Midterm Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
Term for chemical that has inherent chemical properties that inhibit cell function.
A
Toxicant (poison)
2
Q
Term for toxicant originating from biological processes.
A
Toxin (biotoxin)
3
Q
Term for any substance that is foreign to the body.
A
xenobiotic
4
Q
Term for relative potency of a toxicant
A
Toxicity
5
Q
Term for a pathologic condition that results from exposure to toxicant
A
Toxicosis
6
Q
Term for a binary response to a toxin.
A
Quantal response (death or no death)
7
Q
What does NOAEL stand for?
A
no observable adverse effect level
8
Q
What makes up the therapeutic index ration?
A
LD50/ED50
9
Q
What makes up the standard safety margin?
A
SSM = LD1/ED99
10
Q
What are cats deficient in biotransforming?
A
glucoronidation
11
Q
What is the MOA of Strychnine?
A
competitive and reversible inhibition of glycine at the renshaw cell
12
Q
What are the symptoms of strychnine?
A
violent, tetanic stimulation –> set off by minimal stimulation
13
Q
What are the CS of metaldehyde ( snail bait) poisoning?
A
acetaldehyde breath - smells like formaldehyde
tremors, seizures, acidosis, hepatic failure
14
Q
What is used to control seizures and tremors in metaldehyde poisoning?
A
methocarbamol
15
Q
What plant causes violent seizures in even small doses to grazing animals?
A
water hemlock
16
Q
What is used to control seizures during water hemlock toxicosis?
A
barbiturates
17
Q
What is the main cause of indirect Na toxicity in LA? in SA?
A
LA - lack of water
SA - alteration of body water in GI tract (charcoal)
18
Q
What is the MOA for hypernatremia brain edema?
A
rapid rehydration -> brain makes osmoles that attract water –> cerebral edema
19
Q
What is the treatment for acute hypernatremia?
A
rapid rate IV fluids
20
Q
What is the treatment for chronic hypernatremia?
A
gradually reduce Na, do not give free choice water
21
Q
What is the MOA of tremorgenic mycotoxins in LA? What is the syndrome called?
A
Staggers syndrome - reduced GABA and glycine concentrations
22
Q
What is the dz caused by tremorgenic mycotoxins in small animals?
A
garbage toxicosis - inhibition of glycine and GABA
23
Q
What is the MOA of amphetamine toxicosis?
A
enhances catecholamines and serotonin, directly stimulates alpha, beta, and dopamine receptors
24
Q
What is the treatment for amphetamines?
A
acidify urine (weak base), also rapid absorption, phenothiazines
25
What should never be used to treat amphetamine toxicity?
benzodiazepines
26
What serotonergic drugs have a very long half life because of enterohepatic recirculation?
TCAs
27
What are the clinical signs of serotonin syndrome?
CNS effects, autonomic effects, neuromuscular effects -->life threatening
28
How can TCAs be decontaminated?
activated charcoal --> repeat
29
What drug can treat serotonin syndrome?
cyproheptadine (non seletive serotonin antagonist)
30
What is the poison in chocolate?
theobromine
31
What is the scale of caffeine and theobromine toxicity?
20 mg/kg --> mild
45 mg/kg --> cardiotoxic
60 mg/kg --> seizures
32
What is the category of poisons found in chocolate and coffee?
methylxanthines
33
What is a digestive tract problem that can be caused by methylxanthines?
pancreatitis
34
What 2 toxins can form phosphine gas in the stomoach?
zinc phosphide (mole bait) and aluminum phosphide (grain fumigate)
35
Term for secondhand toxicity of phosphine gas
relay toxicosis
36
What are the CS of phosphine gas toxicosis?
rapid onset, vomiting, dyspnea, ataxia, seizures
37
What does phosphine gas smell like?
acetylene or decaying fish, garlic breath or vomit
38
What can be used to decontaminate phosphine gas? What should not be used?
liquid antacids
| do NOT use hydrogen peroxide
39
What should animals be monitored for up to a week after they are exposed to phosphate gas?
renal and hepatic damage
40
What are some common sources of lead poisoning?
lead batteries, old paint, tiles, improperly glazed ceramics
41
What is the heirarchy of different types of lead absorption?
Organolead> lead salts > metallic lead
42
Where does lead bind to in the body?
90% bound to RBCs
43
Where is the long term storage of lead? How can lead poisoning go to other tissues?
bone
| can cross placenta, BBB and milk
44
What are the 2 reasons lead causes damage?
high affinity for sulfhydryl groups, chemically similar to calcium
45
What are the 3 nervous system effects of lead?
acute encephalopathy, subtle cognitive impairment, peripheral nervous system (demyelination) (foot and wrist drop)
46
What are 2 hematologic effects of lead poisoning?
increased RBC fragility, immature nucleated erythrocytes
47
What renal affect does lead poisoning have?
intranuclear inclusion bodies (lead-protein complex)
48
What are the 5 most sensitive species to lead toxicosis?
cattle, human, horse, dog, waterfowl (also young animals)
49
What are the CS of dogs with lead toxicosis?
GI and nervous system signs, confused with canine distemper
50
What are the CS of cattle with acute and sub-acute lead toxicosis?
acute - primarily neurological
| subacute - GI and neurologic
51
What are the CS of horses with lead toxicosis?
peripheral neuropathy, laryngeal and pharyngeal paralysis
52
What are the ways lead toxicosis is diagnosed?
whole blood lead, liver and kidney lead concentration, radiography
53
How is lead decontaminated?
sulfate cathartics - precipation of lead
54
What is used to treat lead toxicosis in large animals and birds? What is a serious side effect of this drug?
Calcium EDTA - chelates lead
| nephrotoxic
55
What chelator can complex with arsenic, lead, mercury, and gold?
BAL (british anti-lewisite)
56
What chelator is given orally and treats lead and copper toxicosis? What is the problem with it?
D-penicillamine
| can enhance metal absorption
57
What chelator is less nephrotoxic and is treatment of choice for SA lead toxicosis?
Succimer
58
What is the onset and clinical signs of nonprotein nitrogen toxicity?
20 mins - 4 hours (rapid)
| convulsions
59
What is used to treat NPN toxicosis?
cold water (deactivate urease), and vinegar (decrease pH)
60
How is non protein nitrogen toxicosis diagnosed?
rumen alkalosis and systemic acidosis
61
What are the clinical findings of NPN toxicosis?
rumen alkalosis/systemic acidosis
62
What are the 2 causes of 4-methyl-imidazole toxicosis?
ammonia tx of forage (increased feed value and digestibility) and production of imidazoles in hay
63
What is used to treat 4-methyl-imidazole toxicosis?
acepromazine for the seizures and supportive
64
What mycotoxin is produced by fusarium spp? How does it show up in feed?
```
fumonisins
improper storage (humidity) leads to increased mycotoxins
```
65
What are the CS associated with swine that have fumonisins toxicosis?
acute left sided HF and pulmonary edema
66
What deadly disease do horses get with ingestion of fumonisins?
equine leucoencephalomalacia (ELM) --> necrosis of white matter of cerebrum
67
What are the CS of fumonisins in other species besides horses and swine?
primarily liver - cattle and poultry are pretty resistant
68
What is the difference b/w pyrethrins and pyrethroids?
```
pyrethrins = natural
pyrethroids = synthetic
```
69
What is the MOA of pyrethrin toxicosis?
slow Na channel opening in nerves --> repetitive discharge or block
70
What is the only indicated use of atropine in insecticide poisoning?
for OPs/carbamate
71
How is pyrethrin in cats treated?
methocarbamol for tremors (50-150mg/kg slowly IV)
NO ATROPINE
thermoregulation
72
What plant causes more livestock loss than all other plant toxicities combined and horses?
Locoweeds
73
What are the 3 different syndromes seen in locoweed poisoning in livestock?
Locoism
Cracker heels - respiratory problems and peripheral nerve degeneration
Chronic selenium poisoning (accumulates in plants)
74
What is bromethalin?
Neurotoxin found in rodenticide
75
What is the MOA of bromethalin?
Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in neurons --> inhibits Na/K Atpase (less atp)
also has enterohepatic circulation
76
What are the 2 syndromes associated with bromethalin?
Acute/convulsant - seizures death
| chronic/paralytic - depression, recumbency, decerebrate posture
77
What is the tx for bromethalin?
tx seizures
repeated doses of AC (enterohepatic circ)
NO vit K
78
What may be used to tx agitation in THC toxicosis?
diazepam
79
What is the antagonist for opiods?
naloxone
80
What CS does opiod toxicosis have?
respiratory depression, decreased gut motility
81
What is the tx for opiods?
respiratory support, naloxone
82
What is the tx for barbiturates?
alkalinize urine, thermoregulation, monitor vital signs
83
What happens when diazepam is given orally to cats?
idiosyncratic rxn -- liver failure
84
What group of drugs is diazepam?
benzodiazepine
85
How can animals ingest ethanol?
fermenting dough, alcoholic beverages, mouthwashes
86
What 2 enzymes lead to the metabolic acidosis in alcohol toxicosis?
alcohol dehydrogenase
| aldehyde dehydrogenase
87
What 2 breeds are sensitive to avermectins?
collies and chelonians
88
How is avermectin toxicosis treated?
lipid therapy (enterohepatic circulation)
89
Who is most at risk for white snakeroot toxicosis?
nursing animals (excreted in milk)
90
What are the CS of white snakeroot in cattle and horses?
cattle - primarily CNS
| horses- sweating, cardiac problems (degeneration and necrosis)
91
How do you treat white snakeroot poisoning?
cattle - milk out
| horses - leave alone
92
What are 2 types of carbamates?
carbaryl, methomyl
93
What is the MOA of carbamates and OPs?
inhibit AChE --> increased ACh
94
What are the CS of OPs and carbamates?
nicotinic (tremors)
muscarinic (SLUDDE)
CNS - depression, seizures
95
How is OPs and carbamate toxicity officially diagnosed?
WHOLE BLOOD AChE
96
What is a diagnostic tool for OP or carbamate toxicosis?
test does of atropine: if HR increases, then not an AChE inhibitor
97
What does atropine treat in OP and carbamate poisoning? How much is given?
tx muscarinic effects
| 0.1-0.2 mg/kg starting dose, redose if symptoms still there
98
What can be used to treat only organophosphates and not carbamates?
2-pam - for nicotinic effects (not available)
99
Are carbamates or organophosphates reversible?
carbamates - reversible
| OP - can be IRREVERSIBLE once aging occurs
100
What syndrome occurs with organophosphates 7-21 days after exposure?
organophosphorus-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) - ataxia, weakness
101
What 2 syndromes occur with blue green algae toxicosis?
Hepatotoxic syndrome
neurotoxic syndrome
both are extremely rapid
102
What are the 2 toxins that cause the neurotoxic syndrome associated with cyanobacteria? What is each of their MOA?
Anatoxin -a: neuromuscular blocking agent
| Anatoxin - a(s) - natural organophosphate
103
What are 3 sources of natural atropine?
deadly nightshade
jimson weed
henbane
104
What is the MOA of atropine?
competitive antagonist at muscarinic receptors
105
What are the CS associated with atropine toxicosis?
both CNS and periphery - tachycardia, dry mouth, ileus, mydriasis, seizures
106
What drug binds to AChE and penetrates through CNS to treat atropine toxicosis?
physostigmine
107
What are the 4 mneumonics for anti-cholinergic symptoms?
Red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat (dilated pupils), mad as a hatter
108
What is the MOA of slaframine? What clinical signs does it cause?
cholinergic agonist - SEVERE salivation "slobber factor"
109
What can be a source of slaframine?
red clover infected with fungus - in hay or on pasture plants
110
What are the 2 dose dependent MOA of nicotine at nicotinic receptors?
low doses - stimulation of receptors
| high doses - stimulation followed by depolarizing blockade
111
What are the CS of nicotine toxicosis?
muscle weakness, depression, twitching, respiratory paralysis
112
What should be avoided in nicotine treatment?
avoid oral antacids (poor absorption at acidic pH)
113
What is the MOA of poison hemlock?
nicotinic type alkaloids
114
What are ionophores used for in poultry?
anticoccidials, antibiotic growth promotants
115
What are 2 types of ionophores? What are their MOAs?
lasalocid
monensin
selective ion transport down conc gradients - more energy available for animal
116
What species is especially sensitive to ionophores? At what does is it toxic?
horses
| 1.5 mg/kg (really low)
117
What are the CS of ionophores in horses, cats, and dogs?
horses - cardiac effects
dogs - recumbency
cats - peripheral neuropathy
118
What is the prognosis of ionophor toxicosis?
poor if showing cardiac signs
119
What are the CS of macadamia nut toxicosis in dogs?
weakness, hyperthermia, hind limbs effected more
120
What are the 2 species most sensitive to ethylene glycol?
cats and rabbits
121
What are the 3 main stages of ethylene glycol toxicosis?
1. Neurologic and GI
2. Acidosis
3. Renal failure
122
What are the 3 main effects of ethylene glycol in the body?
CNS depression, diuretic effect, GI irritant
123
What is the main metabolite of ethylene glycol that leads to acidosis?
glycolic acid
124
What metabolite of ethylene glycol combines with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals that precipitate in renal tubules?
oxalic acid
125
What 2 tests are used to determine ethylene glycol toxicosis?
osmolal gap - outsourced
| anion gap - in clinic
126
What are 2 essential procedures used to treat ethylene glycol toxicosis?
IV fluids, sodium bicarb for acidosis
127
What drug can inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase in ethylene glycol poisoning?
4-MP (fomepizole)
128
What are the problems of using ethanol in ethylene glycol poisoning?
contributes to acidosis and CNS depression
129
What rodenticide causes soft tissue mineralization?
cholecalciferol (vit D)
130
What is cholecalciferol metabolized to in the body that is the active fom?
calcitriol
131
What are the early signs of cholecalciferol poisoning?
PU/PD
| increased P, Ca and azotemia
132
What is the goal for calcium and phosphorus levels after cholecalciferol poisoning? What is to be given until the levels start dropping?
Ca x P < 60
| give 0.9% NaCl
133
What are the 3 drugs for treatment of cholecalciferol poisoning?
Furosemide, preds, phosphate binder
134
What 2 drugs can help in cholecalciferol poisoning if Ca and P keep rising?
```
Pamidronate
Salmon calcitonin (dont use together)
```
135
What is the toxic dose for cholecalciferol>
0.5 mg/kg toxic dose
136
What 3 drugs are used in combination for NSAID overdose?
caafate
acid reducer
misprostol (caution in pregnant)
137
What NSAID can cause idiosyncratic hepatopathy in dogs?
carprofen
138
What is the most prominent clinical sign in aspirin poisoning? What are 2 others?
FEVER
| also metabolic acidosis and hyperpnea (metabolic alkalosis)
139
What do lilies cause in cats?
necrosis of proximal renal tubular epithelial cells
140
How is lily toxicity treated?
IV fluids at 2-3 times maintenance
141
What are the signs of grape toxicity in dogs?
acute renal failure
142
What is used to treat grape toxicosis in dogs?
IV fluids: 2-3 x maintenence dose
143
What is contained in beetles that causes signs in horses?
cantharidan
144
What is seen grossly with blister beetle ingestion in horses?
hyperemia, ulcerations and erosions througout GI and urinary tract
145
What does soluble oxalate combine with to cause damage to kidney?
calcium - then forms insoluble calcium oxalate
146
What does redroot pigweed contain that is toxic?
nitrates, soluble oxalates
147
What do oak trees contain that is poisonous to cattle and horses?
gallotannins
148
Who is most sensitive to ochratoxins?
monogastric species
149
What is ochratoxin toxicosis called in swine?
porcine nephropathy
150
1% solution is how many mg/g?
10 mg/g
151
What is 1 oz in grams?
28.4
152
What is 1 pound in grams?
453.6 grams
153
What is 1 oz in milliliters?
29.6 ml
154
What is 1 tsp in ml? 1 tbsp?
1 tsp = 5 ml
| 1 tbsp = 15 ml
155
What is 1 quart in liters?
0.95 L
156
What is 1 gallon in L?
3.8 L
157
1 gm/ton equals how many PPM?
1.1 PPM
158
What is one PPM in mg/kg?
1
159
What causes cyclopian lambs if consumed on 14th day of gestation?
false hellebore (veratrum californicum)
160
What does tobacco poisoning cause in piglets and calves?
arthrogryposis - NM blocker during gestation
161
What are the 3 main problems with fescue toxicosis?
ergot alkaloids, vasoconstriction, decreased prolactin secretion
162
What are the 4 symptoms associated with fescue toxicosis?
fescue foot - necrosis of hooves
summer slump - impaired thermoregulation
Fat necrosis - GI obstruction
Equine agalactia - prolonged gestation, dystocia
163
What is the tx for mares with fescue toxicosis?
domperidone 10-15 days prior to birth
164
What causes chocolate brown bood?
methemoglobin from nitrite oxidizing blood
165
What drug can reconvert methemoglobin to hemoglobin? What species can this NOT be used in?
methylene blue
| not in cats
166
What toxin is produced by fusarium spp. and acts as a weak estrogen?
zearalenone
167
What is the pit in a pit viper?
fossa between eye and nostril
168
What should NOT be used in pit viper bites?
cold packs, tourniquets, incision, suction, alcohol
169
What SHOULD be used in pit viper bites?
IV crystalloid fluid therapy
| antibiotics
170
What do black walnut shavings cause in horses?
laminitis
171
What 2 drugs help treat iron toxicosis?
deferoxamine
| MgOH
172
What problem arises in cats with acetaminophen toxicity?
methemoglobinemia (deficient in glucoronyl-s-transferase)
173
What can happens in dogs who eat acetaminophen?
liver necrosis
174
What drug provides -SH groups in acetominephen toxicosis?
N-acetylcysteine (mucomyst)
175
What 2 tests are used for detecting aflatoxins?
feed specimen banking
| black light screening
176
What are the max residues for aflatoxins in milk?
0.5 ppb
177
What lesions does the plant cocklebur cause?
centrilobular hepatic necrosis
| acute nephritis
