver to make Glucose VIA Gluconeogenesis At a low RQ you wouldn't have a large spill over of Pyruvate but would still be running faster than at rest
69
During your Cori cycle what does your muscle send to the liver? What is the fate of this substance?
Lactate | To become Glucose for the muscle to burn
70
When would your Cori cycle be running?
Exercise
71
During your glucose alanine cycle, what does your muscle send to your liver? What is the fate of this substance?
Alanine | To become glucose for the muscle to burn
72
What is another name for the Hubb Reaction? When would it run? What happens in it?
"Prep Step" End of Glycolosis Pyruvate becomes Acetyl-CoA to run in the Kreb's Cycle
73
What is the enzyme used in the Hubb reaction?
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
74
Name two molecules that cannot turn into glucose.
The "losers" | Leucine and Lysine
75
When is gluconeogenesis running in your muscle?
It isn't, it happens in the liver
76
Name a situation when your body would breakdown cholesterol
Your body cannot breakdown cholesterol
77
What are the 3 ingredients for cholesterol
Acetyl-CoA + NADPH + ATP
78
What are the two key conversions we need to know for Glutamine
Glutamine <> Glutamate <> alpha ketoglutarate
79
What are the two key conversions for asparagine?
Asparagine <> Aspartate <> Oxaloacetate
80
What is the key conversion of Alanine?
Alanine <> Pyruvate
81
What are the 6 amino acids that muscle can oxidize?
LIV GAA
82
What is the main anaplerotic amnio acid?
Glutamate
83
What are the 3 amino acids that donate their nitrogens to purines and pyrimidines
"GAG" Glutamine Aspartate Glycine
84
What are the two products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
Ribose | NADPH
85
What is the NADPH produced in the pentose phosphate pathway used for?
``` "Fantastic Four" Reductive biosynthesis Detoxification Respiratory burst antioxidant ```
86
An excess of xanthine being converted to uric acid can cause what clinical problem?
Gout
87
Which nucleotides is IMP a precursor for?
Purines | AMP and GMP
88
Which nucleotides is UMP a precursor for?
Pyrimidines | CTP and TTP
89
What are two alternative names for the krebs cycle
The citric acid cycle | Tricarboxilic acid cycle (TCA)
90
What is the lactic acid equation we need to know?
Pyruvate + NADH ---> Lactate + NAD+
91
Outside of cell production, what is ribose used for?
``` Synthesis of: DNA and RNA ATP CoA NAD and FAD ```

Biochemistry (1 decks)

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