Final Flashcards
1
Q
Energy yield for energy nutrients (Cal/g)
A
Carbs = 4 Protein = 4 Fat = 9 Alcohol = 7*
*not a nutrient
2
Q
Make calculations based on a ____ cal diet
A
2000
3
Q
My plate food group quantities
A
Fruits and veggies = 1/2
Grains = 1/4
Protein = 1/4
4
Q
Structure claim
A
general claim about content in the food; does not need FDA approval
5
Q
Health claim
A
must be based on scientific evidence and approved by the FDA
6
Q
Of all the energy nutrients, ______ is consumed the highest above FDA recommendations in the US.
A
protein
7
Q
Protein is digested in
A
the stomach and small intestine
8
Q
Enzyme that digests protein in the stomach
A
Pepsin
9
Q
Enzyme that digests protein in the small intestine
A
Peptidase
10
Q
Chief cells secrete ___.
A
pepsinogen
11
Q
Goblet cells secrete ___.
A
mucus
12
Q
Parietal cells secrete ___
A
HCl
13
Q
Role of HCl in stomach
A
to denature proteins
14
Q
Role of mucus in stomach
A
to protect stomach lining
15
Q
Parietal cells are stimulated by the presence of :
A
gastrin
16
Q
Peptidases are secreted by ____
A
the epithelial lining of the small intestine
17
Q
Lack of fiber cause ____.
A
constipation
18
Q
Highly fermentable fiber in the small intestine
A
pectins
19
Q
Glycogen is stored in the ___ and in ____.
A
liver; muscle
20
Q
Lactose intolerance causes ____.
A
diarrhea
21
Q
Alpha cells in the pancreas secrete ____ and beta cells secrete ____.
A
glucagon; insulin
22
Q
hydrogenated oils and trans-fatty acids (increase/decrease) LDLs
A
increase
23
Q
products of cholesterol
A
Vit D, bile, sex hormones, and steroids
24
Q
Omega 6 function
A
Pro inflammatory, converted to icosanoids and prostaglandins
25
Omega 3 function
Antiinflammatory
26
Enzymes are ____.
amino acids
27
NTs from amino acids
epinephrine, serotonin, norepinephrine
28
Source of omega 6
corn oil
29
Meat is usually an (complete/incomplete) protein and plants are usually _____.
complete; incomplete
30
Complete sources of protein
eggs, soybean, milk
31
Marasmus
Muscle wasting, from energy deficiency
32
Kerwarshiorkor
Edema, from protein defieciency
33
Richest source of meat is ___.
Vitamin B12
34
During starvation, fatty acids turn into ______.
ketone bodies
35
Na+ is a cation found in ___.
extracellular fluid
36
Signs of dehydration
shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, headache
37
Pregnant women need food rich in ____ .
iron
38
One of the differences between the blood and lymph system is that the lymph system has no____.
red blood cells
39
The common function between B12 and folic acid is
DNA synthesis. Affects formation of RBC and can cause microcytic anemia.
40
Sardines are a good source of _____.
calcium
41
The process by which non essential amino acids are synthesized is called _____.
transamination
42
Resources for new amino acids
acid groups and side chains from amino acids, breakdown products of carbs and fats
43
Transcription location
nucleus
44
Transcription process
DNA unwinds → mRNA → to cytosol → translation
45
Translation location
cytosol
46
Translation process
mRNA → ribosomes + tRNA → amino acid chain
note : tRNA read and added three base pairs at a time
47
Denaturation
Process that destroys 2ndary to 4ternary structure of proteins; DOES NOT affect nutritional value of protein
48
Things that cause denaturation
heat
acid
salt
mechanical agitation
49
Pepsinogen is activated to form ___.
Pepsin
50
______ digests proteins in the stomach
Pepsin
51
Condensation
when two amino acids are brought together and RELEASE a water molecule
52
Protein hormones
insulin, glucagon, CCK
53
Non-protein molecules made from amino acids
Urea, NTs (epi, norepi, serotonin, melanin), niacin
54
Anabolism
Build larger molecule from small ones
| Ex. gluconeogenensis, glycogenesis, lipogenesis
55
Catabolism
Breaks down large molecule to smaller ones
| Es. glycolysis, glycogenolysis
56
The ETC takes place in the _____ and produces __(2)__..
mitochondria; ATP and water
57
Product of the Krebs cycle
CO2
58
why acetyl CoA can't form glucose
It is a 2 C molecule and glucose must be synthesized from at least a 3 C molecule
59
Missed one meal or Day 1 starvation
Glycogenolysis
60
Day 2-3 starvation
gluconeogenesis
61
Day 4 starvation
ketosis
62
Chances of being obese (BMI >30)
Both parents = 80%
One parent = 40%
No parent = 10%
63
_____ the first energy source to be depleted in a high energy activity
ATP/creatine system
64
Ways to measure body fat
```
Fat fold measures
Bioelectrical impedance (curves)
Hydrodensitometry
Bod pod
Dual energy X-Ray (DEXA)
```
65
Factors that affect BMR
```
Height
Age
Gender
Body composition
Physical stress
Overeating
Undereating
```
66
BMI =
lb * 703 / in^2
67
Quick BMR
```
Men :
kg x 24 hr x 1.0 kcal
Women :
kg x 24 hr x 0.9 kcal
1 kg = 2.2 lb
```
68
Ideal body weight
```
Men :
106 lbs + 6n lbs
Women :
100 lbs + 5n lbs,
where n = in over the first 60 in (when over 5 ft)
```
69
Total energy expenditure =
BMR (50-60%) +
Physical activity, or NEAT (15-35%) +
Thermal effect of food (5-10%)
70
____ accounts most for total energy expenditure
BMR
71
(T/F) In food labeling, ingredients in the greatest amount are labeled first.
True
72
_____ is the storage form of iron; ______ is the transport form.
Ferritin (or hemosiderin); transferrin
73
Glucose + galactose =
Lactose
74
Lactose =
Glucose + galactose
75
Glucose + fructose =
Sucrose
76
Sucrose =
Glucose + fructose
77
Glucose + glucose =
Maltose
78
Maltose =
Glucose + glucose
79
Glycogen is the main animal saccharide made of ___.
glucose
80
Saturated and trans fats have a (higher/lower) melting point than unsaturated fats. Why?
Higher; they are more stable.
81
What is the water content of the body?
55-60%
82
Triglycerides are made up of ___ and ___.
a glycerol head; three fatty acid tails
83
A trans fat is made from a ______.
cis unsaturated fat
84
Micelles are made of _____ and act as _____.
Phospholipids; emulsifiers
85
Chylomicrons are made up of
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Protein
86
The ______ absorbs medium/short fatty acid chains and delivers them to the ____.
portal vein; liver
87
The ____ absorbs chylomicrons and delivers them to the ____.
lymph system; bloodstream
88
Carbohydrates and sugars are digested in ____ by _____ in saliva.
the mouth; amylase
89
Fats are digested in the _____.
small intestine
90
(T/F) Facilitated and passive diffusion require energy.
False, they move with the concentration gradient.
91
(T/F) Active transport requires energy.
True
92
In cells, proteins are transported through ____.
facilitated diffusion.
93
LDL
Low density lipoprotein = more fat than protein
94
HDL
High density lipoprotein = more protein than fat
95
For diets ____ in protein and ____ in carbs, the excess fat becomes ketone bodies.
high; low
96
The precursor for Vit A is
betacarotene.
97
What is UL?
tolerable Upper Limit:
| highest amount you can take without toxicity
98
Phenylalanine
E
99
Valine
E
100
Tryptophan
E
101
Methionine
E
102
Threonine
E
103
Histadine
E
104
Isoleucine
E
105
Leucine
E
106
Lysine
E
107
Alanine
Non
108
Arginine
Non
109
Asparagine
Non
110
Aspartic acid
Non
111
Cystine
Non
112
Glutamic acid
Non
113
Glutamine
Non
114
Glycine
Non
115
Proline
Non
116
Serine
Non
117
Tyrosine
Non
118
For diets ____ in protein and ____ in carbs, the excess fat becomes ketone bodies.
high; low
119
Active forms of Vitamin A
Retinol
Retinal
Retinoic acid
120
Retinoic acid help with _____.
epithelial cell formation
121
Excess vitamin A causes _____.
birth deffects
122
Vitamin A deficiency causes ___.
keratinization
123
Important antioxidants:
carotenoids and Vit E
124
Foods with color are rich in:
antioxidants
125
The precursor for Vit A is
betacarotene.
126
What is EAR?
Estimated Average Requirement:
| where 50% of the population meets their needs
127
What is RDA?
Recommended Daily Allowance:
| amount that meets 98% of populations needs
128
What is UL?
tolerable Upper Limit:
| highest amount you can take without toxicity
129
Vitamin C is crucial in _____ formation.
Collagen
130
Subitramine (Meridia)
Effects: appetite suppressant, but can raise heart rate and blood pressure
131
Orlistat (Xenical)
inhibits absorption of dietary fat from the intestinal tract, but can result in abdominal pain, loose GI, farts, and decreased absorption of Vit A, D, E, and K (fat soluble)
132
Alli
over the counter Orlistat
| can result in pancreatitis, kidney stones, liver damage
133
(NT) Tryptophan is a precursor for:
Serotonin
134
(NT) Tyrosine is a precursor for:
dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
135
Keto acids can become
Fat
Glucose/glycogen
Energy
136
Ammonia can become
Non essential amino acid
| Urea (excreted)
137
Contributes to amino acid pool
Body proteins
| Dietary proteins
138
Leaves amino acid pool
Body protein
Non-protein molecules
Keto acid
Ammonia (excess)
139
Enriched in wheat flour
Folic acid
140
Added to food because it was lost in refinement process
Enriched food
141
Added to food because it wasn't already there
Fortified food
