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A&P Lab 2 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

how many lobes does the cerebrum have and what are they?

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
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1
Q

what determines the structure and function of the nervous system?

A

genes and your environment throughout your life and your life experiences that can alter the circuits in your brain.

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2
Q

this lobe is made of the anterior prefrontal cortex and the posterior motor strip

A

frontal lobe

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3
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

personality, assigns emotions to music, remembers musical melodies, recognizes mistakes in musical tunes, gatekeeper of inhibitions, keeps tract of daily routines, controls cognitions, govern attention to thought, creates association between words, assigns meaning to the words we choose, controls how we act and react in our environment, evaluates, synthesizes, and analyzes ideas and concepts, elaborates thought, assesses value, figures exact mathematica calculations, utilizes language expressively

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4
Q

humunculus

A

visual map of the brain showing where brain stimulation corresponds to body movement.

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5
Q

which areas of the body have more areas of the brain dedicated to them?

A

those that need finer, more controlled body movement like movements that are voluntary and goal-directed

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6
Q

what happens if there are lesions or damage to the frontal lobe?

A

inability to remember steps in a sequence, inability to appropriate social action, decreased flexibility in thinking, poor judgement, personality shifts, mood swings, inability to understand humor, difficulty in problem solving, paralysis if it’s the motor strip

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7
Q

consists of the anterior sensory strip and the posterior parietal lobe

A

parietal lobe

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8
Q

function of the sensory cortex

A

receives info from spinal cord about touch pressure and pain

perception of body parts and their movement

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9
Q

what are functions of the parietal lobe?

A

integrates info into a whole concept, perform binary operations, makes comparisons and analogies, governs visual attention, manipulates objects in space and rotates objects mentally, estimates calculations, appraises cause and effect relationships

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10
Q

does the parietal lobe develop sooner or later in males versus females

A

sooner in males

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11
Q

what can lesions or damage to the parietal lobe result in?

A

hand-eye coordination problems, problems integrating individual ideas into whole concepts, inability to focus on one object at a time, inability to put a name to an object, or find words to express an idea, problems with reading, inability to draw, lack of sensation

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12
Q

what does the temporal lobe function in?

A

hearing, senses rhythm, remembers auditory input, percieves visual detail, catalogs and classifies info, takes in sensory input having to do with speech and hearing, governs sense of identity, contains diencephalon

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13
Q

what can lesions or damage to the temporal lobe result in?

A

auditory deficiencies, inability to recognize faces, aphasia (problem with spoken word) inability to classify objects, selective amnesia, short-term memory loss, persistent talking, aggressiveness, childish behavior in children, inability to write, inability to recognize or locate body parts, inability to recognize self

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14
Q

what are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

controls vision and visual fields, manages reading ability, governs some visual memories

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15
Q

what can lesions or damage to the occipital lobe lead to?

A

blindness, compromised visual field cuts, visual illusions, inability to locate object in the environment, word blindness, inability to recognize illustrations, difficulty discerning subtle movements, difficulty discriminating color, compromised night and peripheral vision

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16
Q

what does the cerebellum function in?

A

controls coordination and speed of voluntary movements, governs balance and equilibrium, controls memory of reflexes, governs proprioceptions, maintains posture, receives and interprets olfactory information

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17
Q

what can problems with the cerebellum result in?

A

difficulty in walking and talking, irregular gait, slurred speech, lack of coordination, inability to move quickly, inability to reach into space and grab an object, uncoordinated gross movements, tremors, dizziness

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18
Q

this brain structure is continuous with the spinal cord, holds the fourth ventricle, and has several vital centers that are essential to life

A

medulla oblongata

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19
Q

what are the vital centers and the functions of these in the medulla oblongata?

A

respiratory center - regulates subconscious control of breathing
cardiac center - regulates heart beat
vasomotor center - regulates blood pressure by controlling diameter of blood vessels

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20
Q

what does the pons function in?

A

relays sensory info between cerebellum and cerebrum, governs motor control, analyzes sensory input, assists in autonomic controls, controls levels of consciousness and arousal

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21
Q

damages to the pons can result in

A

loss of dreams, visual and auditory illusions, bipolar disorder, psychoses and psychotic breaks

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22
Q

what things are within the limbic lobe?

A

amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, RAS, pineal body, and basal ganglia

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23
Q

what are the functions of the limbic lobe?

A

integrates smell and thoughts and emotions associated with those smells, controls complex emotions such as rage, jealousy, deep-seated fear, shame

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24
Q

what does the amygdala do?

A

governs high-order emotions - guilt, regret, panic, embarrassment, nightmares, creates long-term memory via emotional attachment to info that passes through it

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25
Q

what area of the brain tends to be larger in males and can be affected by PTSD

A

amygdala

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26
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

switch-board of the brain, sorts and relays and updates all incoming info, governs awareness and deep concentration

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27
Q

what are of the brain is considered the oldest part of the limbic lobe?

A

thalamus

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28
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

controls sexual desires/orgasms, physical responses to emotions, governs homeostatic mechanisms, secretes hormones,

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29
Q

what types of homeostatic mechanisms does the hypothalamus control?

A

pituitary regulation, feeding reflex, hydration, hormonal balance, blood pressure, mood, sleep cycles, hunger, salt cravings, bladder function, energy levels, wakefulness, body temp, ovarian cycles, serotonin and noradrenalin levels

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30
Q

what does the hippocampus do?

A

plays important role in learning, separates factual from trivial info, works with amygdala to regulate thalamic network, recognizes novelty and ritual (things that are new and old), processes input, but has limited capacity and can block input if exceeded, guides spatial relationships and orienteering

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31
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for navigation and orientation

A

subiculum

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32
Q

what does the reticular activating system (RAS) do?

A

controls amount and flow of sensory input (waking/dreaming, alertness, fight or flight), more developed in women

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33
Q

what does the pineal body do?

A

secretes melatonin, influences rhythm and cycles, regulates neurotransmitters, lesions and tumors lead to premature sexual maturity

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34
Q

what area of the brain is responsible for jet lag?

A

pineal body

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35
Q

master gland of hormone regulation, controls physical and sexual maturation

A

pituitary gland

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36
Q

band of neurons between the right and left lobes, connecting the right and left hemispheres

A

corpus collosum

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37
Q

what does the corpus callosum do?

A

promotes more diverse, but less efficient thinking, forms ceilling of the ventricles where CSF is produced, facilitates cross-brain communication

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38
Q

composed of 200 million neurons and is thicker in females than in males

A

corpus callosum

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39
Q

what can lesions or problems with the corpus collosum cause?

A

inabilty to see consequeces of ones actions, split-brain syndrome (ranging from slight learning disability to severe mental and physical challenges)

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40
Q

sensory information is relayed from …… through …… ….. …….., and then the information is sent to various regions of the ….. ……

A

periphera
lower brain centers
cerebral cortex

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41
Q

why can electrodes placed on the scalp detect changes in brain acitivty?

A

sensory info is relayed from peripheral through lower brain centers, and then the info is sent to various regions of the cerebral cortex

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42
Q

recording of the brains electrical activity

A

electroencephalogram (EEG)

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43
Q

what are the four simple rhythms that can be detected by an EEG?

A

alpha, beta, delta, theta

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44
Q

what is the typical frequency and the typical amplitudes of the alpha waves?

A

hz (frequencies) - 8-13

uV (amplitudes) - 20-200

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45
Q

what is the typical frequencies and amplitudes of beta waves?

A

hz - 13-30

uV - 5-10

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46
Q

what is the typical frequencies and amplitudes of delta waves

A

hz - 1-5

uV - 20-200

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47
Q

what is the typical frequencies and amplitudes of theta waves?

A

hz - 4-8

uV - 10

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48
Q

pattern of adult who is awake but relaxed with closed eyes, females higher than males, likely higher in ‘outgoing’ subjects, vary within the subject’s attention to mental tasks performed with closed eyes

A

alpha

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49
Q

occur in individuals who are alert and attentive to external stimuli or exert specific mental effort or when fallen into a deep sleep

A

beta

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50
Q

low frequency waves that increase during sleep, as move to REM sleep, these decrease

A

delta

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51
Q

low frequency waves that increase during sleep, as move to REM these increase, will increase briefly during emotional stress

A

theta

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52
Q

what is the order of waves from the conscious to the subconscious mind?

A

beta waves, alpha waves, theta waves, delta waves

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53
Q

normal waking state of consciousness. Alertness, concentration, focus, cognition, and the five physical senses.

A

beta waves

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54
Q

deep relaxation and light meditation usually with eyes closed. Relaxation, visualization, creativity and super learning

A

alpha waves

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55
Q

usually light sleep, including REM dream state. Deep meditation, intuition, memory and vivid visual imagery.

A

theta waves

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56
Q

usually deep sleep, dreamless state, transcendental meditation, automatic self-healing, immune system function

A

delta waves

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57
Q

what is the mnemonic device to memorize the cranial nerves

A

old opie occasionally tries trigonometry and feels very floomy vague and hypoactive

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58
Q

what is the order of the cranial nerves?

A 
I. olfactory
II. optic
III. occulomotor
IV. trochlear
V. trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. vestibulocochlear/auditory
IX. glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory (spinal accessory)
XII. hypoglossal
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59
Q

what is cranial nerve 1 and what does it do?

A

olfactory, smell

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60
Q

what is cranial nerve 2 and what does it do?

A

optic - vision

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61
Q

cranial nerve 3 and function

A

occulomotor - eyeball movement, pupil accomodation

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62
Q

cranial nerve 4 and function

A

trochlear - eyeball movement

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63
Q

cranial nerve 5 and function

A

trigeminal - sensory for the head, face and teeth. motor for chewing muscles

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64
Q

cranial nerve 6 and function

A

abducens - eyeball movement

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65
Q

cranial nerve 7 and function

A

facial - sensory for taste on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. motor for facial expressions and saliva secretion

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66
Q

cranial nerve 8 and function

A

vestibulocochlear(auditory) - equilibrium and hearing

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67
Q

cranial nerve 9 and function

A

glossopharyngeal - sensory for taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, and motor for the pharynx (swallowing) and saliva secretion

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68
Q

cranial nerve 10 and function

A

vagus - sensations from and movements of the visceral organs

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69
Q

cranial nerve 11 and function

A

spinal accessory - larynx (voice production) and movements of the neck and shoulders

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70
Q

cranial nerve 12 and function

A

hypoglossal - tongue movements

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71
Q

the functional cell of the nervous system

A

neurons

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72
Q

support cells for neurons

A

neuroglial cells

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73
Q

what are the ways in which neurons can be classified?

A

structure, function, direction of impulse transmission

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74
Q

what are the ways that a neuron can be classified based on structure?

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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75
Q

what are the ways that a neuron can be classified functionally?

A

sensory, integrated, motor

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76
Q

what are the ways that neurons can be classified based upon their direction of impulse transmission?

A

afferent, efferent

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77
Q

bundle of axons outside the CNS that must be insulated within a myelin sheath. white matter

A

nerve

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78
Q

cell bodies clustered together outside the CNS. gray matter.

A

ganglion

79
Q

bundle of axons in the CNS. white matter.

A

tract

80
Q

bundle of cell bodies in the CNS. gray matter

A

nucleus

81
Q

soma

A

cell body of a neuron. perikaryon (surrounds nucleus)

82
Q

nucleoplasm

A

special cytoplasm of the nueron that tends to be richer, thicker, and denser than other cytoplasms

83
Q

neurofibril

A

rods of protein that help maintain the neurons shape. function in transport and are found where dendrites move away from the cell body

84
Q

nssile fibers

A

unique combination of ribosomes and rough ER. protein factories that look like dark spots in the nucleoplasm

85
Q

primarily what you see in a slide of nervous tissue. cover capillaries and form the blood brain barrier

A

astrocytes

86
Q

what are the types of neuroglial cells and what do they do?

A

they support the neurons, they are: astrocytes, neurilemmocytes, oligodendrocytes, enpendymal cells, and microglial cells

87
Q

form the myelin sheath on axons of neurons in the PNS

A

neurilemmocytes

88
Q

form the myelin sheath in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

89
Q

line the cavities of the spinal cord and brain and form the cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

90
Q

phagocytes of the nervous system

A

microglial cells

91
Q

how are nerves held together?

A

in bundles with a connective tissue covering.

92
Q

groups of nerves

A

fascicles

93
Q

fascicles are covered in a layer called the….

A

perineurium

94
Q

just outside the myelin sheath of individual axons and covers the entire nerve

A

endoneurium

95
Q

enlargement of the spinal cord due to a large number of axons exiting the spinal cord to enervate the upper extremities

A

cervical enlargement

96
Q

enlargement of the spinal cord due to a large number of axons exitting the spinal cord to enervate the lower extremities

A

lumbar enlargement

97
Q

true ending of the spinal cord

A

conus medullaris

98
Q

threadlike connection to the spinal cord to the sacrum - ties the spinal cord down

A

filum terminale

99
Q

spinal nerves that extend beyond the spinal cord. where they do a spinal tap

A

cauda equina

100
Q

what is the difference between gray matter and white matter?

A

gray matter is made of somas, dendrites, and proximal regions of some axons that have little myelination while white matter is made mostly of myelin

101
Q

what two roots combine to form the spinal nerve?

A

the ventral root and the dorsal root

102
Q

portion of the spinal cord where axons are sent out of the spinal cord and the soma stay inside. only the motor axons exit.

A

anterior root

103
Q

swollen region where the cell bodies of unipolar (all sensory) neurons are crammed into one spot so there is a large swelling.

A

posterior dorsal root

104
Q

occurs when anterior and posterior roots merge. very short and squeeze out of the vertebrae and then branch and are renamed

A

spinal nerves

105
Q

how many of each type of spinal nerve is there?

A

8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves, coccygeal nerves

106
Q

ramus

A

branch from a spinal nerve

107
Q

31 pair of ramus that go back to the spinal cord and give nerve supplies to things around the spinal cord like the meninges, blood vessels, connective tissue, and vertebrae.

A

meningeal ramus

108
Q

31 pair of ramus that go to the posterior aspect of the neck and trunk and the muscles and skin of the posterior trunk

A

dorsal/posterior ramus

109
Q

rami communicants

A

anterior 2 branches come off in pairs and regulate and control internal organs. Part of the autonomic nervous system and visceral organs.

110
Q

the biggest branch of rami. supply anterior lateral trunk, skin and muscles in front, both extremities, very large so it must enter a plexus to reorganize.

A

anterior/ventral ramus

111
Q

braidlike region of complex branching and intermingling of adjacent ventral rami

A

plexus

112
Q

what are the only ventral rami nerves that do not go through plexuses

A

t1-t11

113
Q

why don’t T1-T11 go through plexuses?

A

because they are intercostal nerves so they go straight to the ariea that they control

114
Q

neurons in the neck region that supply the skin and muscles of part of the face, neck, top of shoulder, and diaphragm go through this plexus

A

cervical plexus

115
Q

nerve supply to the upper extremity and part of the shoulder go through this plexus

A

brachial plexus

116
Q

simplest plexus that contains nerve supply to the antierior/lateral trunk, external reproductive organs, upper part of the thigh

A

lumbar plexus

117
Q

nerve supply for lower extremities, buttocks and perineum go through this plexus

A

sacral plexus

118
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

genioglossus, hyoglossus platoglossus and styloglossus

119
Q

where are taste buds found?

A

in lingual papillae on the tongue

120
Q

how do the hard and soft palates function in digestion?

A

they allow you to breathe and chew at the same time

121
Q

what does the uvula do?

A

it is the projection at the back of the throat that helps food stay in the mouth until you are ready to swallow

122
Q

how many baby teeth and adult teeth do people usually develop?

A

20 baby teeth and 32 adult teeth

123
Q

what percent of the population lacks wisdom teeth?

A

35%

124
Q

what are the different types of teeth and what are they used for?

A

canines - puncture and shred
incisors - biting teeth
molars - crushing and grinding

125
Q

why are the gums pink?

A

because they are made of vascularized epithelium

126
Q

what are places where vascularized epithelium is found?

A

gums, lips, nipples, labia, glans penis

127
Q

how much of saliva is water?

A

97-99%

128
Q

what solutes are in saliva?

A

mucus, electrolytes, lysozyme, IgA, salivary amylase, lingual lipase

129
Q

why is mucus found in saliva

A

it binds and lubricates food

130
Q

what electrolytes are found in saliva?

A

salt, K+, Na+, Cl-, phosphate and bicarbonate

131
Q

what is lysozyme?

A

enzyme that breaks down cells and bacteria

132
Q

what does salivary amylase do?

A

enzyme that breaks down starch to glucose units

133
Q

enzyme that breaks down fats

A

lingual lipase

134
Q

what are the two types of salivary glands?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

135
Q

small unencapsulated salivary glands

A

intrinsic

136
Q

large, encapsulated salivary glands composed of tubuloacinary glands with a treelike duct system

A

extrinsic salivary glands

137
Q

what glands are intrinsic salivary glands

A

lingual glands, labial glands on the sides of the lips, buccal glands on the sides of the cheeks

138
Q

what glands are extrinsic salivary glands

A

parotid salivary glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands

139
Q

salivary glands found under the skin anterior to the earlobes

A

parotid salivary glands

140
Q

salivary glands located halfway along the body of the mandible

A

submandibular glands

141
Q

salivary glands found on the floor of the mouth

A

sublingual glands

142
Q

what is the origin insertion and action of the masseter muscle

A

origin - zygomatic arch
insertion - angle and ramus of the mandible
action - closes the jaw

143
Q

what is the point where the digestive and respiratory tracts intersect?

A

the pharynx

144
Q

what muscles force food downward during swallowing?

A

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

145
Q

back of the throat

A

oropharynx

146
Q

the cavity where the voice-box is found

A

laryngeal pharynx

147
Q

straight, muscular tube that is the pathway through which food travels on its way to the stomach

A

esophagus

148
Q

the opening to the stomach

A

cardiac orifice

149
Q

what three regions is the wall of the esophagus divided into?

A

the mucosa, submucosa, and mucosa esterna

150
Q

layer of the esophagus that has keratinized and non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

mucosa

151
Q

layer of the esophagus that has esophageal glands that secrete mucus that lubricates the tube

A

submucosal

152
Q

layer of the esophagus that is made of skeletal muscle in the upper third, a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle in the middle third, and smooth muscle in the lower third

A

mucosa externa layer

153
Q

how much food can the stomach hold?

A

from 1-4 liters

154
Q

what are the gastric juices that the stomach produces mainly made of?

A

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

155
Q

the mixture of semi-digested food found after digestion in the stomach

A

chyme

156
Q

what are the four regions that the stomach is divided into?

A

cardiac, fundic, body corpus, pyloric

157
Q

smallest area of the stomach near the cardiac orifice

A

cardiac region

158
Q

area of the stomach superior to the esophageal attachment

A

fundic region

159
Q

the largest part of the stomach

A

body corpus

160
Q

narrow pouch at the inferior end of the stomach

A

pyloric region

161
Q

how long is the small intestines?

A

from 2.7-4.5m long

the diameter is about 2.5 cm

162
Q

most of the nutrients of digested food are absorbed into the…

A

small intestines

163
Q

what are the three sections of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

164
Q

mostly retroperitineal, pancreatic duct, recieves stomach contents, pancreatic juice and bile. it has a higher pH, pancreatic enzymes involved in chemical digestion are here. it is the first 25 cm of the small intestine

A

duodenum

165
Q

the next 40% of the intestines after the duodenum. has thick walls and a rich blood supply

A

jejunum

166
Q

the last 60% of the small intestine after the jejunum. the walls are thinner, less muscular, and less vascular

A

ileum

167
Q

where does most nutrient absorption and digestion occur in the small intestines?

A

jejunum

168
Q

where are peyer’s patches found?

A

ileum of the small intestine

169
Q

groups of lymphoid tissue in the small intestines involved in finding pathogens and removing them in the intestines

A

peyers patches

170
Q

end of the small intestine where the ileum joins the cecum

A

ileocecal junction

171
Q

what is the diameter and length of the large intestine

A

diameter- 6.5 cm

length - 1.5 m

172
Q

what are the four regions of the large intestine?

A

cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal

173
Q

blind pouch in the lower right abdominal quadrant. where the appendix is attached

A

cecum

174
Q

blind tube populated with lymphocytes 2-7cm

A

appendix

175
Q

part of the small intestine between the ileocecal junction and the rectum

A

colon

176
Q

what are the four parts of the colon

A

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

177
Q

after the colon, waste passes through the three lateral curves of the rectum. it has transverse rectal folds, or valves, that help it hold feces while passing gas

A

rectum

178
Q

last passageway of the small intestines

A

anal canal

179
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

180
Q

what is the liver?

A

large organ that plays a key role in detoxification of harmful chemicals, but also secretes bile which helps with digestion.

181
Q

what is the liver made of?

A

fenestrated epithelium

182
Q

how many lobes are in the liver?

A

4

183
Q

greenish fluid made of acids, cholesterol, minerals, pigments and phospholipids

A

bile

184
Q

what is bilirubin?

A

pigment made from the breakdown of red blood cells. metabolized to urobilinogen that gives feces its brown color

185
Q

a pear-shaped organ inferior to the liver that stores and concentrates bile

A

gallbladder

186
Q

what are the two functions of the pancreas?

A

an endocrine and a digestive function

187
Q

what is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

it regulates blood glucose levels: found in the islets of longerhan

188
Q

secrete glucagon, a hormone that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen from the liver, in response to low blood sugar. the release of glucose into the blood from the liver increases blood glucose levels

A

alpha cells

189
Q

these cells secrete insulin in response to high blood sugar. insulin activates glucose-transporters in the cell membrane that move glucose from the blood into the cell, decreasing blood glucose levels

A

beta cells

190
Q

secrete polypeptides that suppress appetite

A

PP cells/gamma cells

191
Q

stimulate hunger, burn non-essential fats

A

epsilon cells

192
Q

what is the digestive function of the pancreas?

A

to secrete pancreatic juice which is an alkaline mixture of water, enzymes, zymogens, sodium bicarbonate and electrolytes

193
Q

large sheets of peritoneum that covers the visceral organs

A

greater and lesser omentum

194
Q

what are the functions of the greater and lesser omentums

A

fat deposition, wound isolation to protect organs, helps hold organs in place

A&P Lab 2 (3 decks)

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