Final Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
ergogenic aid
A
work to produce. agents that enhance performance. helps ppl work harder
2
Q
classes of ergogenic aids
A
nutritional, pharmacological, mechanical/accessory
3
Q
nutritional ergogenic aids
A
high CHO diet, fluid/CHO consumption, protein supplementation, glycerol
4
Q
High CHO does
A
improves ability to perform can be consumed during exercise
5
Q
protein supplementation does
A
helps to enhance muscle anabolism and do work later on
6
Q
glycerol does
A
helps maintain hydration, helpful for exercising in heat
7
Q
pharmacological ergogenic aids
A
caffeine, amphetamines, anabolic steroids
8
Q
caffeine does
A
stimulates CHS, enhances exercise performance
9
Q
anabolic steroids does
A
help you recover workout, build muscle mass
10
Q
CNS depressants can be ergogenic aids
A
helpful for target shooters to slow HR
11
Q
mechanical accessory ergogenic
A
1GT super bike has lowest drag and is fastest bike in world 2helmets to make more aerodynamic, streamlines airflow, reduces amount of work for person to perform at same level 3clap skates used speed skating captures more work person does 4person creates horizontal energy when running transfer to poll to make vertical energy 5specializeed suits that are hydrophobic so water stays away and reduces drag
12
Q
choosing ergogenic aid: 4 questions
A
- legal 2.safe 3.ethical 4effective
13
Q
is it legal?
A
generally well defined: 1.governing body: WADA/USADA 2.mode entry: water may be legal if taken orally but IV fluid use is not (is in NFL) 3.development may be ahead of testing/rules… be careful on drug tests, governing body can show up at anytime asking for blood/urine sample
14
Q
is it safe?
A
- usually well defined 2. some gray area 3. can have unsafe consequences 4. big ethical issue 5.special force officers in great shape
15
Q
is it ethical
A
people mainly want to take aids to keep up with competitors who are doping… have to look at motivation
16
Q
is it effective
A
- not always easy determine 2. may not be ergogenic in all situations 3.may not be ergogenic for everyone 4. controlled stuides: statistical significance
17
Q
the importance of statistical significance
A
if 5% improvement isn’t statistically significant but olympic coach says that makes a big difference in competition… doesn’t actually matter though, data doesn’t say how much of a difference is needed for competition
18
Q
statistically signficant most likely/ not significant most likely
A
increase performance 5%, doesn’t increase performance… different variable can affect way ppl respond treatment
19
Q
get the whole story on if its effective
A
don’t rely on magazine articles or product labels… writers may not be very well informed, many supplement manufacturers are concerned with making money not helping athletes
20
Q
beta hydroxy beta methylbutyrate (HMB)
A
- naturally occurring compound 2. inhibits proteolysis in virto
21
Q
Nissen et al. (HMB)
A
concluded that HMB consumption increased overall body strength following 3 weeks of supplementation and resistance training
22
Q
HMB total body, lower body, upper body strength
A
0.02, .009, .69
23
Q
H+ accumulation (protons)
A
reduces pH and interferes with muscle contration and energy pathways
24
Q
increasing pH and/or bicarbonate
A
can reduce rate of acidosis
25
bicarbonate
prevents acidosis hopefully increase exercise capacity
26
buffering agents
1.sodium bicarbonate consumption (NaHCO3) 2.lactate consumption 3.alanine consumption
27
sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
1. not always effective 2. 35 random stuides no ergongenic effect 3. 19 no improvement, 3 20%
28
why such wide range for sodium bicarbonate
1. inconsistent dosages 2. tolerance ranges vary form person to person 3. exercise challenge must cause acidosis (very high intensity, fatigue w/in 1-3 min)
29
lactate.. fates
1. consumes protons 2. oxidation/conversion to glucose... gluconeogensis
30
lactate consumed orally
body will metabolize, if enough can increase bicarbonate levels in blood
31
Morris et al lactate
1. short high intensity exercise 2. placebo aspertame 3. lactate significantly increase time to exhaustion 120 mg/kg*bm
32
compared dosage lactate in morris et al
120 vs 300 mg/kg no improvement compared to each other but improved compared to placebo
33
alanine gets converted
into carnosine in skeletal muscle
34
consuming carnosine orally
doesn't leave liver so we need to take alanine so muscle can take it up... negative charge N attracts protons and takes them protons out soln and prevents acidosis
35
Van Thiene et al (alanine)
1. peak power 110 kJ performance test then 30s sprint 2.pre-post with placebo not much difference 3. peak power significantly increase post 4. mean power post with alanine improved a lot
36
Derave et al (alanine)
1. 5 x 30 knee extension 2. statistically significant 3. knee extension time to exhaustion 400 m run time 3. does really work need look other studies 4. no change in time to exhuastion no change in 400 m run time
37
myostatin
keeps muscles from growing too large, whip pet genetically deactivated myostatin
38
ubiquinone/coenzyme Q10, Co Q10
1. coenzyme ETC 2. necessary oxidative phosphorylation 3.supplementation reputed to improve aerobic performance (enhances athletes) 4. moves electrons
39
ergogenic effects of Q10
only seen in cardiac, mitochondria myopathy patients: improvement time to exhuastion and degratation of mitochondria 2. no advantage in trained athletes
40
ginseng
1. traditional chinese med 2.pooer research methods: purity/do product not controlled and didn't control if subjects really have disease, well controlled studies show no effect looking at exercise performance 3. called stimulant and depressant 4. pacebo effect
41
chromium picolinate
1. appears to assist insulin with protein/CHO transport into cell 2. necessary levels: how much needed in blood to assist insulin don't know if excess will further help insulin 3. excess can lead to anemia (absorbs similar to fe and block it)
42
Caffeine presentations
1. graham et al. perforamcne and metabloic responses to high caffeine does during prolong exercise 2. Bell et al Exercise endurance 1,3,6 hrs after caffeine ingestion in caffeine users/non-users
43
graham et al methods
2 VO2 max tests treadmill/cycle... 4 trials week apart consume placebo/caffeine 2- run to exhaustion 2-cycle to exhaustion
44
graham et al what taken
1. resting blood sampe and urine sampe taken before, then 1 hrs after ingestion, blood and expired gas taken every 15 mins and at exhaustion... second urine sample taken before exhuastion (15 min)
45
graham et al what measured
1. expired air 2. blood hematocrit: ephinephrine/norepinephrine, lactate, glucose 3.blood-serum: free fatty acid and glycerol 4. urine: caffeine concentration levels
46
major findings graham et al
after caffeine ingestion on both treadmill and cycle increase exercise duration and plasma epinephrine concentration
47
no significant increase... RER graham et al`
in plasma of norepinephrine, no change RER post caffeine ingestion
48
graham et al (caffeine) him
1. epinephrine increased 2. nopenherine did not 3. RER did not change with caffeine high intensity exercise so RER limited 4. Lactate: increased in first 60 minutes when sitting than increase up to 30 minutes but at exhuastion didn't change
49
Idea behind lactate and caffeine and FFA
lactate made at glycolysis and we burn glucose from glycogen. caffeine increases FFA in blood and giving different form energy so can save carb stores but lactate increase which means using more glycogen so using more carb not less (graham et al.)
50
Caffeine and what it does
don't know why it does what it does but it does improve performance but its not because of the proposed idea that glycogen stores are spared by using fat
51
bell et al methods
1. VO2 max measured on ergometer 2. 5 min cycling 50% VO2 max ride to exhuastion at 80% VO2 max 3. arrived 1,3,6 hrs prior exhaustion ride did each with caffeine and placebo
52
bell et al measurements
1. antecubital vein catheter blood samples: intial, b4 ER, 10 min after riding 80%, at exhuastion 2. RPE, time,VO2, RER, HR 3. Plasma: lactate, glucose, FFA, caffeine, serum osmolality
53
bell et al time to exhaustion
1. significantly higher in both caffeine groups when compared placebo, non users showed signifcanlty greater improvement when compared to users
54
bell et al RER, HR, RPE, lactate
1. no difference 2. higher non users 3. reduced longer non users... increased
55
bell et al caffeine concentrations
1. increased through exercise with 1 hr post ingestion 2. remained constant through exercise with 3 or 6 hr 3. 1 and 3 hr post ingestion trials ahd greater concentrations when 6 hr post-ingestion trial
56
bell et al Dr. morris
1. effect caffeine greater/persist longer in non users 2. ergonic effect users lost at 6 hrs 3. non users caffine will be more sensitive longer time with same amount 4. lactate: increased which suggested carb metobliasm using more glycogen so idea caffeine sparing glycogen by using fat not working
57
L-carnitine stuides
decombaz effect of L-carnitine on submax and grieg et al oral supplementation with L-carnitine
58
grieg et al 1st trial, 2nd trial
1. taken for 14 days, exercise test, changed other substance 2. taken 28 days, 2 weeks break, start other compound... ergometer
59
grieg et al measured
oxygen uptake, carbond dioxide output, cardiac frequency, venous blood sample before and 5 miutes post: trial 1 plasma concentration lactate and B-hydroxybutyrate trial 2 plasma lactate measured
60
grieg et al no significant different
1. vo2 max 2. cardiac frequency max 3. RER 4. lactate and b-hydroydutyrate
61
grieg et al submax cardiac frequency
at 50% reduced with carnitine supplementation but not in trial 2 and none at 75%
62
L-carnitine tests...him
1. measured gas exchange and substrate metabolism and glycogen depletion with supplementation of cranitiane but not change 2. transporting mechanism is limiting factor and cranitiane tranpsort FA to membrane so idea cranitiane icnreases fat use but it doesn't 3. measured RER and HR and it doesnt
63
Harris et al creatine methods
5 g dose, some did 1 hr bike ergometer/day with one leg, muscle biopsy taken from vastus lateralis before supplementation
64
Harris et al muscle biopsy tested
PCr, Cr and ATP
65
Harris et al measurements taken
venous blood samples taken before/after Cr supplementation, 24 urine collection
66
Harris et al
no significant results, TCr increased for those with already low
67
Creatine him
1. creatine supplementation works in some people for total creatine 2. statistics were done weird and skewed it (examples specific studies) 2. some ppl respond some dont skewing results 3. ppl with lower levels tend to repsond and ppl with high tend not to but sometimes you see 4. you have to test someone to know if they are going to respond with muscle biopsy
68
Greenhaff et al (1994) skeletal muscle PCr resynthesis methods
1. knee extensions max volunatry force and stimulated max 2. 5 g dose 3.muscle biopsy: ATP, PCr, free Cr, lactate
69
Greenhaff (1994) increases
mean body weight increased
70
Greenhaff (1994) him
1. look at all 8 subjects and creatine supplementation all together no statistically difference 2. looking each individual if began with low initial TCr levels they significantly increased so very individual based 3. non responders: small increases no significance PCr resythesis rates none significant 4. responders: increase in free creatine levels PCr resythesis rates none significant 5. supplementation doesn't increase PCr but can for some increase Cr levels giving more free Cr helping recover faster due to creatine kinase equation
71
creatine kinase equation
ADP + CrP --> ATP + Cr+ 1. during recovery go back to left to regenerate CrP so if have more Cr will increase rate of reaction going back to left so hopefully see faster recovery rate if have higher Cr stores
72
Greenhaff et al (1993) oral creatine supplemntation muscle torque max voluntary exercise methods
1. max knee extenstions to exhaustion 2. blood sample arterialized venous 3.torque measured/plotted 4. paired T-tests used compare T1 and T2
73
Greenhaff et al (1993) results
1. peak torque production occurred during first 5 reps each bout 2. torque production decreased from beginning to end bout 3. each bout demonstrated decrease torque production 4.significant increase torque production 2nd and 3rd bouts and total peak torque increase 2,3,4 and final 10 reps first bout as well 11-20 during 5th bout 5. decreased levels ammonia
74
Greenhaff et al (1993) him
1. if responding creatine would show in later bouts when actually need to 2. CrP stores ahvent gone up so strange just see difference in first bout 3. expect see difference early part subsequent bouts not in middle or at end (right after recovered) 4. some evidence that creatine might help performance in specific type exercise
75
Greenhaff et al (1993) him about stats
1. analyze of variance used to analyze mean of 2 groups or paired T test 2. alpha inflaction every time do T test repearted youre increasing that alpha level so often times you end up seeing significance in random places in your data they should have used analyze of variances
76
Glaister et al. methods
1. 3 multiple sprint trials 2. trial 3 prick blood samples taken 3. lactate analysis via hand help lactate Pro
77
Glaister et al results
1. increase body mass due probs fluid retention 2. no significant difference sprint time
78
Glaister et al him
1. creatine supplementation had no significant effect on measures of fastest or mean sprint times, fatigue, and posttest blood lactate concentration 2. no signficicant differenc ein performance or precent of fatiuge 3. difference from previous studies because exercise type and didnt use T test 4. one stationary one not so weight bearing and non weight bearing so body mass increase with supplementation has effect on weight bearing because have to perform more work to move body
79
Dawson et al methods
1. study 1: 1 x 10 second cycle sprint study 2 6 x 6 cycle spring 2. blood lactate analox 3. blood sample taken at ear lobe after warm up and before testing, while pedaled then throughout
80
Dawson et al him
1. use paired T test compare placebo and creatine to baseline so not alpha inflation 2. one study: exercise performance during single 10 sec sprint compared difference creatine and placebo with not difference 3. other 6x 6 off sprint as fast as can when on and do 6 times.. helped total work down, only see difference first 6 sec so kinda contradicts itself, only showed post loading greater than post loading value of placebo group but that is pointless but there is nothing to denote if post loading creatine group is greater than value of baseline this is comparison that needs to be made and needed to see if it worked 3. find nothing in this study
81
Balsam et al endurance exercise.. methods
1. supramaximal treadmill running to exhaustion 120% VO2 max and 6 k undulating terrain running
82
Balsam et al hypoxathine levels
technically reduced if had enough creatine but no statistical difference
83
Balsam et al creatine supplementation alone doesn't
enhance performance or increase peak oxygen uptake during prolonged continuous exercise
84
Balsam et al significant difference between creatine supplementation adn placebo found
2. terrain performance (increase time/decrease performance perhaps bc body mass) 2. blood lactate levels on treadmill 3. body mass
85
balsam et al no significant difference
1. blood lactate for terrain (no increase in accumulation of type II muscle fibers) 2. peak plasma hypoxanthine concentration (so must not be more Cr helping not create hypoxanthine) 3. HR 4. O2 uptake 5. performance on treadmill... so no enhancement of performance so no erogonic affect on endurance
86
Balsam et al what measured
1. treadmill: time exhaustion, blood lactate at exhaustion, O2 consumption, peak HR 2. trail run: time completion, blood lactate post, blood hypoxanthine pre and 15 min post exercise, peak HR
87
carnitine and glycogen depletion and fat oxidation Decombaz et al
don't' alter energy expeniture and fat oxidation doesn't change
88
Decombaz et al method
30 minutes on bike at 60 rpm then at 100% vo2 max for 5 in ride to exhaustion
