Final

Question 1

Plumb line

Answer 1

Start from calcaneocuboid joint
Pass through: an axis of knee, slight post to center of hip jt, sacralpromontory, bodies of lumbar vertebrae, odontoid process of axis, external auditory meatus, slight post to apex of coronal suture

Question 2

Lordotic/Kyphotic

Answer 2

excess convexity of thoracic spine, extended lumbar spine
anterior pelvic tilt
hip flexion, tight iliopsoas

Question 3

Sway back

Answer 3

thoracic spine posterior to plumb line
posterior pelvic tilt
hip extension
flexed lumbar spine
low abs weak

Question 4

Flat back

Answer 4

Flat thoracic spine
posterior pelvic tilt
hip extension
lumbar spine has no curvature (relatively flexed)
Hamstrings tight

Question 5

Handedness Pattern

Answer 5

On dominant side:
Shoulder girdle is lower
iliac crest is higher

Question 6

Moment

Answer 6

torque about an axis, varies depending on length of moment arm
M=FA/RA

Question 7

1st class lever

Answer 7

Force, Axis, Resistance (FAR)

pull, Fulcrum, weight

Question 8

2nd class lever

Answer 8

Force, Resistance, Axis (FRA)

Pull, Weight, fulcrum

Question 9

3rd class lever

Answer 9

Resistance, Force, Axis

Weight, pull, Fulcrum

Question 10

Force couple

Answer 10

parallel force system, forces equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
Creates pure rotation
Force couples in the body are imperfect
Shoulder winging, shrugging, or impingement can occur if motion is not coupled

Question 11

Connective tissue

Answer 11

functions to connect, protect, distribute tension and transport
surrounds muscle & vessels, limit mobility of jt (stability)

Question 12

Collage type 1

Answer 12

most common, resists tensile stress

ligaments & tendons

Question 13

Collagen type 2

Answer 13

thin, interwoven fibers for support
resists compressive stress
cartilage

Question 14

Bone

Answer 14

resists compressive forces. Optimal simulus for these structures are graded tensile of compressive force in the line of function

Question 15

Optimal stimulus for regeneration

Answer 15

Cartilage: intermittent compression & decompression
Tendon: graded tensile force in line of function (also ligament)
Bone: mechanical stress??

Question 16

Stress/Strain curve

Answer 16

Stress = force applied
strain = deformation (ligg)
Toe region: just enough stress to create straight form
Elastic region: linear elongation, deforms and can go back to original shape
Yield point: right before plastic region, will have damage if pass this point
Plastic region: microtearing of tissue, permanent deformation
Failure point: where tissue gives & breaks

Question 17

Joints

Answer 17

synarthrosis-fibrous
amphiarthrosis- cartilaginous
Diarthrosis: synovial

Question 18

Type 1 Skeletal muscle fiber

Answer 18

slow oxidative
slow twitch, red, high myoglobin, low glycogen, small motor units, slow fatigue
Arthrokinematic, one joint
slow twitch aerobic, easily recruited

Question 19

Type IIa

Answer 19

fast oxidative-glycolytic

fast wtich, red/white, intermediate myoglobin, glycogen, fatigue and motor units, anaerobic

Question 20

Type IIx

Answer 20

fast twitch, white, low myoglobin, high glybogen, high fatigue, large motor units, anaerobic

Question 21

One joint muscles

Answer 21

Type 1 fibers
arthrokinematic- control the roll and glide
O/I close to joint surface, first to atrophy

Question 22

Two joint muscles

Answer 22

Type IIa/IIx
osteokinematic (gross movement of bones)
Prone to tightness

Question 23

Active Insufficiency

Answer 23

Inability of 2 joint mm to perform a concentric contraction over one joint when it is shortened over another joint
Agonist unable to contract any more

Question 24

Passive insufficiency

Answer 24

length insufficiency
non contractile elements, connective tissue resist stretch
antagonist too short
inability of 2 joint muscle to lengthen over one joint when is is already lengthened over another joint
if a muscle is already lengthed, it will be harder for other mm to lengthen at that joint

Question 25

Force/Velocity relationship

Answer 25

inverse relationship for concentric motions direct relationship with eccentric motion force decreases as muscle shortens eccentric produces more force than concentric As velocity increases, force decreases

Question 26

Length/Tension curve

Answer 26

Eccentric motions create greatest tension with active and passive elements Max tension:eccentric>isometric>concentric Passive tension: tension due to stretching of passive elastic components, as stretch applied, tension increases slowly at first then more rapidly as failure occurs Active tension: reflects the isometric force for a given muscle length

Question 27

EMG

Answer 27

measures neural activation of motor units Concentric motion requires more MU firing, eccentric requires least MU firing Concentric contraction are more metabolically demanding and are a weaker contraction type With fatigue, MU firing increases until you fatigue out

Question 28

Determinants of gait

Answer 28

``` decrease energy output & increase efficiency Pelvic rotation in transverse plane Lateral Pelvic tilt lateral shift knee flexion ankle dorsiflexion heel rise ```

Question 29

Stance phase

Answer 29

60% total cycle 40% since support: midstance & terminal stance 20% double support: IC, loading response & pre swing

Question 30

Swing phase

Answer 30

40% of total cycle All single support. Initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing

Question 31

External moment IC

Answer 31

Hip: Flexion Knee: extension Ankle: plantarlexion

Question 32

External moment LR

Answer 32

Hip: flexion Knee: flexion Ankle: plantarflexion to neutral

Question 33

External Moment Midstance

Answer 33

Hip: Flexion to neutral Knee: Flexion Ankle: neutral to dorsiflexion

Question 34

External moment terminal stance

Answer 34

Hip: extension Knee: extension Ankle: neutral to dorsiflexion

Question 35

External moment preswing

Answer 35

hip: flexion knee: flexion Ankle: dorsiflexion