Final

Question 1

What are the traditional cancer managements?

Answer 1

surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy

Question 2

How is cancer stratified?

Answer 2

using gene expression arrays allows survillence of expression levels which classify cancers into subgroups

Question 3

What are the three types of B lymphomas stratified with gene expression arrays?

Answer 3

primary mediastinal, germinal-center, and activated

Question 4

How has the NFKB pathways used to target b cell lymphoma?

Answer 4

by targeting upstream IKK

Question 5

What is the future hope of genomics and proteomics?

Answer 5

to assign each patient’s tumor to a specific subtype of disease and to apply drug therapies that are proven to be effective

Question 6

What is the difference between Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

Answer 6

PK is the study of the rate at which drugs are administered. PD is the study at which cells or molecular targets actually respond to administered drugs

Question 7

What are most drugs targeting?

Answer 7

most drugs are targeting oncogenic receptor downstream tyrosine kinase pathway

Question 8

What is does the term druggability imply?

Answer 8

that the target molecule has structure that should make it vulnerable to attack and inhibition by low molecule-weight compounds,

Question 9

What is necessary for a protein to be considered druggable?

Answer 9

a well-defined catalytic cleft which allow small organic molecules to bind

Question 10

What is meant by the ideology of “rational drug design?’

Answer 10

drugs should be targeted against specific proteins know to be malfunctioning within cells, the candidacy of these proteins as attractive targets for therapeutic intervention, detailed molecular structures of such target proteins should inform the design of the chemical structures of the drugs that are to be developed

Question 11

what is a teratoma

Answer 11

benign tumor formed by an embryonic stem cell in which a wide variety of differentiated cell types are formed

Question 12

what is warburg effect?

Answer 12

aerobic glycolysis

Question 13

what type of cancer derives from connective tissues?

Answer 13

sarcomas

Question 14

what type of cancers derive from secreting epithelium?

Answer 14

adenocarcinoma

Question 15

what are some characteristics of cancer?

Answer 15

evading apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis, limitless replicative potential

Question 16

what are the classification of cancer cells according to cellular growth?

Answer 16

normal, hyperplasia, mild dysplasia, severe dysplasia, and metastasis

Question 17

how is cancer graded according to the differentiation of the tumor?

Answer 17

G1: well differentiated
G4: undifferentiated

Question 18

what was the conclusion of Rous sarcoma virus?

Answer 18

he broke a sarcoma into piece which was then filtrated and injected into anther chicken which then developed a sarcoma. this concluded that RSV was able to be multiplied and cause cancer

Question 19

true or false. the src antigen is also resent in uninfected cells

Answer 19

true

Question 20

what does src encode?

Answer 20

tyrosine kinase

Question 21

true or false, c-src is a proto-oncogene

Answer 21

true

Question 22

Describe the process that was used to detect oncogenes in the DNA of cancer cells?

Answer 22

DNA is extracted from cancer cells which is then into a phosphate buffer with Ca forming crystals. The crsytals are added to normal mouse fibroblasts. If a transforming gene is present the donor DNA would become incorporated into the genome and then proliferation occurs. the cells are then injected into a mouse to determine if a tumor will form

Question 23

What are the pleiotropic actions of a protein kinase

Answer 23

GSK-3B- proliferation
BAD-apoptosis
HIF-1a-angiogenesis
TSC2- protein synthesis

Question 24

what are the types of cell communication systems?

Answer 24

autocrine- a cell signaling to itself
paracrine- cell signaling to a nearby tissue
endocrine- cell signaling to a distant cell

Question 25

Explain the Patched-Smoothened signaling system

Answer 25

when a hedgehog ligand binds to the patched receptor allowing Gli to move into the nucleus to induce transcription. without the ligand patched inhibits smoothened from moving into the primary cilia creating gli to act as repressor

Question 26

What is the Hayflick phenmenon

Answer 26

the number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops (senescence)

Question 27

true or false. senescent cells may remain metabolically active but the lost the ability to reenter the cell cycle

Answer 27

true

Question 28

which two cdks are increased during the onset of senescence

Answer 28

p16 and p21

Question 29

what is crisis?

Answer 29

state arising when cells lose telomeres of adequate length, resulting i end to end fusion of chromosomes and widespread death of apoptosis

Question 30

what are telomeres

Answer 30

repeating hexanucleotide sequence

Question 31

how do cancer cells escape crisis?

Answer 31

by expression of telomeraseTERT

Question 32

By what mechanism can telomeres be maintained

Answer 32

by the ALT mechanism which is used by human tumor cells that lack significant telomerase activity

Question 33

True or False. Age does not play a large factor in the incidence of cancer.

Answer 33

False. Age plays a large factor

Question 34

What is the alternative model

Answer 34

many steps of tumor progression are driven by heritable alterations accumulated by developing tumor cells, notably somatic mutations and promoter methylation events

Question 35

what is field cancerization?

Answer 35

organs affected by sporadic tumors occasionally sprout multiple, apparently independently arising tumors

Question 36

what causes the genetic alteration in the field of cancerization?1

Answer 36

somatic mutations

Question 37

what is the cellular Darwinian Evolution theory?

Answer 37

Random mutations are presumed to create genetic variability in a cell population. Forces of selection may favor the outgrowth of individual cells that have mutatnt alleles, favoring proliferating and survival

Question 38

Combining Darwin's evolution theory with multi-step tumorgenesis what can researchers can conclude?

Answer 38

tumorgenesis is a succession of clonal expansion

Question 39

What must the Darwinian evolution be modified?

Answer 39

events during tumorgenesis are epigenetic and the rate of genetic diversification can occur very rapidly

Question 40

what is the cause and effect of clonal diversification?

Answer 40

it caused by high mutation rates which leads to tumor heterogeneity

Question 41

What is heterotypic signaling?

Answer 41

communication between dissimilar cell types used to encourage proliferation of the other type of cells nearby

Question 42

In normal cell types what does heterotypic signaling depend on?

Answer 42

mitogenic growth factors, growth-inhibitory signals, trophic factors

Question 43

what causes stromalization of many advanced tumors?

Answer 43

the level of PDGF expression increases

Question 44

What are the sequences of the invasion-metastasis cascade?

Answer 44

primary tumor formation, localized invasion, intravasation, transport throughout circulation, extravasation, micrometastasis, macrometastasis