Final

Question 1

how long can cryptococcosis live in the enviroment where it is endemic

Answer 1

for greater then 2 years

Question 2

T or F

Cryptococcosis can be transmitted from animal to animal

Answer 2

False

Question 3

What is the most common systemic mycotic infection in cats

Answer 3

Cryptococcus neoformans

Question 4

what are some common causes of cryptococcosis infection

Answer 4

Cryptococcosis requires some type of immunosuppression….

• Chemotherapy (glucocorticoids)
• Infection (FELV, FIV, Ehrlichia in dogs, HIV)
• Neoplasia

Question 5

how does crypto avoid the immune system

Answer 5

it avoids phagocytosis by forming a polysaccharide capsule

Question 6

what are some common clinical signs of Crypto in cats

Answer 6

Rhinitis, sinusitis, nasal mass, and cutaneous lesions

Question 7

what are common clinical signs of Crypto in dogs

Answer 7

CNS and ocular lesions

Question 8

what is the common immune response to Crypto in immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients

Answer 8

Immunocompetent = Granulomatous host response (nasal masses in cats, and meningoencephalitis in dogs)

Immunosuppressed = no response = Numerous organisms

Question 9

how would you diagnosis Crypto, and what would you see as a resul

Answer 9

a. Cytology: on skin lesions, nasal discharge, tracheal wash, CSF
– i. High leukocyte count
– ii. Microscopic identification of encapsulated organisms

b. Histopathology
c. Culture (takes a long time 2 days - 6 weeks)

Other tests
- Latex agglutination test (detects polysaccharide capsular antigen)

Question 10

how is a aspergillosis infection aquired?

Answer 10

Inhaled as a conidia

Systemic disease requires immunosuppression or
high inoculation size, or overcrowding (poultry farm)
• Pneumonia/air sacculitis in birds
• Brooder pneumonia in poultry
• Pneumonia in other species

Question 11

what is the most common cause of fungal infections in the world

Answer 11

Candidiasis (Candida albicans)

World wide distribution:
Candida is a genus of yeast and is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide.

Dimorphic: forms pseudo-HYPHAE in animal tissue but is YEAST in culture

Encounter:
• Normal skin flora in most animals

Question 12

what does the orginasim Malassezia pachydermatis cause

Answer 12

Fungal otitis, or yeast dermatitis in dogs

Question 13

what does CBP stand for? and what is it?

Answer 13

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBP)

• CBP – “lung plague”, is a contagious disease of cattle, buffalo, zebu, and yaks.

Question 14

T or F

CBP is an airborne infection that can travel several kilometers and still be infectious

Answer 14

True

Widespread in the U.S. in late 1800’s.

• Outbreak was so severe, resulted in a trade embargo by the British government, blocking U.S. cattle exports to Britain and Canada

Question 15

what are some general features of Mycoplasma bacteria

Answer 15

• Smallest self replicating bacteria
• Do not possess a cell wall ( as such there is no LPS, or Endotoxins, they are very flexible, and irregular shaped)
• cannot be gram stained

Question 16

what type of diseases do mycoplasma infections have a predilection for?

Answer 16

• URT
• intestine
• genital tract
• articular surfaces (joints)
• conjunctiva
• bovine mammary glands

Question 17

Chronic respiratory Disease is caused by M. gallisepticum and is found in chickens, turkeys, and some game birds. This is an example of a infection from what family

Answer 17

Mycoplasma

Question 18

what is the common encounter/entry for chronic respiratory Dz

Answer 18

• Infection via respiratory route.
• Asymptomatic carriers become sick / shed organisms in respiratory aerosols, if stressed
• Can also be transmitted vertically and enter flock thru
infected eggs

Origin of infection can be ENDOGENOUS or EXOGENOUS

Question 19

what is the mycoplasma infection that was commonly known as Feline Hemobartonellosis?

Answer 19

Feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis

Question 20

How is Feline Hemotrphic Mycoplasmosis acquired/ transmitted

Answer 20

• Infection can be endogenous/exogenous in origin

– Endogenous:
Low grade/inapparant infections are common.

– Exogenous:
• Arthropod vectors
• Biting and fighting (Hemoplasma has been detected in saliva, gingiva, claw beds and feces of naturally
infected cats)
• Disease is transmitted from queens to new borne
• Blood transfusion – demonstrated

Question 21

what are the 4 phases that Feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis are seperated into?

Answer 21

1) Preparasitemic phase (usually lasts 1-3 weeks, bacteria are replicating but nor detectable)
2) Acute Phase (Lasts ~30 days, ↑ # of bacteria in blood (death can occur during bacteremia by ↓ HCT), w/out treatment ~30% of cats die of anemia)
3) Recovery Phase ( time from last major bacteremia until HCT is stable)
4) chronic/carrier phase (cats that recover remain clinically normal, but chronically infected for months to years)