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FInal 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Provide mechanical strength in cells

A

IF

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2
Q

Used for cell locomition and cell surface shape

A

Actin

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3
Q

Determine position of organelles and direct movement

A

MTs

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4
Q

Specialized structures that increase absorptive surface area in epithelial cells

A

Microvilli

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5
Q

What kind of cytoskeletal material are nuclear lamina made from?

A

IFs

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6
Q

Cytoskeletal material used for flagella

A

MTs

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7
Q

Birthplace of all cytoplasmic MTs

A

MTOC

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8
Q

What are MTs protofilaments?

A

Polymers of alpha-beta tubulin heterodimers

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9
Q

Which subunit of MT does not cleave GTP to GDP?

A

Alpha

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10
Q

How many MT protofilaments assemble to form a tube?

A

13

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11
Q

What do actin monomers bind?

A

ATP

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12
Q

How many actin protofilaments intertwine to form a fiber?

A

2

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13
Q

What do two monomers of IFs form?

A

Coiled-coil dimer

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14
Q

What do two coiled-coil dimers of IFs form?

A

Staggered tetramer in an antiparallel arrangement

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15
Q

How many protofilaments of IFs twist into a ropelike filament?

A

8

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16
Q

What is the rate-limiting step for actin filament assembly?

A

Nucleation

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17
Q

What is the nucleation process of filament assembly dependent upon?

A

Concentration

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18
Q

Free actin and tubulin monomers are bound by what?

A

NTP

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19
Q

What happens when a GTP cap is lost?

A

MT will fray and shrink

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20
Q

Name for when MTs shrink due to loss of GTP cap

A

Catastrophe

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21
Q

MTs regrowing after a catastrophe

A

Rescue

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22
Q

What does taxol do to MTs?

A

Stabilizes them, essentailly killing rapidly dividing cells

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23
Q

Complex responsible for initiating MTs

A

gamma-TuRC

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24
Q

What end of MTs are inside MTOC

A

Negative

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25
Complex responsible for initiating actin arrays
Arp2/3
26
Where do Arp2/3 usually nucleate?
PM
27
What angle do Arp2/3 bind to sides of existing actin filaments to form branches?
70
28
2 actin monomer binding proteins
Thymosin, profilin
29
Actin filament destabilizing protein
cofilin
30
Actin filament severing protein
Gelsolin
31
2 actin filament capping proteins
CapZ, tropomodulin
32
MT binding protein
Stathmin
33
MT filament binding protein
MAPs
34
2 MT filament destabilizer
Catasrophin, katanin
35
Actin-based motor
Mysoin
36
MT-based plus-end directed motor
Kinsein
37
MT-based negative-end directed motor
Dynein
38
WHat happens when myosin is treated with trypsin?
Heads and a small piece of tail are released from the tail
39
What happens when myosin is treated with papain?
Splits the heads up and removes the tail
40
Which myosin moves towards the minus end?
Mysoin Vi
41
What is the fastest motor protein?
Dynein
42
Which motor protein "walks"
Kinesin
43
While ____ binds tightly with bound NTP, ____ binds tightly without NTP
Kinesin, mysoin
44
One dimensional finger-like projection of actin
Filopodia
45
Two dimensional sheet-like structure of actin
Lamellipodia
46
Three dimenisional projections used for phagocytosis
Pseudopodia
47
3 extracellular stimuli receiving g-proteins that actin cytoskeleton responds to
Rho, Rac, Cdc42
48
Produces large numbers of actin stress fibers
Rho
49
Yields large numbers of filopodia
Cdc42
50
Generates very large lamellapodia that encircles the cell
Rac
51
How long is S-phase
10-12
52
Comittment to undergo another round of cell division
Start point (G1)
53
Key part of prophase
Chromsomes condense
54
Key part of prometaphase
Breakdown of nuclear envelope
55
Key part of metaphase
Chromosomes aligned at equator
56
Key part of anaphase
Chromosomes are being pulled apart
57
Key part of telophase
Chrosomes are at the poles
58
How is centrisome duplication triggered?
G1/S-Cdk complex
59
MTs that radiate in all directions
Astral MTs
60
Attach end-on to kinetochore
Kinetochore MTs
61
Span distance between bipolar spindle
Overlap MTs
62
Push overlap MTs against each other
Kinesin-5
63
PUll spindles towards each other
Kinesin-14
64
Attach chromosomes to MTs for positioning
Kinesin-4, Kinesin-14
65
Attach astral MTs to periphery and pull spindles apart
Dyneins
66
3 forces that move chromosomes on the spindle
Kinetochore generated poleward force, poleward MT flux, polar ejection force
67
What force is Anaphase A defined by?
Kinetochore generated poleward force and MT flux
68
What force is Anaphase B defined by?
SPindle poles move apart, dynein pulling on astral MTs
69
Visible pucker in PM during cytokinesis
Cleavage furrow
70
How do cleavage furrows form?
Contraction along actomyosin contractile ring
71
Region between future duaghter cells
Midbody
72
What is the organization and deposition of contractile ring regulated by?
RhoA
73
WHat kind of proteins are cyclin dependent kinases?
Serine/threonine kinases
74
4 classes of cyclins
G1/S, S, M, G1
75
Bind to Cdks at the end of G1 and commit the cell to DNA replication
G1/S cyclin
76
Bind to Cdks during S-phase and are required for the initiation of DNA replication
S-cyclin
77
Promote events of mitosis and G2/M transition
M-cyclins
78
Promote the passage through "start" point by helping govern G1/S cyclins
G1-Cyclins
79
2 steps of Cdk activation
Cyclin binding alters conformation of T-loop, CAK phosphorylates a threonine residue within T-loop
80
Inhibitory protein of Cdk
Wee1
81
Inhibitory protein of Wee1
Cdc25
82
General family of inhibitor proteins of Cyclin-Cdk
CKI (Cdk inhibitor)
83
Responsible for initiating S-phase by destruction of G1-Ss cyclins and CKIs
SCF
84
Responsible for initiating M-phase by destruction of M cyclins and regulators
APC/c
85
3 enzymes that function in series for attachment of ubiquitin
E1, E2, E3
86
What activates APC/C?
Cdc20
87
Initiate DNA replication once per cycle and ensures that every base of DNA is faithfully replicated once
S-Cdks
88
Where does DNA replication begin?
ORF
89
COmplex of initiator proteins that assembles on ORF during late mitosis
pre-RC
90
WHat does preRC mature into?
Preinitiation complex
91
What mediates preinitiation complex?
S-Cdks
92
First two molecules nucleates by ORC complex
Cdc6, Cdt1
93
What does S-cdk phosphorylate to allow replication machinery to work?
Cdc6
94
How is Cdt1 bound until it is liberated by S-Cdk
Geminin
95
What is geminin destoryed by?
APC/C
96
What are duplicated chromosomes held together by?
Cohesin
97
When triggers entry into mitosis?
Accumulation of M-cyclins
98
Phosphatase that removes the brakes on the regulatory factors stopping M-Cdk
Cdc25
99
What triggers siter-chromatid separation?
APC/C
100
Protein that uses negative feedback to block APC/C from initiating sister-chromatid separation
Mad2
101
How does the exit of mitosis occur?
Inactivation of M-cdk activity by APC/C degradation

Cell Biology (7 decks)

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