Final 3rd Sem Flashcards
1
Q
Sulfur is a dull material
A
Physical property
2
Q
Gold can be shaped into ingots
A
Physical property
3
Q
Rusting of an iron nail
A
Chemical change
4
Q
Boiling point of Copper is 2567 celsius
A
Physical property
5
Q
Sodium ignites in contact with water
A
Chemical property
6
Q
Only one type of atom. Can’t be separated into simpler substances
A
Element
7
Q
Al, Na, Cu, Pb, O are examples of
A
Elements
8
Q
Chemical combination of 2 or more elements. Separated by chem meth
A
Compound
9
Q
NaCl, KBr, H2O are examples of
A
Compounds
10
Q
2 or more substances physically mixed. Separated by physical meth
A
Mixture
11
Q
Pasta, water, ocean water, are examples of
A
Mixtures
12
Q
It has a uniform composition, the different parts are not visible
A
Homogenous mixture
13
Q
Types of mixtures
A
Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures
14
Q
It has not uniform composition, the different parts are visible
A
Heterogeneous mixture
15
Q
Air and salty water are examples of
A
Homogeneous mixtures
16
Q
Oil + water and salads are examples of
A
Heterogeneous mixtures
17
Q
Exists at a very high temperature
Particles move very fast, present ionic dissociation
It makes 99% of universe.
Ex. Stars, TVs, fluorescent lamps
A
Plasma
18
Q
Exists at very low temperature (near to absolute Zero)
Movement is almost null, particles overlap each other, and they behave as waves.
Never observed in nature, only achieved in the lab
A
Bose-Einstein condensate
19
Q
Shiny, solid at room temperature, ductile and malleable, good conductors of heat/electricity, are at the center and left of P table
A
Metals
20
Q
Dull, brittle, powdery, solids or gases, poor conductors of heat/ electricity, located at the top-rigth of the P Table
A
Non metals
21
Q
Both properties mixed, both conductors and isolators, located at a diagonal line between metals and non metals
A
Metalloids
22
Q
Atom with an electrical charge because it lost or gained electrons
A
Ion
23
Q
Atomic number
A
Equal to protons
24
Q
Mass number
A
Equal to protons + neutrons
25
Protons
Atomic number
26
Neutrons
Mass number - protons
27
Electrons in neutral atoms
Equal to protons
28
Negative charge ion
Add charge to electrons
29
Positive charge ion
Substract charge from electrons
30
Transference of valence electrons from metal to a nonmetal atom to form ions. Octets are completely separately
Ionic bond
31
Sharing of valence electrons between 2 nonmetal atoms or metalloids. Octets of the atoms overlap
Covalent bond
32
Ionic are
Metal and nonmetal
33
Covalents are
Nm and nm
34
Intermolecular forces are
Hydrogen bonding- polar and H with N, O or F
Dipole-Dipole- polar
Non-polar- london forces
35
H and Nm
Hydracids
36
H and Polyatomic Ion or H NmO
Oxyacids
37
M and OH
Bases
38
M and Nm
Binary salt
39
M and Polyatomic Ion
Tertiary salt
40
M and O
Metallic oxides
41
Nm and O
Nonmetallic oxide
42
Nm 2
Diatomic molecular compound
43
Nm and Nm
Polyatomic molecular compound
44
ite and ate
hypo and per
ous and ic
ite- lower oxidation state
ate- higher oxidation state
hypo- very lowest
Per- very highest
ous- lower charge
ic- higher charge
45
Gas Laws. Directly related
P and n
P and T
V and n
V and T
46
Gas Laws. Inversely related
P and V
n and T
47
What happens to the pressure when temperature triples?
P tripples too
48
How does volume change when the pressure decreases to a third?
Volume increases to triple
49
What changes occur to the temperature when the number of particles doubles?
T decreases to a half
50
Order of 5 layers of Earth in increasing order of altitude
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
51
Weather occurs here, habitat of living things
Troposphere
52
Absorbs ultraviolet radiation (at the ozone layer)
Stratosphere
53
Burns up most of the meteors
Mesosphere
54
Propagates radio waves (improving telecommunications)
Thermosphere
55
Protects from outer space, contains orbits of artificial satellites
Exosphere
56
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), ozone (O3), suspended particles (pm), volatile organic compounds (voc)
Main atmospheric pollutants
57
In photosynthesis oxygen —— and CO2 ——-
Is produced
Is consumed
58
In respiration oxygen is —— and CO2 is ——
Is consumed
Is produced
59
In combustion oxygen is —— and CO2 ——-
Is consumed
Is produced
60
Since the water molecules are very strongly attracted to each other by cohesion forces, they form a surface “layer” or “film”, allowing light objects or insects to float or walk on it
Surface tension
61
Intermolecular forces that form between a water molecule and the next one, due to the attraction of opposite charges, making water a very strong compound
Hydrogen bonds
62
Water molecules can react as both an acid and a base, depending on the conditions, also it facilitates precipitation and red-ox reactions, all indispensable for organism’s survival
Water reactions
63
Water expands as it freezes, making the solid weigh less than the same volume of liquid, that’s why ice floats in water, otherwise the lakes and oceans would freeze completely
Density change liq vs solid
64
As the hydrogen atoms in the water molecule are oriented to one side, this one has a positive and a negative side, each one attracting opposite charges
Polarity
65
Water can flow up a narrow tube or porous material, rising against the gravity force due to cohesion and adhesion forces, allowing plants to move water upward from roots to leaves
Capillarity action
66
Water can dissolve many other types of molecules (all which are polar too), facilitating the absorption of nutrients by living organisms and making the oceans salty
Universal solvent
67
Water can absorb big amounts of heat without changing its state of matter or turning to vapor, that’s why its boiling point (100 celsius) and melting point (0 celsius) are so far apart, allowing living beings to have a steady temperature throughout their bodies, also stabilizing weather
Specific- heat capacity
68
4 ways in which the water rises from the Earth surface to the sky
Evaporation from water bodies
Evaporation from wet soil
Transpiration from vegetation
Sublimation (snow)
69
4 ways in which the water precipitates to Earth
Rain drops, hail, sleet, fog, dew
70
4 ways in which the water flows on the Earth
Streamflow ( streams and rivers), surface runoff, lake storage, infiltration, percolation or ground water flow
71
Moves water around the globe, transporting heat, salt, and nutrients through all the oceans
Ocean conveyor belt
72
Powerful, warm, and swift ocean current that influences the climate of the east coast of North America and the west coast of Europe, warming up to the British Islands
Gulf stream
73
Is defined by prolonged warming of ocean water and it causes warm and very wet weather (flooding) along the coasts of South america
El Niño
74
Is defined by prolonged cooling of ocean water and it causes droughts in South America and heavy rains over south east asia
La niña
75
Types of water pollutants
Chemical pollutants
Physical pollutants
Biological pollutants
76
Organic and inorganic compounds dissolved or dispersed in the water
Chemical pollutants
77
Non living things (objects) or energy that can’t read with or dissolve in the water
Physical pollutants
78
Living organisms or microorganisms in water that become harmful if they are present in excess
Biological contaminants
79
Substances present in smaller amount, are dissolved by the solvent
Solute
80
Substance present in larger amount (only one), dissolves the solute
Solvent
81
Homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances
Solution
82
Maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a specific amount of solvent at a certain temperature
Solubility
83
Type of concentration that represents how many parts of solute are there, per a million parts of solution, the units to compare must be at a distance of 1 million values
Ppm (parts per million)
84
The concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution used to determine its acidity or akalinity
pH measure
85
Acidic
pH 0-7
86
Example acidic
Vinegar
87
Neutral
pH is 7
88
Basic (alkaline)
pH 7 to 14
89
3 ways to measure the pH of a substance
pH meter (potentiometer), pH paper, acid base indicators
90
4 effects of the excess of acidity in the environment or human health
Acid rain (dying forests), teeth decay, blood diseases, infertility of soil
91
A property of a solution that depends only on the concentration of solute present, but not on the identity or type of solute
Colligative property
92
What happens with the freezing point
Decreases (depression)
93
What happens with the boiling point?
Increases (elevation)
94
What happens with the osmotic pressure?
Decreases (at the side of the solution with the highest concentration)
95
Is the top layer of the Earth’s crust in which organic matter grows.
Soil
96
Components of soil
45% rock particles, 25% water, 25% air, 5% leaves
97
Are elements used in large quantities
Macronutrients
98
Are elements used in very small quantities
Micronutrients
99
Science and study of the processes that lead to the formation of soil
Edafogenesis (Pedogenesis)
100
Steps in order for Edafogenesis
1. Bedrock
2. Meteorization of bedrock
3. Chemical action
4. Biological action
5. Join action
101
Abundant in calcareous salts, usually white, arid and dry, not good for agriculture
Chalky soil
102
Consist of all kinds of rocks and stones, as they don’t hold water are terrible to grow
Stony soil
103
Mixture of sandy soil and clay soil
Mixed soil
104
Contain lots of decaying organic matter, great to retain water, excellent for farming
Humus bear
105
Made of silica crystals, cannot hold water, possess little organic matter (nutrients), not suitable for agriculture
Sandy soil
106
Consist of small, fine, and yellow grains, retain water in pools. Mixed with humus can be very effective for agriculture
Clayish soil
107
A solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence
Mineral
108
5 classes of minerals
Metallic ferrous
Metallic non ferrous
Metallic precious
Non metallic
Energy minerals
109
Is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms
Soil erosion
110
2 conservation methods used against soil erosion
Terracing, crop rotation
