Final Flashcards
(184 cards)
0
Q
Is a virus alive?
A
No, it dose not possesses all the requirements for life
1
Q
How is life defined
A
Life is defined thought a set of shared characteristics that all living thinks display
2
Q
A population consists of ___________?
A
A group of interacting individuals of one species
3
Q
A collage campus- includes the students, birds, trees, sidewalks, and air- makes up one compleat______________?
A
Ecosystem
4
Q
What is the following organizational hierarchy, from largest to smallest
A
Ecosystem ➡️ community ➡️population ➡️organ ➡️tissue ➡️cell ➡️molecule➡️atom.
5
Q
Gathering information just to add to the knowledge base, such as measuring the beak length of various bird species, is known as?
A
Discovery science
6
Q
Prokaryotes are unicellular. Are eukaryotes unicellular also?
A
Yes. They are unicellular and multicellular
7
Q
What are the letters that’s make up the chemical language of DNA
A
C,T,G,A
8
Q
What level of diversity refers to the variety of characteristics within a species?
A
Genetic diversity
9
Q
When a horse breeder chooses to breed only the fastest horses in an effort to select for speed, this is an example of?
A
Artificial selection
10
Q
The chemical name for table salt is sodium chloride, or simply NaCL. What type of chemical is NaCL.
A
Compound
11
Q
What is a trace element.
A
An element required in small amounts
12
Q
What are the 4 elements that make up the bulk of life?
A
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen.
13
Q
How many protons are in a typical carbon atom? How would you know just by looking at the table of elements?
A
- By looking at the atomic number at the top.
14
Q
How many neutrons are in a typical carbon atom?
A
6
15
Q
How many neutrons are in carbon 14
A
8
16
Q
If the number of protons in a atom dose not match the number of electrons, the atom is specifically called an ______?
A
Ion
17
Q
Identifify the part of the atom that most determines the chemical reactivity of the atom?
A
The number of shells
18
Q
In a chemical bonding, when the bonded atom share electrons, it is specifically called
A
A covalent bond
19
Q
What is the maximum number of single covalent bonds a carbon atom can form with other elements?
A
4
20
Q
Individual water molecules are held to one another by reflectively weak ______ bonds
A
Covalent
21
Q
Why is one side of a water molecule partially negative while the other side is partially positive?
A
Uneven sharing of electron parts occurs due to the strong pull of oxogen
22
Q
What’re is lightest ( least dense ) when it ________.
A
Freezes
23
Q
A needle can be made to float on the surface tension of water. What causes this surface tension to form?
A
The cohesion of water molecules to watch other
24
What dose the PH scale actually measure?
The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
25
Something with a PH of 5 would be?
Acidic
26
The functional group - NH2 is called the ______ group?
Amino
27
The breaking of a large organic molecule into a smaller individual subunit involves multiple?
Hydrolysis reactions
28
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
29
What is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that take place in your body called?
Metabolism
30
Lipids are all?
Hydrophobic
31
What gives an amino acid it's unique chemical properties?
The side group
32
To a large extent, and proteins function is dependent upon its shape. What determines a proteins shape?
the sequence of amino acids
33
Organic molecules that end in the suffix " -ase" often function as _________ molecules
Instamatic
34
TRUE OR FALSE ::: The lipid bilayer of a cell is arranged with hydrophobic heads on the outside and hydrophobic fatty acid tails on the inside
True
35
true or false:::: The cell membrane is considered to be selectively permeable because I don't allows some molecules to pass through but not others
True
36
True or false::: Phagocytosis involves engulfing solid materials via a minute infolding in the plasma membrane
False
37
True or faults::: Each somatic cell in an animal's body contains the information to make over 100,000 different types of proteins
True
38
True or false::: transcription begins in the nucleus
True
39
True or false:: mutations can arise spontaneously you are the associated with viruses, ionizing radiation, and certain chemicals
True
40
This family mercurous can play a vital role in cell to cell reconciliation or contact signaling.
Membrane receptors
41
Examples of ligands include
Neurotransmitters and hormones
42
The principal compounds of cytoplasm are
Cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusion, and cytosol
43
How many mitochondria are in the average mammalian cell
It depends on the cells activity level. Highly active cells such as heart cells require more mitochondria.
44
Ribosomes produce
Proteins
45
The cell structure modifies, packages, and distributes proteins designed secretion or intracellular use
Golgi apparatus
46
This cell is angulated and therefore cannot divide, make proteins are enzymes, or repair itself
Red blood cell
47
A neutral solution has A pH ofwhich activity repair is energy expenditure
Active transport
48
These are giant cells that gobble debris, Dead cells, and outside invaders.
Macrophages
49
The end of Telophase is marked by ?
Cytokinesis
50
The process of building new proteins using the information on the mRNA molecule is called
Translation
51
Temporary or permanent and inhibition of jeans and some cells but not in others is responsible for cell __________
Differentiation
52
Water behind a damn is a certain amount of stored energy that can be related as waterfalls over the top of the dam. And maybe enough energy to turn a windmill or an electricity generating turbine. what type of energy would this be
Potential
53
We use energy in many ways. Describe one thing we cannot do to energy
Destroy it
54
What is the definition of energy
The capacity to do work
55
Predict what would happen as the entropy of a system approach 100%
Randomness would become maximized
56
What is cellular respiration
To convert the chemical energy of sugar into the chemical energy that fuels life processes
57
What is the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet
The sun
58
Name three photosynthetic members
Plants bacteria protists
59
What is photosynthesis is a waste product
O2
60
The chemical reaction of photosynthesis occurs in what cellular organelle
Chloroplast
61
In a recent newspaper article promoting the eating of seaweed in seaweed products, the argument was made that doing so was a more efficient use of energy than eating animals. Why would eating Siri to be more energy efficient than eating animals?
The energy found in animal matter represents a fraction of the energy found in plant matter eaten by the animals. It would be better to just eat the plants in skip a step.
62
How does CO2 enter a plant
Through the stomata
63
What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis
Water + carbon dioxide + energy = sugar + oxygen
64
How do we know green light is not absorbed by the chlorophyll
Because of the green light is reflected and not absorbed
65
Why do some leaves change colors in the fall
The chlorophyll molecules breakdown and other pigments now become visible
66
The light reaction of photosynthesis ultimately converts low energy molecules of ______________ into high-energy molecules of________
ADP, ATP. NADP,NADPH
67
Name a product of the Calvin cycle
Sugar
68
What is a photosystem
Clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy
69
What is the role of light in photosynthesis
It energizes electrons
70
Where does cellular respiration occur
In the mitochondria
71
Identify the stage of cellular respiration it when glucose is split into two molecules of Pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
72
During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced
Electron transport chain
73
Alcohol as a waste product produced by yeast in the presence of sugar in the absence of _______
O2
74
What color of light is not used for photosynthesis? How could you know just by looking at a leaf
Green. Because it is not absorbed it is reflected
75
What is the most recent common ancestor of fungi and animals?
A protist
76
What is a major role fungi play in the ecosystem
Recycling nutrients from dead organisms back into the food chain
77
How do fungi reproduce sexually
By the fusion of phage from two different fungi
78
How does a plants cuticle allow it to live on land
By preventing water loss
79
How does a plant get the carbon it needs to make glucose
From the air
80
Where do plants typically store their starches and sugars for later use
In the stem
81
How many of the animals Phyla include single celled animals
Zero
82
How do sponges acquire their Nourishment's
They synthesize it from chemicals in the water
83
Which body form of a cnidarians is sessile
Polyp
84
Gastropods include the? 2 answers
Snails and slugs
85
Which worm has no body cavity
Flatworms
86
Some organisms are described as having a _____ digestive track that includes a mouth at one end and then anus at the other
Complete
87
Which answer pod subgroup includes the spiders
Arachnids
88
True or false :: arachnids, crustaceans, insects all have an exoskeleton of Chitin
True
89
All vertebrates have?
A skull and vertebrae
90
Why can't amphibians survive far from water?
Their eggs do not have enough amnion which prevents them from drying out
91
What does the expression " terrestrial tetrapod's " mean
Lives on land, four limbs
92
All mammals have
Mammary glands
93
What is the role of the placenta
Provides a physical association between mother and developing fetus
94
What is humans closest living relative
Chimpanzees
95
Upon fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form a single cell called _______
Zygote
96
Dead or damage cells are replaced by
Mitosis
97
How much of your DNA is identical to that of another person of the same sex
99.5%
98
A single, continuous molecule of DNA plus it's associated protein is called a
Chromosome
99
What is the name of the center part that can next to sister chromatids
The centromere
100
During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicate
Interface
101
What are the five steps during mitosis
Chromosomes line up, nuclear membranes form, nuclear membrane dissolves, chromosomes split
102
Which process specifically refers to a cell physically dividing into two cells
Cytokinesis
103
When does the cell plate for me during cell division
At the completion of plant cell mitosis
104
How many chromosomes did you inherit from your father
23
105
Stomatic cells are______
Diploid ( 2n)
106
What is the gender of a person that is showing 2X chromosomes
Female
107
If my ptosis makes stomatic cells, what does meosis make
Gonads
108
The tall allele is dominant and the dwarf allele is recessive. What is the abbreviation for the dwarf allele
t
109
If I say a flower is purple, what have I described
It's phenotype
110
A true breeding milk chocolate Easter bunny is crossed with a true breeding dark chocolate Easter bunny. Assuming dark chocolate is dominant over milk chocolate and the traits said great according to Madelons genetics, what trades with the offspring or express
All dark
111
Assuming complete dominance what is the expected genotyping ratio of the offspring following the cross of to heterozygotes
1 to 2 to 1
112
Assuming incomplete dominance, of a homozygous red flowered plant is crossed with a homozygous white flowered plant, what will be the color of the offspring?
Pink
113
Genes located near one another on the same chromosome and are often inherited together. These are called
Linked genes
114
What is the monomer of a DNA polymer
Nucleotide
115
Which enzyme is responsible for adding complementarity DNA bases to an exposed DNA strand
DNA polymerase
116
According to the base pairing rules of DNA, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?
TCCGAAT
117
If DNA detects the production of RNA, what does RNA make
RNA makes proteins
118
If the base sequence of template strand read GCCATTAC, what is the base sequence of the M RNA
CGGUAAUG
119
What does transfer RNA actually transfer
Amino acids
120
If the codon is AAA, what is the complementary anti-codon
UUU
121
How many nucleotides in the sequence are required to code for 10 amino acids
30
122
Barr bodies are associated with
X chromosome inactivation
123
The single transduction pathway allows
One cell to regulate the gene expression of another cell
124
Which genes are responsible for our year overall structure, such as how many legs you have and where they developed
Growth factor jeans
125
The type of mutation that alerts the nucleotide sequence of a gene but does not alert the amino acid sequence of the protein produced from the gene is called______ mutation
Silent
126
How does a cell typically know when to divide
Proto-oncogenes code for growth factor proteins that indicate cell division
127
The spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to the site of distance in the body is called
Meta-stasis
128
The small circular molecule of DNA commonly found in bacteria are
Plasmids
129
A collection of cloned DNA fragments representing the organisms entire genome is called
Genomic library
130
While it is a standard ruleof them to say information passes from DNA to RNA to protein, there are exceptions. What is the name of the enzyme that builds DNA out of RNA
Reverse transcriptase
131
A cloned mammal is made by a similar technique as the one used to produce transgenic animals, except the entire genome is replaced instead of a single gene, this is accomplished by removing the DNA from the unfertilized egg of an egg donor, Replacing it with DNA from a normal body cell of the immature animal, and then implanting the cell into the uterus of a surrogate mother. The cell then divides and behaves as if it were a normal embryo. Of whom is the baby a clone?
DNA donor
132
If you started the PCR technique with two fragments of double-stranded DNA, calculate how many double-stranded DNA fragments you would have after four cycles
32
133
What is the success rate of gene therapy
Poor as there have been few successes but many disappointments
134
The origin of the first living organism is called
Biogenesis
135
Which was not a gas in earths earliest atmosphere
Ch4
136
What do scientists believe was the original genetic material able to copy itself without assistance
RNA
137
By what means do bacterial cells typically divide
Binary fission
138
Which protective structure forms to protect certain bacteria during periods of harsh conditions
Endospore
139
If you look at unknown cells under a microscope, but could lead you to correctly conclude that they are bacterial cells
They lack a nucleus
140
What is the strategy used by many prokaryote for obtaining their energy and there molecule building blocks directly from inorganic chemicals
Chemosynthetic
141
Which organisms are called the extremophyils and flourish in extreme conditions
Archaea
142
True or false pathogenic bacteria are helpful to humans
False
143
Which was first on the planet. Prokaryote or eukaryotes
Prokaryotes
144
Which is not a method of introducing new jeans into the bacterium
Binary fission
145
Are there more helpful types of bacteria on this planet that harmful types
Yes
146
What is the leading scientific theory on how the first nuclear membrane originated
From the inward folding of the plasma membrane
147
When a plant cell divides, how would you expect it's chloroplast to divide
Binary fission
148
Which organelle can survive outside of the cell
None of them
149
When might be the advantage to a cell if it a simulated and ingested photo synthetic bacterium rather than digested it
It could now use sunlight to make its food
150
Which protists groups include membrane with plantlike trades such as chloroplasts and multicellularaty
Algae
151
Which began first
Multicellular life in the ocean
152
Which viral life cycle would result in a quicker death for an infected cell
Laytic cycle
153
Prior to The publication of Charles Darwin's book what was the prevailing public consensus regarding species evolution
That species were permanent and unchanging
154
Which two observations lead Darben to conclude that there is competition for survival
Natural selection and dissent with modification
155
Individuals with variations of that make them best suited to their environment will on average be more likely to
Survive and reproduce
156
Why or why is it not accurate to say that individuals evolve
It is not accurate because individuals do not change over time in a way that can be passed onto the next generation
157
Can you inherit physical traits that your parents acquired during their lifetime
No
158
Have fossils of transitional forms been found
Yes many have been found
159
Which of the following are considered to be fossils. Mineralized bone, animals frozen in ice or preserved and Amber, footprints or other impressions preserved and stone,
All of the above
160
What is the name for the study of geographic distribution of species
biogeography
161
Comparing the body structures of organisms to find evidence of a shared evolution Atari history is called
Comprehensive anatomy
162
Although modified to perform a different task, a horses front leg is made of the same bones as your arm. This suggests a common ancestor between horses and humans and that also had those bones and it's for them. The horse leg in human arm are there forward considered to be
homologous
163
What is the smallest unit that can evolve
A population
164
What is the original source of variation
Mutation
165
What defines a population
Interbreeding members of the same species
166
What events can lead to offsprings having a unique arrangement of their parents Genes? 2 answers
Crossing over an independent assortment
167
During which geological era did life first appear on the planet
Precambrian
168
In many ways a mule is a superior animal to the horse or donkey. They often are stronger and can jump higher than either of their parents. Why then are they considered to be "weak hybrid"
They are sterile
169
What classification grouping includes the greatest number of species
Domain
170
What field of science has as its goal to classify all living things into a hierarchical System of relatedness of that runs from most brought it to most narrow
taxonomy
171
Diffusion
The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
172
Osmosis
When water flows from my area of high water concentration to a lower water concentration
173
Facilitated diffusion
Specific transport proteins embedded in the membrane are able to be transported via facilitated diffusion
174
Active transport
Involves moving a substance against its concentration gradient
175
What are the two types of active transport
Endocytosis and exocytosis
176
Endocytosis
The transport of large substances into the cell
177
Exocytosis
The export of large quantities of materials from the cell
178
Producers
Can absorb the suns energy and converted into chemical energy stored in the sugars and other organic molecules
179
Consumers
Organisms that obtain food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants
180
Charles Darwin published
The origin of species by means of natural selection
181
Darwin introduced the concept of
Natural selection and evolution
182
Photosynthesis
The energy of sunlight is captured and used to create sugars
183
Cellular respiration
A sequence of chemical reactions. This process uses oxygen to harvest chemical energy from the molecules of sugar
