FINAL Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Types of feedback
A
Linguistic, non-linguistic, paralinguistic
2
Q
Reasons we communicate (7)
A
Instrumental (ask for something), regulatory (direct others), interactional, personal, heuristic (to get info), imaginative, informative
3
Q
Semantics (what part of 3 domain system and definition)
A
Meaning and combinations; content
4
Q
Syntax (what part of 3 domain system and definition)
A
Grammar; form
5
Q
Morphology (what part of 3 domain system and definition)
A
Rules for organizing words; form
6
Q
Phonology (what part of 3 domain system and definition)
A
Combining sounds; form
7
Q
Pragmatics (what part of 3 domain system and definition)
A
Social use; use
8
Q
Speech
A
Actual production of sound
9
Q
Four components of language
A
Formulation, transmission, reception, and comprehension
10
Q
ANATOMY towards midline Away from midline Front Back
A
Medial
Lateral
Anterior/Ventral
Posterior/Dorsal
11
Q
ANATOMY Above Below Facing towards body Facing away from body
A
Superior
Inferior
Proximal
Distal
12
Q
Broca’s area (location and what it does)
A
Posterior left frontal lobe
Speech output; physical production of speech
13
Q
Wernicke’s area (location and what it does)
A
Superior left temporal lobe
Meaning of sounds
14
Q
Big 7 nerves
A
Trigeminal, facial, acoustic, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal
15
Q
Prosody
A
Volume, pitch, and stress
16
Q
When prominences don’t fuse correctly
A
Clefting; cleft palette is specifically when palette doesn’t fuse
17
Q
Aphasia
A
Results from brain trauma
Acquired syndrome where speech is affected
18
Q
What can aphasia impact?
A
Comprehension, formulation, or both
19
Q
Common causes of aphasia
A
Stroke, infectious disease, rumors, toxin exposure, hydrocephalus
20
Q
Why is aphasia a syndrome?
A
Because it has a cluster of identifiable deficits
21
Q
Types of stroke
A
Ischemic and hemorrhagic
22
Q
Ischemic stroke and types
A
Blood supply inhibited by blockage
- thrombosis: buildup of plaque
- embolism: plaque migrates
23
Q
Hemorrhagic stroke
A
Blood vessels or artery rupture
24
Q
Fluent aphasia
A
Prosody intact, speak effortlessly
25
Nonfluent aphasia
Halting, slow speech with impaired prosody
26
Phonemic paraphasia
Sounds in words substituted or transposed (tevelision)
27
Neologism
Extreme phonemic errors where less than half of the word is correct - jargon
28
Semantic paraphasia
Patient uses wrong word but in same semantic category (door for window)
29
Broca's aphasia
Nonfluent, impaired prosody, fair to good comprehension, phonemic paraphasia sometimes where they're usually aware
30
Wernicke's aphasia
Fluent, excessive talking (logorrhea), frequent neologism and jargon, poor comprehension
31
Anomic aphasia
Fluent, poor naming and word retrieval, no specific area damaged, fair to good comprehension
32
Global aphasia
Damage in multiple areas, nonfluent or no speech, poor comprehension
33
Transcortical motor aphasia
Nonfluent, paraphasia present, good comprehension and repetition
34
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Same as wernickes but impacts occipital region of brain
35
Conduct aphasia
Impacts arcuate fasciculus, fluent, naming and imitation problems, fair to good comprehension
36
Treatment for aphasia
Must account for period of spontaneous recovery, goal is to correct or compensate for deficits, longer treatment is best but is rare because money, generally group therapies
37
TBI
Traumatic brain injury; neurological damage to brain
38
Communication
Verbal and nonverbal ways of interacting with people
39
What is the number one cause of disability for people under the age of 50?
TBI
40
What are the three main causes of TBI?
Motor vehicle accidents, falls, and violence
41
Who have the highest incidences of TBI?
Infants, adolescents, and adults over the age of 65; males of low socioeconomic status because they engage in risky behavior
42
What are the three types of TBI?
open head injury, closed head injury, and polytrauma
43
Open head injury
TBI in which the skull is fractured or penetrated; the meninges gets torn. It is a focal injury resulting usually from violence and sharp objects
44
Closed head injury
Non-penetrating TBI which is most common and is diffused damaged
45
Polytrauma
TBI that combines open and closed head injury, which emerged because of the military (PTSD)
46
What influences the prognosis of a TBI (5)?
Nature, severity, degree of consequence, duration of coma, and duration of post-traumatic amnesia
47
What are two ways we can measure the duration of a coma?
Glasgow coma scale or rancho los amigos scale
48
Glasgow coma scale (what it is and does, and the actual scale)
Standardized measure of coma that assesses the degree of impairment and includes eye opening, verbal responses, and motor responses. Less or equal to 8 is severe, 15 is responsive and good
49
Rancho los amigos scale
Assess patients in early weeks or months after injury, and is good because the patient doesn't have to do anything. It is subjective and is based on 8 levels of cognitive functioning
50
Three severities of TBI
minor, moderate, severe
51
Characteristics of a minor TBI
No loss of consciousness, minor memory issues, example is concussions
52
Characteristics of a moderate TBI
Period of unconsciousness lasting no more than 24 hours, can cause lifetime problems
53
Characteristics of a severe TBI
Coma lasting longer than 24 hours, causing severe motor problems
54
Cognitive characteristics of a TBI
major attention problems, difficulties with memory, word retrieval, and problem solving/planning
55
Speech and Language characteristics of TBI
Socially inappropriate comments or poor social judgment/conversation, issues with abstract information, dysarthria
56
Behavioral characteristics of TBI
inpulsivity, aggression, inappropriate emotional displays and mood swings
57
Dysphagia
Swallowing disorder
58
Deglutition
Swallowing; neuromuscular act of moving substance from the oral cavity to the stomach
59
Bolus
substance being moved to the stomach
60
4 phases of swallowing
oral prep, oral, pharyngeal, esphagus
61
Oral prep phase of swallowing (purpose and how)
First phase! Bolus is in oral cavity being prepared for swallowing - chewing and rolling it into a ball. Lips are sealed and soft palate lowers
62
Oral phase of swallowing (purpose and how)
Second phase! Bolus moved to the back of the oral cavity so it can be moved into the pharynx. Tongue presses against hard palate to squeeze bolus back towards the pharynx.
63
Pharyngeal phase of swallowing (purpose)
Third phase! Moves the bolus down through the pharynx, past the closed airway, to the entrance to the esophagus
64
Pharyngeal phase of swallowing (how)
Tongue and pharynx squeeze together to create pressure to squeeze the bolus down; the upper esophageal sphincter opens to allow the bolus into the esophagus; the soft palate lifts to block off the nasal cavity, breathing stops, and the larynx and epiglottis move together and the vocal folds close
65
Esophageal phase of swallowing (purpose)
Fourth phase! Moves the bolus through the esophagus, past the lower esophageal sphincter into the stomach.
66
Etiology of dysphagia
stroke, cancer, progressive neurological conditions, TBI, infection
67
Penetrative dysphagia
Bolus enters the airway but stays above the vocal folds
68
Aspirative dysphagia
Bolus enters the airway and passes below the vocal folds
69
Oral phase dysphagia
Rejects or doesn't take food - could have a poor lip seal, food may be left after swallowing, or slow, weak mastecation
70
Pharyngeal phase dysphagia
Soft palate doesn't close all the way (causing nasal reflux), delayed initiation of swallowing, larynx doesn't close causing penetration or aspiration, reduced tongue and pharynx squeeze, and upper esophageal sphinctor doesn't open to let in bolus
71
Esophageal phase dysphagia
Difficulty opening the lower esophageal sphincter, reflux
72
MBS
Modified Barium Swallow; swallow food coated in barium, using radiation to see process
73
FEES
Fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing; pass endoscope through nose, past velum, down to level of vocal folds, patient swallows food mixed with green food coloring
74
Manometry
Tube with pressure sensors that is nasally placed into the throat and esophags
75
Feeding disorder
Disordered placement of food in the mouth, causing difficulty in food manipulation prior to the initiation of the swallow
76
What do newborns coordinate when feeding?
Sucking, swallowing, and breathing
77
Why are fish gills important to study?
Ontogeny resembles phylogeny
78
Pharyngeal/brachial arches
Bumps along embryonic neck that develop into structures of the upper aerodigestive tract
79
1st pharyngeal arch develops...
mandible, Eustachian tube, malleus, and incus
80
2nd pharyngeal arch develops...
inner ear and stapes
81
What does the face develop from?
One frontonasal prominence, one pair of maxillary promininces, and one pair of mandiblar promininces
82
Atresia
failure of a normally occurring canal to form/open (EAM)
83
Nasolacrimal duct
Tube from corner of eye connects with nose
84
Choanal atresia
Atresia of cavity that connects nose and mouth
85
Congenital aural atresia
EAM closed; surgery must occur after 5 years of age because a new pinna will need to be created
86
12 cranial nerves
olfactory, optic, oculomoter, trochlear, trigeminal, abduct, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal
