FINAL Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
biology of pregnancy
A
- Egg and sperm unite while egg is in fallopian tube. Fertilized egg continues in tube to uterus.
- six days old implants in uterus lining, if not then sloughed off as period
- After it implants in tissue lining, placenta develops
2
Q
Placenta
A
connected to the growing embryo, its an organ that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass from the mother to the embryo. The placenta also helps transport the embryo’s waste products back to the mother’s system. This amazing organ even manufactures hormones. By the end of her pregnancy, a woman’s estro- gen and progesterone levels are much higher than they were before her pregnancy
3
Q
typical emotional reactions to pregnancy, both positive and negative (5)
A
• Positive Emotions:
- Wonder and awe
- Social approval
- Transition into adulthood
- Sense of attachment
- Anticipation
- Change
- Fears & anxieties
- Self-image and attractiveness
- Health issues
- Loss of identity
4
Q
What are the common factors influencing a woman’s response to pregnancy? -4
A
- Physical reaction (morning sickness)
- Planned pregnancy
- Relationship with baby’s father
- Economic status
5
Q
Hebl et al. (2006) study investigating attitudes toward pregnant women, including the concepts of hostile and benevolent sexism.
A
Pregnant women going to retail store. Half of the women applied and the other half she was shopping. Attitudes depend on context
- Results: Hostile sexism shown to pregnant job seeker; Benevolent sexism shown to pregnant gift buyer; People likely to help a pregnant woman
6
Q
what is the association between maternity clothes and social status?
A
The expensive, high-status stores placed maternity clothes near the lingerie and loungewear. This arrangement suggests an image of feminin-ity, delicacy, luxury, and privacy. In contrast, the less expensive, low-status stores placed maternity clothes near the uniforms and the clothing for over- weight women. This placement implies that pregnant women are fat, and they have a job to do.
7
Q
3 stages of labor
A
- Labor begins when uterus starts to contract strongly
1. contracts every 5 mins. dilation of cervix increases to 10cm lasting from few hours to at least a day
2. last few mins to several hours. Contractions move baby to vagina. when woman encouraged to push they report most positive part of labor. also strong feelings of pressure and stretching. stage ends when baby is born
3. lasts less than 20, anticlimax. uterus continues to contract which separate placenta from ueterin wall. then expelled. levels of estro and proestro drop
8
Q
Doula
A
a woman experienced in childbirth who provides support to family through labor/delivery becoming more common
9
Q
- What is a cesarean section delivery? how common?
2. What controversy surrounds the use of C-sections?
A
- incision thru stomach and into uterus. 30% of all deliveries in US
- health risks for mom and babe/ traumatic exp/more negative perceptions about baby
- increase bc more conveint
10
Q
characteristics of natural childbirth? - 8
A
- Education about pregnancy/childbirth in order to reduce fear and dispel myths
- Relaxation techniques and exercises designed to strengthen muscles
- Controlled breathing techniques, which distract attention away from pain of contractions
- Social support throughout childbirth, usually baby’s father or close friend of the mother
- Health care providers should encourage women’s sense of empowerment during childbirth
- Labor shouldn’t be artificially induced simply for convenience
- Woman is encouraged to move around during labor and to sit upright during delivery
- Anesthesia not used, unless desired or necessary
11
Q
negative factors of reality of motherhood- 10
A
• Negative Factors
- Child care is physically exhausting
- Approx 35% of infants in US are born to women who aren’t married
- Fathers help less with child rearing than mothers had expected
- For several weeks after childbirth, women may report that they feel leaky, dirty coping with after birth discharges; vaginal and uterus pain reported
- New mothers seldome have training for tasks of motherhood; often report feeling incompetent
- Pregnant women often have vision of the glowing cuddly baby. In reality, babies dont smile until they are about 2 months old; many babies are fussy
- Mothers of newborns have little contact with other adults
- Romantic partner may feel neglected
- Women feel disappointed in themselves because they dont match the standards of the perfect mother
- Mother’s are often blamed for their childs problems
12
Q
positive factors of reality of motherhood -6
A
- Sense of own strength
- Interactions with their children
- Look at world from new viewpoint
- Develop new aspects of personality
- Sense of unity and the feeling of family
- Intimate, caring relationships that develop with children
13
Q
issues surrounding motherhood and women of color
- asians
- avg number of children woman have in lifetime
A
- exps differ from americans
- WOC who were mothers more likely than whites to be employed full time
- WOC missing from mags idealizing mothers
- network of extended family very important for low income moms
- horrified at being examined by male when pregnant
- smaller than expected 2.1 for White and Black women, 2.3 for Asian women, 2.5 for Native Americans, and 2.8 for Latina women.
14
Q
- postpartum period
- postpartum blues
- prevelance
A
- 0 to 6 weeks after birth
- most common, short lasting changes in mood that occur during first 10 days; in many cultures (at least 1/2 NAmerica experience) common symptoms are crying, sadness, insomnia, irritable, anxiety lack of confidence, overwhelmed
- prob result of letdown following excitement combined with sleepiness
15
Q
- postpartum depression
- prevelance
- social factors influencing
A
serious disorder, feelings of extreme sadness, exhaustion, sleep disturbances, despair, loss of interest in baby, guilt
- develops within 6 months of birth lasting for many months
- assoc with phy probs like nausea, backaches
- interact less with baby placing them at risk for psych probs
- affects 10-15% of women and in many cultures
- sim to depression
- lack social support, major life stress during pregnancy, low income
16
Q
What are the typical attitudes toward women choosing not to have children? -called?
- college study
- child free couples
- single child families
- study of married couples
A
belief women should have children- called compulsory motherhood
- few decades women viewed very negatively, still somewhat negative today
- college students rated childree women more neg and would be more neg in general population
- child free couples told they are selfish and too career oritnted
- told that one child will face emotional probs
- family size not correlated with couples statification
17
Q
issues surrounding infertility, including level of psychological strain? - prevalence
- factors influencing
- infertile women have
- psych strain
A
infertility is failure to conceive after 1 year of intercourse. 10-15% of us infertile.
- more likely to have infertile probs if they have had infections that damage repo system and poor med care
- between ages 30-40 less likely to become preg
- infertility causes higher levels of distress and anxiety
- live with constant hope of maybe next month or not yet preg resulting in feeling unsettled and caught between hopefulness and mourning
18
Q
issues surrounding lesbian mothers, including the adjustment of children raised by lesbian partners.
A
- Lesbian mothers and hetero mothers have similar parenting styles
• Adjustment of children raised in lesbian households is similar to that of children raised in hetero households
• Most children raised by lesbians are positive about their mother’s relationships
19
Q
Concerning health care and the health status of women, what are the common biases against women? - 4
A
- Women have been neglected in medicine and in medical research
- Gender stereotypes are common in medicine
- Medical care provided to women is often too much or too little
- Physcian patient communication patterns often make women feel powerless
20
Q
What is the gender gap in life expectancy?
- mortality?
A
• Mortality-death rate
- women live about 5 years longer than men do
21
Q
What are some of the factors that explain why women live longer?
-4
A
- genetic/bio factors- xx and xy
- social factors- high risk activities
- environmental factors- men often have more dangerous jobs and exposed to dangerous environments
- Women more likley to seek health care during early stages of an illness
22
Q
What is the gender comparison in morbidity? Why are women at a disadvantage? - 4
A
Morbidity- generalized poor health or illness
- women worse
• Women are at a disadvantage because:
1. longevity- women live longer than men
2. self-report biases- more likely to report illnesses
3. rape and abuse
4. economic factors
23
Q
what are the health issues for women in developing countries? - 4
A
Women and girls less likely to receive medical care- more likely to seek med care for son
• Inadequate nutrition and health care
• Death during pregnancy or childbirth
• Female genital mutilation
24
Q
What is cardiovascular disease? What are the issues surrounding cardiovascular disease in women? -gender diff prev - ethnicity diff - ethnicity diff - reason for it?-4
A
- heart attacks and other disorders of the heart, as well as clots and other disorders of the blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death for U.S. women.
- men more likely to have heart disease earlier but by age 75 its the same
- blacks more likely to die from it
1. men report chest pain; women report chest pain and breathlessness. Doctors may look for mail symptoms
2. men twice as likely to receive bypass
3. more research for men in cardiac probs
4. men rest after heart attack while women resume chores
25
What are the issues surrounding women and breast cancer, including breast self-exams, mammograms and lumpectomies.
- ethncity (2)
- lost of research and attention bc public focus on breasts as essential part of women
- women who have breast removed viewed less as women
- over 20 you should self exam once a month; if on period than wait a week
- mammogram is a x-ray of breast tissue; breast is flattened between plates; women over 50 should get every year or two
- lumpectomy used when breast cancer is at early stage. Removes cancer lump and surrounding tissue
1. blacks less likely to develop but higher death rate from it
2. women of color less likely to get mamm0
26
Cervical cancer
| - ethnicity
affects lower portion of uterus
| - North America women seldom die from it due to pap smear test
27
Pap smear test
- recommendations
- ethnicity
gyno takes sample of cells from cervix to see if cancerous. When detected early highly curable
- all women if sexually active or over 18 get annual test
- WOC more likely to die bc they don't get test
28
Hysterectomy
the surgical removal of a woman’s uterus
- high rate in US
- some only have minimal psych or physical symptoms when removed
29
What are the issues surrounding women and smoking?
- prevalence of smokers
- health issues
- ethniciy
For reasons that are not clear, smoking increases the chance of lung cancer more for women than it does for men and rate of lung cancer death is still rising for women
- smoking has gyno consequences such as increase in cervical cancer, infertility, miscariages, premies, and early menop
- older women who smoke have higher rates of ostero and hip fractures
- women married to smoking men more likely to get lung cancer
- 22% of W 26% of M
- Natives highest then whites, blacks, latinos, asians
- women smoke bc of peer pressure and to stay thin
30
Alcohol Abuse
| - probs caused by alcohol
pattern of alcohol use that repeatedly leads to significant impairment
- liver disease, ulcers, brain damage, high BP, heart attacks, stroke, cog probs
31
Fetal alchohol syndrom
children born to alcoholic mothers more likely to develop.
| Characterized by facial abnormalities, retarded physical growth, psychological abnormalities, and mental retardation
32
effects of alcohol on women
- men who drink more likely to abuse/rape women
33
Binge drinking
defined as five or more drinks in a row for males and four or more drinks in a row for females
34
alcohol use and gender diffs
- Across all age groups, women are less likely than men to consume alcohol
- more male college students abuse alc
- families more likely to deny that female family members have problem and doctors less likely to see problem in females
35
background information regarding women and AIDS, including why women are more vulnerable.
- women are more vulnerable and rates are increasing for HIV and AIDS
- a woman who has unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-infected man is between two and eight times more likely to contract HIV, compared to a man who has unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-infected woman (one reason is higher concentration in sperm)
36
transmission of AIDS
| -risk level for women, gay and bisexual men.
Risky Behavior- contact with blood, semen or vaginal secretions
• Injected drugs
• Heterosexual transmission of AIDS is more likely in women than in men
• Gay men and bisexual men also at greate risk; lesbians lower risk
37
medial aspect of AIDS
- symptoms
- Diagnosis
- treatment
- most exp symptoms between 6 and 9 months later. can be symptom-free for up to ten years
- HIV+ ppl are very contagious even if they don't hav symptoms
- symptms include: fatigue, rashes, unexplained fevers, unintentional weight loss, and diarrhea (same for men and women however, women likely to develop vaginal infections)
• Many women misdiagnosed; T cell count drops below specific level
• Drug therapise can help to prolong life for HIV positive, but these costly drugs are seldom available to the low income
38
issues surrounding the prevention of AIDS -4
No cure once a person has it
• Denial of personal vulnerability
• Disclosing of HIV status- many ppl wont admit that they are HIV+
• Sexual history- your sexual partners and all of their sexual partners
• Condoms help but they cant guarantee protection and people are reluctant to discuss condom use with partners
39
1. STD’s and women-2
2. HPV,
3. chlamydia,
4. genital herpes,
5. gonorrhea
6. syphilis
1. - STD's produce fewer detectable symptoms in women
- Women suffer the most long-term consequences from STD's bc they do not seek treatment for them and can become infertile or pass them onto infant
2. HPV- human papillomavirus/genital warts ** most common STD in the US
3. Chlamydia- often asymptomatic and can be treated
4. Gential Herpes- you can not cure herpes virus
5. Gonorrhea- curable
6. Syphilis- painless sores, curable
40
What is the gender comparison in the prevalence of psychological disorders?
Which are more common in women? In men?
Prevalence of psychological disorders- overall men and women equal
• Women suffer from more depression and eating disorders
• Men suffer from more antisocial personality disorders and sub abuse problems
41
What is major depressive disorder?
| - gender prev
When a person experiences sadness, hopelessness, low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, pessimism about the future, inablity
to experiences pleasure, trouble concentrating and making decisions, decreased productivity/social interactions
- w 2-3x more likely than men in NA
42
what are the many possible explanations for the gender difference in depression, including factors no longer considered to be relevant.- 12
Factors no longer considered relevant: Biological factors
1. Gender differences in seeking therapy- more Females
2. Diagnostic biases in therapists- overdiagnosing women; underdiagnosing men
3. General discrimination against women- females who frequently experience sexist treatment are more likely to report depression
4. Workplace discrimination is linked to depression
5. Violence against women often leads to depression
6. Poverty- those with economic problems are likely to have high levels of depression
7. Housework- traditional homemakers as well as working women may experience challenges which can lead to depression
8. Emphasis on physical appearance
9. Women's relationships- women are more likely to feel responsible for making sure their relationships are going well; may even neglect own needs for others
10. Response to depression- Ruminative style is contemplating possible causes and consequences of one's emotions; more likely in women. This further intensifies and prolongs a bad mood
11. Pessimistic style increases likelihood of lonterm depression
12. Distracting style- more likely in men
43
What are the typical characteristics of anorexia nervosa and who typically has this disorder?
-prev
Extreme fear of becoming obese
• Refusal to maintain an adequate body weight (<85% of normal)
• Distorted body image
• Often have lower self-esteem
95% are female; typical age of onset is 14-18 years old
44
What are the medical consequences of anorexia nervosa?
| - treatment
amenorrhe; heart, lung, kidney, gastrointestinal disorders; osteoporosis
• 5-10% will die
• Treatment is difficult because anorexics are often depressed as well
45
What are the typical characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
Maintain normal body weight
• Frequent episodes of binge eating
• Inappropriate methods to prevent weight gain (vomiting, laxatives, excessive dieting or exercise)
• Often depressed with low self-esteem
46
What are the medical characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
Medical consequences: gastrointestinal, heart, liver, and metabolism and menstrual probs
47
What are the typical characteristics of binge-eating disorder?
Frequent episodes of (uncontrollable binge eating)
• Often followed by feelings of depression and disgust but not followed by inapporpriate methods to compensate for binges
• Typically overweight
48
What is the “culture of thinness” and how is it related to the prevalence of eating disorders?
- culture of thinness?
- females are concerned that they are overweight, even if their weight is appropriate
• Media images of anorexic-looking models
• Discrimination against overweight women
• Females dissatisfaction with their bodies
49
How do women often experience sexism during psychotherapy? - 5
1. misdiagnosis: therapists over diagnose women
2. therapists view men more competent,
3. evaluate client in terms of gender stereotypes,
4. ignore cultural problems that contribute to depression in women
5. therapists blame women for events
50
What are the issues surrounding psychotherapy and women of color?
- term?
- seeking services
- insurance
- ppl of color often face racial micro aggressions or everyday insults and actions that convey second class status
- colored not as likely to use services even when matched income due to: reluctance to recognize need, language barrier, concern about disclosing, belief that one can heal without therapy, pref for other culture interventions
- most minority not able to choose therapist from their background
- research shows that english fluency more important than insurance in determinant for seeking help
51
issues surrounding psychotherapy and latina's?
Marianismo may suggest women shouldn't address own needs. Many therapists not prepared to deal with political upheaval that spanish women have been thru
52
issues surrounding psychotherapy and blacks?
Diff stress factors than whites such as poverty, housing and crime. However exp a advantage over whites bc their relationships more power balanced
53
issues surrounding psychotherapy and asians?
many have strong traditional views that males are powerful and females subordinate.
- Asians just as likely to use services as whites however, imp culture variable to maintain honor and avoid shame
54
issues surrounding psychotherapy and natives?
the two major probs are alcohol and depression. contributing factors are poverty and unemployment.
55
Be familiar with nonsexist therapy, feminist therapy, including the three important components
- women and men should be treated equally, therapist interacts in non biased way
- goes beyond nonsexist therapy, in order to address social inequalities
1. Clients should be treated in a nonsexist fashion
2. Therapists must emphasize women’s strengths, especially because women are frequently devalued in our culture.
3. The distribution of power between the client and the therapist should be as equal as possible.
56
How feminist therapists view the 2nd component (devaluing) and how it is addressed - 5
1. Feminist therapists believe that women are typically less powerful than men in our culture, and women therefore have an inferior status. In reality, women have many strengths, and their major problems are not personal deficiencies. Instead, the problems are primarily societal ones, such as sexism, racism, and classism.
2. Women and men should have equal power in their family and other social relationships; therapists must help clients gain more power.
3. Society should be changed to be less sexist; therapists should not encour- age women to adjust to a sexist society by being quieter and more obedi-ent. In other words, feminist therapy must focus on social change, as well as individual change.
4. We must work to change and improve those institutions that devalue women, including governmental organizations, the justice system, educa- tional systems, and the structure of the family.
5. We also need to address other important inequalities, which are based on factors such as ethnicity, age, sexual orientation, social class, and disabil- ities; gender is not the only important inequality.
57
How feminist therapists view the 3rd component (power) and how it is addressed - 4
- egalitarian interactions
1. Whenever possible, the therapist should try to enhance the client’s power in the therapeutic relationship
2. The therapist must encourage clients to become more self-confident and independent and to develop appropriate skills to help themselves.
3. The therapist believes and demonstrates that the clients—rather than the therapist—are their own best experts on themselves.
4. When appropriate, feminist therapists may share information about their own life experiences, reducing the power discrepancy. However, a thera- pist’s primary tasks are listening and thinking, not talking.
58
what are the similarities between sexual harassment, rape, and abuse? - 8
1. All involve some form of violence either physical or emotional
2. Men typically possess more power than women
3. All represent tragic exaggeration of traditional gender roles
4. Men have a sense of entitlement
5. Women are left feeling even less powerful after the violence
6. Legal procedures are often embarrassing and humiliating; invading a womans right to privacy even further
7. The acts of violence encourage women to become more silent and invisible
8. People often blame the victim
59
What is sexual harassment?
- unwanted gender-related behavior that resulst in discomfort and/or work interference
- such as sexual coercion, offensive sexual attention, sexual touching, and hostile verbal and physical behaviors that focus on gender
- Typically occurs in work or school settings
60
quid pro quo
when a powerful individual makes it clear that a less powerful person must submit to sexual advances in order to obtain a certain benefit (promotion, good grade)
61
hostile environment
when the atmosphere (school or work) is so intimidating or unpleasant that a person cannot work effectively
62
How often does sexual harassment occur?
| - college?
- difficult to determine
- Depends on employment setting, higher numbers in traditional male occupations and military:
- reported by 20-30% of females students on college campuses
63
Regarding sexual harassment, what are the common reactions that women experience with respect to effects on employment & education, and emotional responses?
- effects on employment and education
| - emotional responses (anxiety, fear, self-doubt, embarrassment, helplessness, low self-confidence)
64
What can an individual do to help address the problem of sexual harassment? -6
1. Become familiar with your campus’s policy on sexual harassment
2. If a professor’s behavior seems questionable, discuss the situation objectively with someone you trust.
3. If the problem persists, consider informing the harasser that his sexual harassment makes you feel uncomfortable. Some experts recommend sending a formal letter Many harassment policies cannot be legally applied unless the harasser has been informed
4. Keep careful records of all occurrences
5. If the problem persists, report it to the appropriate officials on campus. An institution that takes no action is responsible if another act of harassment occurs after an incident is reported.
6. Join a feminist group on campus,
65
What is the public’s attitude about sexual harassment?
| - what must we do?
- females are more likely to believe that SH is a serious problem
- institutions must be firmly committed to fighting the problem; we must move beyond the level of trying to convince individual harassers to alter their behavior. Instead, we need to change the uneven distribution of power that encourages sexual harassment.
66
What is sexual assault?
| What is rape?
- Sexual touching and other forms of unwanted sexual contact typically accomp by psych pressure or physical threats
- a type of sexual assault involving sexual penetration without the individual’s consent, obtained by force or the threat of physical harm or when the victim is incapable of giving consent
67
How often does rape occur?
- difficult to determine bc surveys differ in definitions, small amount report to police and women fail to report as rape
- 15-30% at some point in lives
68
1. What is acquaintance rape?
2. percentage of women who knew the men who raped them,
3. the percentage of women who will experience some form of sexual assault from an acquaintance,
4. and the role that miscommunication plays in acquaintance rape.
1. refers to rape by a person known to the rape survivor, who is not related by blood or marriage.
2. 85% of victims knew the rapist
3. 35-40%
4. men are more likely than women to perceive other people as being seductive; ome men believe that women want to have sex, even though they have clearly said “No”
69
What is the role of alcohol and Rohypnal—the date rape drug?
- 50% of rapes assoc with alcohol
- Mixed with alcohol, Rohypnol increases sleepiness and the sensation of drunkenness
- effect similar to blackout, women have no recall of any events
70
What is women’s short-term adjustment to being raped?
- two styles
- physical
Short term adjustment – (within first few weeks) fear, anger, anxiety, most women blame themselves for the rape
- Some women have an expressive style. They show their feelings of fear, anger, and anxiety by crying and being restless. Others hide their feelings with a calm and subdued external appearance.
- ynecological symptoms, such as vaginal dis- charge and generalized pain.
71
What is women’s long-term adjustment to being raped?
- physical
- psychological
- PTSD
the effects may last for years
-physical health problems,
such as pelvic pain, excessive menstrual bleeding, vaginal infections, pregnancy complications, gastrointestenial probs, headaches
-Psychological problems include depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, sexual dysfunction, more likely to engage in high risk sexual behaviors and more likely to attempt suicide,
- symptoms such as intense fear, anxiety, emotional numbing, reexperincing rape in nightmares
72
How does the fear of rape affect all women?
- Many women say they feel unsafe when alone at night
- most take precautions against rape by stranger but not by acquaintance
- fear of rape controls behaviors and restricts what they can do
- Reduces womens sense of freedom and power
73
What are the public’s attitudes about rape?
| - gender
- Women who are raped are often doubly victimized, first by the assailant and later by the attitudes of other people
- Blaming the victim- gender roles; individuals with more traditional gender roles tend to place more blame on victim
- Gender- men more likely to blame the victum
- Circumstances surrounding the assault (victims clothing, who paid on date)
- college students are more likely to blame a woman for a sexual assault if she was verbally coerced, rather than physically forced
- more likely to blame the woman who has been raped in an acquaintance rape, rather than in a stranger rape
74
What are the four common myths concerning rape?
1. Rapists are strangers- no 85% know rapist
2. Women ask to be raped, they could avoid rape if they wanted to
3. Women who consent to sex often claim they were raped later on - polit- ically conservative college women were especially likely to endorse this myth.
4. Porn has no effect on men’s likelihood to rape - Pornography can also provide men with “rape scripts,” to show them specific techniques for sexual assault
75
What is the abuse of women?
| - prevalence
intentional acts that injure someone; these acts include physical, psychological, and sexual abuse.
- physical can include hitting, kicking, burning, pushing, choking, throw- ing objects, and using a weapon.
- Emotional abuse can include humiliation, name calling, intimidation, extreme jealousy, refusal to speak, and isolating someone from friends and family members. also withholding money
- men are about nine times as likely as women to assault a former spouse
76
What are six common myths concerning the abuse of women?
Myth 1: Abuse is rare.
Myth 2: Men experience as much abuse as women.
Myth 3: Abuse is limited to the lower social classes.
Myth 4: Abuse is much more common among ethnic minority groups than among European Americans.
Myth 5: Abused women deserve to be beaten and humiliated.
Myth 6: Abused women could easily leave, if they really wanted to.
77
abused women and therapy
Most therapist will adopt feminist therapy approach. Empowers women to think about themselves with compassion rather than criticism
- no one size fits all approach
- CBT is an effective approach and so is group therapy
78
services for abused women
most north american communities provide services such as shelters, however they often have low budgets and women are turned away sometimes
- government is decreasing funding
79
leaving a relationship
many reach a crisis point after a very violent episode or after being attacked in front of children
80
- issues surrounding the double standard of aging
| - Kite et al.’s (2005) meta-analysis and how the double standard of aging applies to sexuality.
double standard of aging=people judge elderly women even more harshly than elderly men
- ppl tend to think wrinkles in a man's face reveal maturity but in women its a negative message
personality characteristics- ppl select fewer negative stereotypes for older woman than for all other ages
- study reveals a double standard of aging in some characteristics, but not in others. found that people did demonstrate a larger drop for female targets in two conditions: (1) when the people rated the target males and females on characteristics such as generosity or friendliness and (2) when the people rated how willing they would be to interact with the target males and females. also found that people rated old men as being much less competent than young men; in contrast, they rated old women and young women about the same.
81
1. menopause,
2. the physical changes,
3. commonality of hormone replacement therapy,
4. contemporary attitudes
5. psychological reactions.
- ethnic diffs
1. A woman enters menopause when she has stopped having menstrual periods for 12 months. Most women experience menopause between the ages of 45 and 55, with the average being 51
2. most common is hot flash, osteoporosis, vaginal dry, thinning of vag tissues, headaches, urinary symptoms, fatigue - some report only 1 or 2 of the symptoms or none
3. refers to a combination of estrogen and progestin. it can relieve some symptoms. WHI study showed pills actually increased hear disease and breast
4. many women who exp it say they don't have enough info about it. literature reps it negatively suggest that a woman who is experiencing menopause is plagued by wildly fluctuating hormones, which force her to be grouchy, highly anxious, and depressed. Media portrays worst case scenarios and the myth that they aren't sexually active. Attitudes towards menopausal women more negative
5. depression, irritablity, mood swings however no evidence that menopause actually causes this. most however don't report psycho reactions to menopause. some women relieved.
- ethnic diffs small but Blacks have most positive attitudes asians least positive
82
older women as:
1. daughters,
2. mothers,
3. grandmothers.
1. sandwich generation refers to middle aged especially women who find themselves responsible for both their dependent children and their aging parents. Many willingly accept responsibility
2. research shows diffs in empty nests but most show it doesn't cause depression. in fact most are happier
3. most are grandmothers for about 1/3 of live. give advice on moral values and social responsibility
