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Spring:Abd > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the landmark structures for locating the gb?

A

portal triad: portal vein, hepatic artery, CBD, gb fossa, main lobar fissure

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

A

biliary tract disease

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3
Q

What is Gerota’s Fascia?

A

surrounds the true capsule and perinepheric fat of kidney

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4
Q

What condition is increased pressure within the portal-splenic venous system?

A

extrahepatic portal hypertension

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5
Q

If you have a small, hyperechoic pancreas with calcifications, what is this?

A

chronic pancreatitis

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6
Q

What structure divides the left lobe into two segments?

A

falciform ligamnet and ligamentum teres

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7
Q

Cholecystokinin is stimulated once food reaches what structure?

A

released by the presence of fat in the intestine

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8
Q

If a patient presents with back pain, weight loss, and painless jaundice, what is this?

A

hepatitis

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9
Q

What structure surrounds the liver?

A

Glisson’s capsule

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10
Q

A fluid collection that contains bile is called?

A

biloma

(gallbladder?)

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11
Q

A liver pathology that may have splenomegaly is called?

A

cirrhosis

(portal hypertension?)

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12
Q

Enlargement of the gb caused by obstruction, what is this called?

A

Courvoisier’s sign

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13
Q

RUQ, nausea, and vomitting: predispossing factors of what?

A

acute cholelithiasis

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14
Q

What structure in the kidney could be mistaken for an extra renal pelvis?

A

hydronephrosis

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15
Q

What structure is located anterior-lateral portion of the pancreatic head?

A

gastroduodenal artery (GDA)

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16
Q

What’s the normal length of an adult spleen?

A

8-13cm

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17
Q

What type of aneurysm is most commonly associated with a bacterial infection?

A

mycotic aneurysm

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18
Q

To aide in demonstrating acoustic shadowing, what can a sonographer do?

A

raise frequency

add harmonics

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19
Q

Extensive pancreatic inflammation into surrounding tissues, what is it called?

A

phlegmon

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20
Q

If you have an elevation in aldosterone, what organ is affected?

A

adrenal gland

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21
Q

What structure is commonly mistaken as the pancreatic duct?

A

(splenic artery and vein)

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22
Q

Main renal arteries arise from the lateral aspect of the aorta inferior to what?

A

inferior to celiac axis

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23
Q

Know the portions of the gallbladder (include normal variants)

A

neck, body, fundus

hartmann pouch-outpouching of gb neck

bilobed gb-hourglass appearance

septated gb-thin separations within gb

phrygian cap-fundus is folded onto itself

junctional fold-fold at gb neck

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24
Q

What is termed an outward bulge to the renal cortex?

A

dromedary hump

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25
What is the congenital anomaly where you have a fusion of both kidneys?
horeshoe kidney
26
What is the function of the spleen?
breakdown of hemoglobin formation of bile pigment formation of antibodies and immunity red blood cell production
27
When you see a comet tail artifact in the gallbladder, what is this?
adenomyomytosis
28
Non-shadowing, low amplitude echoes in the gallbladder: what are we looking at?
sludge
29
What is the accessory duct of the spleen called?
splenunculus (accessory spleen)
30
What lab values will you assess for renal function?
Bun and creatinine
31
The pancreas lies in the lap of what structure?
C-loop of the duodenum
32
What's another name for the portal triad?
portal confluence
33
Congenital anomaly of the pancreatic head circling the duodenum, what is this called?
annular pancreas
34
What's the most common type of abdominal aortic aneurysm?
fusiform
35
An AAA is present when the diameter exceeds what?
over 3cm
36
Know the layers of the vascular system
tunica intima-inner tunica media-middle tunica adventitia-outer
37
Sonographic findings of acute hepatitis
normal liver texture portal veins are more prominent liver parenchyma slightly more echogenic hepatosplenomegaly is present gb wall is thickened
38
What is the most common benign tumor of the liver?
cavernous hemangioma
39
Patients who have liver cancer are likely to have had what?
cirrhosis
40
The right and left hepatic ducts emerge to form what?
common hepatic duct
41
What are the normal sizes of CBD? (Age relation?)
normal: \<6mm for people 60 and under 1mm/decade after the age of 60
42
What is inflammation of the gallbladder?
cholecystitis
43
What hepatic mass is associated with oral contraceptives?
liver cell adenoma (focal nodular hyperplasia-second most common benign mass)
44
Valves of heister are found where?
neck of gallbldder
45
What's the most common system with acute thrombosis of the portal vein?
46
The liver is suspended from the diaphragm and interior abdominal wall by what structure?
falciform ligament
47
An ameobic abcess may enter the liver through what structure?
portal vein
48
Echinococcal cysts are more prevalent where?
sheep grazing countries
49
Fatty infiltration of the liver causes elevation of liver enzymes, can it be reversed?
benign process that may be reversible with correction of process, but is also a precursor for significant chronic disease
50
What's the most common malignant adrenal mass?
adrenal neuroblastoma
51
What are the spaces called where fluid accumulates in the flank of the abdomen and pelvis?
subphrenic-pouch of Douglas
52
Typical symptoms of a patient with an abcess formation:
fever, pain, pleuritis, nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, elevated liver function tests, leukocytosis, anemia
53
A cyst containing urine
urinoma
54
Normal length of an adult kidney
9-12cm
55
Know the criteria in order to call a gallstone a gallstone
mobile strongly echogenic acoustic shadowing
56
Know about the portal veins (oxygenated or deoxygenated, flow)
flow is hepatopetal (towards the liver) portal veins carry blood from bowel to liver 80% blood supply to the liver 50% oxygenated blood supply to the liver
57
What's the condition where the portal veins are thrombosed?
(portal hypertension?)
58
What artery do we see posterior to the IVC?
right renal artery
59
Absence of one or both of the kidneys is known as?
renal agenesis
60
Most common location of adenoma carcinoma of the pancreas?
(head?)
61
What is the most common tumor of the pancreas?
(adenocarcinoma?)
62
Where is the pancreas located? (intra vs extra paratineal)
retroperitoneal cavity
63
What are the structures in the portal confluence?
portal vein, hepatic artery, CBD (main lobar fissure, gb fossa)
64
Splenic artery and vein, where are they located in relation to the pancreas?
artery-superior border of pancreas vein-posterior medial border of pancreas
65
Know about the celiac trunk
first branch off the aorta, lies anterior to the SMA common hepatic artery-forms proper hepatic artery and GDA left gastric artery-supplies stomach and esophagus splenic artery(largest branch)-forms gastroepiploic artery-supplies stomach and spleen
66
Cystic mass between the umbilicus and the apex of the bladder, what might that be?
urachal cyst
67
What's the space between the kidney and the liver?
Morrison's pouch
68
A complex cyst that results from a paracitic infection is called?
echinococcal cyst
69
Inflammation of the peritoneum is known as?
peritonitis
70
What is the most common cause of splenomegaly?
(peritonitis?)
71
What's the most common cause for renal failure?
Acute tubular necrosis (chronic renal failure)
72
Most common malignant tumor of the kidney in peds
Wilm's tumor
73
What is pyelonephrosis?
infection of the calyces and renal pelvis
74
benign fatty tumor of the kidneys
angiomyolipoma
75
What is the best description for a ureterocele?
cyst-like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter, which projects into the bladder when at the ureterovesical junction
76
The splenic artery originates from what?
celiac trunk(axis)
77
An area within an organ that has become necrotic due to lack of oxygen is called?
Ischemia
78
Most common location for a pancreatic psuedocyst
tail
79
What's the procedure where we take a piece of tissue for microscopic analysis called?
biopsy
80
What are the functions of the pancreas?
exocrine function-produces pancreatic juice to aid in digestion endocrine function-produces glucagons and insulin
81
What is thrombosis of the hepatic veins called?
Budd-Chiari syndrome
82
Where does the IVC terminate?
right atrium
83
What is considered a function of the lymph node?
returns tissue fluid to the blood carries specific absorbed food molecules defends body against infections
84
Gallbladder wall should not exceed what?
3mm
85
What quadrants are in a quad fluid assessment?
RUQ RLQ LUQ LLQ
86
Aorta dissection
defect in intima and internal weakness in wall must exist
87
What are the sonographic findings of a renal transplant rejection?
Acute renal failure: kidneys may appear normal in size or enlarged and may be hypoechoic with parenchymal disease obstruction is responsible for aprox 5% chronic renal failure: diffusely echogenic kidney with loss of normal anatomy if bilateral, small kidneys are identified
88
Tumor that has areas of sonolucence (hypoechoic), what is happening?
necrosis-blood supply has been cut off
89
What makes the splenic confluence?
splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein
90
Lab values: kidney, liver, thyroid
kidney- Bun, creatine Liver- AST, ALT, LDH, Alk-phos, Bilirubin, PT, Albumin, globulins thyroid-THS, T3, T4
91
Primary blood flow to testicles
testicular arteries
92
When a patient has sickle cell, know what is going on and what the spleen looks like.
atrophy of the spleen
93
Kidney tumors
94
Functions: kidneys, spleen, liver
kidneys-excretes waste, regulates composition of blood spleen-storage of iron, blood reservoir, rarely a cause of systemic disease liver-metabolism (carbs, protein), digestion, storage, detoxification
95
What happens to liver parenchyma in liver disease?
parenchyma becomes coarse with increased brightness of the portal triad
96
Liver ligaments
falciform ligament ligamentum teres ligamentum venosum gastrosplenic ligament splenorenal ligament
97
Liver nodules
98
Cells of the liver
hepatocytes
99
Sizes of normal bile ducts
normal: \<6mm under 60 increase 1mm/decade after 60
100
Appendicitis: symptoms, labs
McBurney's sign (pain when pushed on, rebound tendernous)
101
Aneurysm
most common-fusiform min size- \>3cm Marfan's- most common ascending aorta pseudoanerysms- after procedure, groin-most common location
102
Testicular torsion
comparison- between normal and torsed, look for arterial and venous (blood flow) hematoma may be present in trauma rupture signs-pain
103
Time out procedure
patient's name, procedure, location, legal action
104
Testicle
varicocele-dilated blood vessels, valsalva so vessels pop out layers- testie and scrotal wall-bell clapper
105
FNA: appropriate gauge
20-25
106
Breast
layers- subcutaneous layer, mammary (glandular) layer, retromammary layer cooper's ligaments- fibrous skeletal muscle that maintains the breast most common mass- benign:fibroadenoma malignant:invasive ductal carcinoma symptoms-
107
Procedures: thoracentesis
why do we send fluid to lab? to test for malignancy or infection chest x-ray after? make sure there is no pneumothorax
108
Cavities (retroperitoneum and introperitoneum)
109
GB diseases: How viewed under US?

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