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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 plants that are primary photosensitizers?

A

St. John’s wort, buckwheat, smartweed

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2
Q

What type of photosensitization occurs when the liver is damaged?

A

secondary (hepatogenous)

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3
Q

What are the 4 genus of plants that need high amounts of selenium to grow (obligate indicator plants)?

A

astragalus, oonopsis, stanleya, xyorrhiza

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4
Q

What are the acute signs of selenium toxicosis?

A

ataxia, dyspnea, death

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5
Q

What are the chronic signs of selenium toxicosis? What are the 3 chronic syndromes called?

A

hair loss, hoof overgrowth and deformation

-“alkali dz”, “bobtail:, “blind staggers”

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6
Q

What is the MOA of petroleum distallates on the skin?

A

defatting of skin –> drying, hyperemia

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7
Q

What may turpentine cause on the skin?

A

vesicles, urticaria, intense pain

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8
Q

What is the treatment for petroleum distallates on the skin?

A

flush with soap and water for 15 mins, use emollients

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9
Q

What are the 4 main sources of arsenic?

A

ashes from treated wood (LA), ant poison, herbicides (MSMA, DSMA), melarsomine (hw tx)

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10
Q

What species is most susceptible to arsenic poisoning? Which species is most commonly affected?

A

susceptible - cats

common - cows

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11
Q

What tissues have the slowest clearance of arsenic? Why?

A

skin, hair, nails

high -SH organs

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12
Q

What are the CS of arsenic toxicosis?

A

Rice water diarrhea +- blood

weakness

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13
Q

How is acute arsenic toxicosis treated?

A

Chelation - BAL and DMSA

Fluids

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14
Q

What 3 plants contain lectins?

A

Precatory bean, castor bean, black locust

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15
Q

What is the MOA of lectin containing plants?

A

potent protein synthesis inhibitors (toxalbumins)

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16
Q

What specific chemical is found in castor beans?

A

ricin (warfare)

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17
Q

What species most commonly ingests lectin from black locust plant?

A

horses -eat bark

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18
Q

What types of plants have insoluble calcium oxalatess?

A

shiny, thick green leaves

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19
Q

What are the CS of insoluble calcium oxalate toxicosis?

A

drooling, gagging, fatalities rare

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20
Q

What is the tx for insoluble calcium oxalates?

A

milk, GI protectants, antiemetics

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21
Q

What does the buttercup plant contain that is toxic?

A

protoanemonin (potent vesicant)

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22
Q

What are the CS of ingestion of buttercup?

A

blistering of skin, mouth, lower GI - colic in horses

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23
Q

What 3 plants contain triterpenoid saponins?

A

Holly, english ivy, pokeweed

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24
Q

What is the MOA of spurges plant? Where is the toxin found?

A

activate protein kinase C

in white milk sap

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25
What are the CS of spurges?
mild GI upset
26
What are the 3 plants that contain spurges toxin?
snow on the mountain, crown of thorns, poinsettia (euphorbia species)
27
What animals are most commonly poisoned with mayapple?
LA in spring - strong GI irritant, uncommon
28
What toxin do hydrangea species contain? What are the CS?
cyanogenic glycoside | GI signs in small animals (bloody diarrhea)
29
What are 4 examples of bulb plants? What CS do they show?
Daffodil, jonquil, tulip, hyacinth | severe gastroenteritis
30
What do elderberries contain in the plant? What are the CS?
alkaloid and cyanogenic glycoside | GI irritation
31
What is the MOA of trichothecene mycotoxins?
inhibitors of protein synthesis, immunosuppressive
32
What kind of necrosis do acid agents cause? What about alkalis?
acid - coagulative necrosis | alkali - liquefactie necrosis
33
What are some examples of corrosive acid agents?
toilet bowl cleaners, anti rust, drain cleaner, metal cleaner
34
What are the CS of acid ingestion?
local irritation - dermis, GI
35
What are some examples of alklalis?
batteries, toilet bowl cleaners, drain openers, industrial cleaners, hair relaxers
36
What are the CS of ingestion of alkali?
deep penetration into tissue, initial pain minimal, pronounced hyperthermia
37
What agents may contain cationic detergents?
disinfectants, liquid potpourri, conditioners
38
What are the CS of cationic detergents?
local corrosive injury | systemic effects - similar to cholinesterase inhibitors, NM blockers
39
What should be done with ingestion of corrosive substance?
immediate dilution with milk or water pain meds - opiods (NOT NSAIDS!!) symptomatic tx
40
What is the MOA of cardiac glycosides?
inhibit Na-K atpase pump in cardiac muscle --> calcium increases contractility
41
What are the 5 plants that contain cardiac glycosides?
Oleander, foxglove(digitalis), lily of the valley, kalanchoe, broad leaved milkweed
42
What animal can contain cardiac glycosides?
bufo toad
43
What are the cardiac and extracardiac signs seen with cardiac glycosides?
cardiac - any arrythmia | extracardiac - mild gi upset, hyperkalemia
44
What is the treatment for cardiac glycosides?
emesis, AC, IV fluids (DO NOT USE CALCIUM), antiarrythmic drugs, digibind(antidote)
45
What is the MOA of grayanotoxins?
bind to sodium channels - prolonged depolarization --> bradycardia
46
What 4 plants contain grayanotoxins?
rhododendron, azalea, laurels, japanese pieris
47
What are the CS of grayanotoxins?
bloat, vomiting, teeth grinding, negative chronotropic action
48
What is the tx for grayanotoxins?
decontaminate, symptomatic
49
What plant has a toxin that has direct necrosis action on cardiac cells?
japanese yew (taxine alkaloid)
50
What is the CS of japanese yew?
sudden death, bradycardia
51
What does white snakeroot cause in horses? What is the toxin called?
myocardial necrosis | tremetol
52
What plant causes congestive heart failure and is commonly seen in pigs?
gossypol (cottonseed)
53
What lesions are seen with ionophore toxicity especially in horses?
myocardial scarring
54
What is the MOA of paraquat?
accepts electron in vivo to become free radical
55
What is the main lesion with paraquat?
pulmonary fibrosis
56
What is the treatment for paraquat toxicosis? What should never be done?
Captopril (ace iinhibitor) | DO NOT ADMIN OXYGEN
57
What are the CS of diquat?
vomiting, diarrhea, not very serious
58
What are the lesions seen with avocado toxicosis in mares, cattles, rabbits and goats?
noninfectious mastitis
59
What are the lesions seen with avocado toxicosis in caged birds?
cardiac arrythmias - myocardial necrosis
60
What are the 3 CS of hydrogen sulfide gas?
conjuctivitis, cough, dyspnea
61
What is the MOA of hydrogen sulfide gas?
mucosal and respiratory irritant | stimulate carotid bodies --> acapnia leads to asphyxia
62
What are the 3 causes of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?
lush pastures, purple mint, moldy sweet potatoes
63
What is in lush pastures that causes "fog fever"?
tryptophan
64
What is the MOA of tryptophan in the lung?
3-MI biotransformed in lungs --> clara cells and type 1 pneumocytes destroyed
65
What is the cardinal sign of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema?
afebrile pneumonia, lungs do not collapse
66
What is contained in purple mint that causes ABPEE?
perilla ketones
67
What is contained in moldy sweet potatoes that causes ABPEE?
4-ipomeanol
68
What is the MOA of perilla mint and moldy sweet potatoes?
toxic to type 1 pneuomocytes
69
What toxin causes pulmonary edema in pigs?
fumonisin mycotoxin
70
What CS are seen in teflon to birds?
seizures, death, acute pulmonary edema
71
What can petroleum distallates cause when inhaled?
aspiration, chemical pneuomonitis,
72
What are sources of cyanogenic glycoside?
peach pits, apple seeds
73
What is the MOA of cyanide?
inhibits cytochrome oxidase --> stops utilization of oxygen
74
What are the CS of cyanide?
depressed resp, cherry red venous blood and tissues, burnt almonds odor to gut contents
75
What are the two antidotes for cyanide?
Hydroxycobalamine --> forms B12 | Sodium nitrite plus sodium thiosulfate (old method - methmoglobinemia --> thio donates sulfur --> thiocyanate)
76
What is the MOA of carbon monoxide?
Hb+ CO --> carboxyhemoglobin --> systemic tissue hypoxia
77
What are the lesions associated with carbon monoxide toxicosis?
necrosis of heart, cerebral cortex and white matter
78
What is the tx for CO?
vetilate, hyperbaric oxygen
79
What is the MOA of zinc?
inhibit SH groups, interaction with ion channels, direct GI irritant
80
What are the CS of zinc toxicosis?
HEMOLYSIS, gi signs, acute renal failure, neurologic
81
What tube should be used for diagnosis of zinc toxicosis?
royal blue tube (not red)
82
What is the tx for zinc?
remove zinc (do not chelate)
83
What is the toxic molecule found in onions and garlic?
N-propyl disulfide
84
What are the CS of N-propyl disulfide?
delayed for 3-5 days then hemolysis
85
What is the tx of N-propyl disulfide?
blood transfusion, supportive
86
What is the equine toxin found in red maple?
Gallotannins get converted by bacteria --> pyrogallol (oxidizing agent)
87
What are the effects of red maple toxicosis?
IV and EV hemolysis from heinz bodies --> peracute death
88
What is the tx of red maple in equines?
AC, blood transfusion
89
What does nitrate toxicosis cause? Which species is most sensitive?
methemoglobinemia | ruminants
90
What is the antidote for nitrate toxicosis?
methylene blue (but long withdrawal)
91
What are the effects of acetominophen?
methemoglobinemia, hepatic necrosis
92
What is the antidote for acetaminophen?
n-acetylcysteine
93
What is the MOA of anticoagulants?
inhibit vit K 1,2,3 epoxide reductase
94
What are the affected factors in anticoagulant toxicosis?
2, 7, 9, and 10
95
What test should be run if anticoagulant suspected? Horses?
PT | horses - PTT
96
What is the tx for anticoagulants in SA? in LA?
SA - vit k1 | LA - alfalfa
97
What does white and yellow sweet clover contain?
dicoumarol
98
What does copper cause in sheep? dogs?
sheep - hemolysis | dogs - liver failure
99
What are the lesions seen with copper tox in sheep?
gun metal blue kidneys
100
What is the tx for dogs with copper toxicosis?
zinc
101
What does bracken fern cause in ruminants? horses?
ruminants - aplastic anemia, urinary tract neoplasms | horses - thiaminase, cns signs
102
What are the acute and chronic signs of flouride toxicosis?
acute - irritant/corrosive | chronic (LA) - tooth eruption, skeletal fluorosis
103
How are acute and chronic flouride toxicosis treated?
acute - symptomatic | chronic - change feed

Toxicology (2 decks)

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