Final Flashcards
(146 cards)
1
Q
How are plant and animal cells different?
A
Animal cells have a cell membrane; plants do not
Animals cells don’t have chloroplasts; plants do
Animal cells have centrioles; plants do not
2
Q
Where does DNA replication occur?
A
DNA occurs only run the nucleus.
3
Q
Where is uracil found?
A
Uracil is found only in mRNA.
4
Q
What is a Codon.
A
A codon is a nucleotide triplet.
5
Q
What is an example of complementary-base pairing?
A
An example of complementary base pairing would be; A-T , C-G
6
Q
What is the ribosome?
A
A ribosome is a cite for protein; protein factory
7
Q
What is a gene?
A
A gene is a length of DNA, that governs a trait.
8
Q
What makes up a nucleotide?
A
A nucleotide is made up with; Phosphoric acid, 5 carbon sugar, and a base
9
Q
What is transcription?
A
Is process of copying a gene, other known as DNA replication.
10
Q
What’s the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?
A
Deoxyribose has 1 less oxygen in its sugar; Ribose contains one more oxygen in its sugar.
11
Q
What is RNA polymerase?
A
RNA polymerase is known as Transcriptase
12
Q
What is DNA polymerase?
A
DNA polymerase is the proof reading for a new DNA strand.
13
Q
What’s the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?
A
Mitosis. Meiosis.
- short; 1division -longer; 2 divisions
- Asexual -sexual; sex organs
- Identical daughter cells -haploid cells
14
Q
What is a gamete?
A
A sexual reproductive cell; using sex cells.
15
Q
List the cell division stages in order.
A
1 interphase 2 prophase 3 metaphase 4 anaphase 5 telophase 6 cytokinesis
16
Q
What are the characteristics of all living things?
A
- We are all made up of cells.
- All ,Living things reproduce.
- All living things use DNA.
- All living things grow and develop.
- All living things obtain and use energy.
- All living things respond to their environments.
- Homeostasis means “staying the same” (body temp).
- All living things develop over time.
17
Q
What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes;
- Nucleus - Lysosomes - Cytoplasm
- ER - Vacuoles
- Golgi apparatus - Mitochondria
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic cells both contain;
- Cell membranes
- DNA
18
Q
What is the CELL WALL?
A
The cell wall is a stiff, non living layer outside the cell membrane made of cellulose.
19
Q
What is the CELL MEMBRANE?
A
The cell membrane is a double layered sheet that surrounds the cell.
20
Q
What is the NUCLEUS?
A
The nucleus contains almost all the DNA.
21
Q
What is a VACUOLE?
A
A vacuole is an organelle that is a sac-like storage that stores water, salt and proteins.
22
Q
What is the CYTOSKELETON?
A
The cytoskeleton is small thread like structures that shape and help movement in the cell.
23
Q
What is the MITOCHONDRIA?
A
The mitochondria is an organelle that converts the chemical energy in food into energy that is more easily used.
24
Q
What is the CHLOROPLAST?
A
The chloroplast captures energy from sunlight to make glucose for the cell to use.
25
What is the CYTOPLASM?
The cytoplasm is the region between the other organelles.
26
Any tiny structure that performs a specialized function in the cell.
Organelle
27
A plant organelle that may store starch or pigments.
Plastid
28
Converts chemical energy in food into a form that is more easily used.
Mitochondria
29
Transport channels that are studded with ribosomes
Rough ER
30
Modifies, collects, packages and distributes proteins that are produced by the cell.
Golgi apparatus
31
Saclike storage structure found in both animal and plant cells
Vacuole
32
Short thread like structure that helps a unicellular organism to move
Cilium
33
Traps energy from sunlight and converts it to chemical energy
Chloroplast
34
Contains digestive enzymes that help clean up the cells
Lysosomes
35
Framework of filaments and fibres involved in cell support and movement
Cytoskeleton
36
An organelle that serves as a protein factory
Ribosome
37
Tiny holloway tube made up of proteins that is involved with support, the move net of organelles with in the cell and formation of centrioles.
Microtubles
38
Long thin fibre that functions in the movement and support of the cell
Microfilament
39
A complex network of channels that is involved with transport, storage and making and modifying proteins.
ER
40
Dependant variable?
Is the effect.
41
Independant variable?
Is the cause.
42
What is hypertonic? Does it want to gain or loose [ ] ?
"Hyper" means too much / more [ ]. It wants to loose [ ]
43
What is hypotonic? Does it want to gain or loose [ ] ?
"Hypo" means too little / less [ ] . It want to gain
44
What is isotonic?
"Iso" means the same. It is equal
45
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water.
46
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of solutes; it moves from high too low
47
What is concentration?
Concentration is the amount of space between molecules %
48
What does it mean to be impermeable to a substance?
It means that substance will not move.
49
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
50
The Glycolysis process take place where?
Cytoplasm
51
The kerbs cycle take place where?
Matrix of the mitochondria
52
The process ETC takes place where?
Cristea
53
The process fermentation takes place where?
Cytoplasm of yeast and muscles
54
The energy in ATP is found in?
The chemical bonds of three phosphate groups.
55
Glucose is broken down into?
Pyruvic acid
56
What is the difference between RNA and DNA?
DNA. RNA.
- Double strand - Single stranded
- Deoxyribose - Ribose
- Thymine - Uracil
57
Who is James Hutton?
He estimates the that the earth is shaped by geological that took place over extremely long periods of time. He estimates Earth to be millions of years old.
58
Who is Charles Lyell?
He thinks that the processes occurring now have shaped Earths geological features over long periods of time.
59
Who is Jean-Baptistle Lamarck?
He has the hypotheses of the inheritance of acquired traits. His ideas were flawed but a great example on how we change over time.
60
What is helicase?
Helicase is an enzyme that splits the DNA in half so that DNA replication can occur
61
What is transformation?
Transformation is the process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene/genes from another strain of bacteria
62
What are the four bases of DNA?
Adenine, guanine
| Cytosine, thymine
63
What are the four bases in RNA?
Adenine, guanine
| Cytosine and uracil
64
What is a bacteriaphage?
A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria.
65
What is the difference between purine and pyrimidine?
Purine--> nitrogen containing base. Adenine and guanine. Two rings in their structure.
Pyrimidine--> nitrogenous base. Cytosine and thymine. One ring in their structure
66
O2+ C6H12O6 --> CO2+ H2O+ 38ATP name where each section happens
Oxygen- used in the ETC in the cristae
Glucose- used in glycolysis which happens outside the mitochondria
Carbon dioxide- kerbs cycle in the matrix
Water- produced in the ETC in the cristae
67
Three end products of anaerobic respiration?
Ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, and carbon dioxide
68
O2+ C6H12O6 --> CO2+ H2O+ light name two products produced in this reaction
NADPH and ATP
69
What is an allele?
An alternative form of a gene that occurs from a mutation found in a specific position on a specific chromosome
70
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that governs a trait
71
What is the law of segregation
To homologous chromosomes must separate and end up in different cells
72
What does genotype mean?
Refers to the genes (letter configuration) of a trait
73
What does phenotype mean?
The physical appearance of the traits
74
What is taxonomy?
It is the study go the kingdoms and their classes
75
Name the five kingdoms, and characteristics that make them unique
Monera- single celled, prokaryotic eg/ bacteria
Protista- unicellular, eukaryotic, eg/ euglena
Fungi- non-motile, cannot photosynthesis eg/ mushroom
Plantea- most photosynthesis, chloroplast eg/ plants
Animalia- multicellular, can move, need food from other sources
76
What is homologous? Give an example.
Same structure different function; dolphin fin and the human hand
77
What is analogous? Give an example.
Same function different ancestor; wings on a fly and bird wings
78
What is relative dating?
Allows palaeontologists to estimate a fossils age compared with other fossils
79
What do vestigial structures tell us about revolution?
Vestigial features are features that we no longer use; tail bone, wisdom teeth, muscle in ears, and your appendix. It tells us that we have evolved to our environment and that our needs have changed.
80
What is a gene pool?
All genes in a population
81
What is divergent evolution?
Related species become less alike
82
What is convergent evolution?
Un related species become more alike
83
What does speciation mean?
The separation of a single species into two
84
What does Hardy-Weinberg principle state?
It states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant in less one or more factors cause a change
85
What is genetic equilibrium
Is when alleles stay constant without change.
86
Five ways to keep equilibrium constant from generation to generation:
```
1 random mating
2 the population has to be large
3 there can be no movement into or out of the population
4 no mutations
5 no natural selection
```
87
What is genetic drift? What can I produce?
Changes in gene frequency in small populations. Variety
88
Three types of isolating mechanisms? Results?
Behavioural- the way they act towards other mates
Temporal- mating times (seasonal)
Geographical- where they live
89
What is gradualism?
Pattern of evolution in which changes slowly (gradually)
90
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change
91
What is the difference between the lytic and the lysogenic infection?
The lytic infection is the the virus reproducing causing the the cell to burst, while the lysogenic infection is the build up of the virus in the cells until your immune system is down, then they burst leaving you defenceless--> AIDS
92
Disease caused by viruses?
```
AIDS
Small pox
Rabis
Hep B
Herpes
Polio
```
93
Diseases cause by bacteria?
Strep throat
Tooth decay
Tetanus
Lyme disease
94
Monera
Single celled
| Prokaryotic
95
Protista
Unicellular
| Eukaryotic
96
Fungi
Non-motile
| Cannot photosynthesize
97
Plantea
Chloroplast
| Most photosynthesize
98
Animalia
Multicellular
Can move
Depend on finding food
99
Archetista
Not living
| Acellular
100
Explain how viruses are not living
- viruses produce through a living host cell.
- they do not respire
- they do not respond to stimuli
- the do not grow
101
What is a autotrophs?
Use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbon compound and oxygen
102
What are heterotrophs?
They take the organic molecules for both energy and supply of carbon.
103
How do monerans reproduce?
They reproduce by binary fission and conjugation and spore formation (endospore, I'm unfavourable conditions)
104
Shapes of bacteria?
Cocci
Spirila
Bacilli
105
What is a toxin?
A poison produced by a pathogen
106
What is a virulent?
A virus that follows a lytic cycle
107
What is conjugation
Sexual reproduction in bacteria
108
What is binary fission?
Asexual way of reproduction in bacteria
109
What is mutation?
A change in a DNA sequence that effects the DNA information
110
What is locomotion?
A motion to find food and avoid becoming food
111
What is ingestion?
The taking in of food
112
What Is digestion?
A chemical alteration of food so it can be used for energy
113
What is secretion?
To make enzymes
114
What is egestion?
It is elemination
115
What is respiration?
Food is burned through the release of energy
116
What is excretion?
Liquid waste of nitrogen
117
What is reproduction?
Repopulation
118
What does skin do for us?
Is the first line of defence, most pathogens can't get thought the skin
119
What are phagocytes?
Are the white blood cells that Ingulf the pathogens
120
What is the interferon?
A protien that interfere with the growth of viruses
121
What is the difference between monocot and dicot?
Monocot. Dicot
- scattered vascular bundles - " " arranged in a ring
- one leaf - two leaves
122
What are the cells in the vascular bundles? What is their functions?
Xylem (red) and Phloem (green).
Xylem is the transport of water.
Phloem is the transport of nutrients; sugar
123
Where is the pith?
In the Centre of the stem.
124
What is the outside layer of the stem called?
Epidermis
125
What is the cortex?
The filling in the stem.
126
What is a angiosperm?
They bare their seeds within a layer of tissue that projects the seed.
127
What is a gymnosperm?
They bare their seeds directly on the surface of cones.
128
What is the vascular cambium?
The flat cells between xylem and phloem.
129
What is the function of the vein?
Transports water and sugar.
130
What is the function of the hole in the leaf?
Gas exchange
131
Where is the anther located? What is it?
The anther is located at the tip of the flowers stamen. It is the male reproductive organ. It contains pollen.
132
What is the filament? What does it do?
The filament is the stem of the anther. It holds the anther.
133
What is the ovary? What does it do?
The ovary produces ovules. It is at the base of the pistil. It is the female reproductive organ.
134
What does the petal do?
Brightly coloured leafy structure that attracts insects.
135
What does the sepal do?
Small leaves located under the flower.
136
What is the stigma?
The uppermost part of the pistil. It receives pollen grains during pollination, when they travel through the style to the ovary.
137
What is the style?
The sticky top part of the pistil directly above the ovary
138
What are guard cells?
Guard cells are on either side of the stoma. (Vein)
139
What is the apical meristem?
New growth tip on a plant
140
What is the spongy mesophyll?
It helps with gas exchange
It's spread apart with air pockets
Looks spongy
141
What is heart wood?
The darker middle wood in a tree stem.
142
What is sapwood?
Light wood that bleeds.
143
What is the palisade layer?
Long thin layer under the upper epidermis. It absorbs sunlight
144
What are ectotherms?
Cold blooded
145
What are endotherms?
Warm blood
146
What is the order of taxons?
```
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Families
Genus
Species
```
