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Biology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

How are plant and animal cells different?

A

Animal cells have a cell membrane; plants do not
Animals cells don’t have chloroplasts; plants do
Animal cells have centrioles; plants do not

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2
Q

Where does DNA replication occur?

A

DNA occurs only run the nucleus.

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3
Q

Where is uracil found?

A

Uracil is found only in mRNA.

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4
Q

What is a Codon.

A

A codon is a nucleotide triplet.

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5
Q

What is an example of complementary-base pairing?

A

An example of complementary base pairing would be; A-T , C-G

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6
Q

What is the ribosome?

A

A ribosome is a cite for protein; protein factory

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a length of DNA, that governs a trait.

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8
Q

What makes up a nucleotide?

A

A nucleotide is made up with; Phosphoric acid, 5 carbon sugar, and a base

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9
Q

What is transcription?

A

Is process of copying a gene, other known as DNA replication.

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10
Q

What’s the difference between deoxyribose and ribose?

A

Deoxyribose has 1 less oxygen in its sugar; Ribose contains one more oxygen in its sugar.

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11
Q

What is RNA polymerase?

A

RNA polymerase is known as Transcriptase

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12
Q

What is DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase is the proof reading for a new DNA strand.

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13
Q

What’s the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis?

A

Mitosis. Meiosis.

  • short; 1division -longer; 2 divisions
  • Asexual -sexual; sex organs
  • Identical daughter cells -haploid cells
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14
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A sexual reproductive cell; using sex cells.

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15
Q

List the cell division stages in order.

A 
1 interphase
2 prophase 
3 metaphase
4 anaphase 
5 telophase 
6 cytokinesis
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of all living things?

A
  • We are all made up of cells.
  • All ,Living things reproduce.
  • All living things use DNA.
  • All living things grow and develop.
  • All living things obtain and use energy.
  • All living things respond to their environments.
  • Homeostasis means “staying the same” (body temp).
  • All living things develop over time.
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17
Q

What is the difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

A

Eukaryotes;

  • Nucleus - Lysosomes - Cytoplasm
  • ER - Vacuoles
  • Golgi apparatus - Mitochondria

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic cells both contain;

  • Cell membranes
  • DNA
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18
Q

What is the CELL WALL?

A

The cell wall is a stiff, non living layer outside the cell membrane made of cellulose.

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19
Q

What is the CELL MEMBRANE?

A

The cell membrane is a double layered sheet that surrounds the cell.

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20
Q

What is the NUCLEUS?

A

The nucleus contains almost all the DNA.

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21
Q

What is a VACUOLE?

A

A vacuole is an organelle that is a sac-like storage that stores water, salt and proteins.

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22
Q

What is the CYTOSKELETON?

A

The cytoskeleton is small thread like structures that shape and help movement in the cell.

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23
Q

What is the MITOCHONDRIA?

A

The mitochondria is an organelle that converts the chemical energy in food into energy that is more easily used.

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24
Q

What is the CHLOROPLAST?

A

The chloroplast captures energy from sunlight to make glucose for the cell to use.

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25
Q

What is the CYTOPLASM?

A

The cytoplasm is the region between the other organelles.

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26
Q

Any tiny structure that performs a specialized function in the cell.

A

Organelle

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27
Q

A plant organelle that may store starch or pigments.

A

Plastid

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28
Q

Converts chemical energy in food into a form that is more easily used.

A

Mitochondria

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29
Q

Transport channels that are studded with ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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30
Q

Modifies, collects, packages and distributes proteins that are produced by the cell.

A

Golgi apparatus

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31
Q

Saclike storage structure found in both animal and plant cells

A

Vacuole

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32
Q

Short thread like structure that helps a unicellular organism to move

A

Cilium

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33
Q

Traps energy from sunlight and converts it to chemical energy

A

Chloroplast

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34
Q

Contains digestive enzymes that help clean up the cells

A

Lysosomes

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35
Q

Framework of filaments and fibres involved in cell support and movement

A

Cytoskeleton

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36
Q

An organelle that serves as a protein factory

A

Ribosome

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37
Q

Tiny holloway tube made up of proteins that is involved with support, the move net of organelles with in the cell and formation of centrioles.

A

Microtubles

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38
Q

Long thin fibre that functions in the movement and support of the cell

A

Microfilament

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39
Q

A complex network of channels that is involved with transport, storage and making and modifying proteins.

A

ER

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40
Q

Dependant variable?

A

Is the effect.

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41
Q

Independant variable?

A

Is the cause.

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42
Q

What is hypertonic? Does it want to gain or loose [ ] ?

A

“Hyper” means too much / more [ ]. It wants to loose [ ]

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43
Q

What is hypotonic? Does it want to gain or loose [ ] ?

A

“Hypo” means too little / less [ ] . It want to gain

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44
Q

What is isotonic?

A

“Iso” means the same. It is equal

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45
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the movement of water.

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46
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Diffusion is the movement of solutes; it moves from high too low

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47
Q

What is concentration?

A

Concentration is the amount of space between molecules %

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48
Q

What does it mean to be impermeable to a substance?

A

It means that substance will not move.

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49
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

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50
Q

The Glycolysis process take place where?

A

Cytoplasm

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51
Q

The kerbs cycle take place where?

A

Matrix of the mitochondria

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52
Q

The process ETC takes place where?

A

Cristea

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53
Q

The process fermentation takes place where?

A

Cytoplasm of yeast and muscles

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54
Q

The energy in ATP is found in?

A

The chemical bonds of three phosphate groups.

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55
Q

Glucose is broken down into?

A

Pyruvic acid

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56
Q

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

A

DNA. RNA.

  • Double strand - Single stranded
  • Deoxyribose - Ribose
  • Thymine - Uracil
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57
Q

Who is James Hutton?

A

He estimates the that the earth is shaped by geological that took place over extremely long periods of time. He estimates Earth to be millions of years old.

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58
Q

Who is Charles Lyell?

A

He thinks that the processes occurring now have shaped Earths geological features over long periods of time.

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59
Q

Who is Jean-Baptistle Lamarck?

A

He has the hypotheses of the inheritance of acquired traits. His ideas were flawed but a great example on how we change over time.

60
Q

What is helicase?

A

Helicase is an enzyme that splits the DNA in half so that DNA replication can occur

61
Q

What is transformation?

A

Transformation is the process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene/genes from another strain of bacteria

62
Q

What are the four bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, guanine

Cytosine, thymine

63
Q

What are the four bases in RNA?

A

Adenine, guanine

Cytosine and uracil

64
Q

What is a bacteriaphage?

A

A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria.

65
Q

What is the difference between purine and pyrimidine?

A

Purine–> nitrogen containing base. Adenine and guanine. Two rings in their structure.

Pyrimidine–> nitrogenous base. Cytosine and thymine. One ring in their structure

66
Q

O2+ C6H12O6 –> CO2+ H2O+ 38ATP name where each section happens

A

Oxygen- used in the ETC in the cristae
Glucose- used in glycolysis which happens outside the mitochondria
Carbon dioxide- kerbs cycle in the matrix
Water- produced in the ETC in the cristae

67
Q

Three end products of anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethyl alcohol, lactic acid, and carbon dioxide

68
Q

O2+ C6H12O6 –> CO2+ H2O+ light name two products produced in this reaction

A

NADPH and ATP

69
Q

What is an allele?

A

An alternative form of a gene that occurs from a mutation found in a specific position on a specific chromosome

70
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that governs a trait

71
Q

What is the law of segregation

A

To homologous chromosomes must separate and end up in different cells

72
Q

What does genotype mean?

A

Refers to the genes (letter configuration) of a trait

73
Q

What does phenotype mean?

A

The physical appearance of the traits

74
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

It is the study go the kingdoms and their classes

75
Q

Name the five kingdoms, and characteristics that make them unique

A

Monera- single celled, prokaryotic eg/ bacteria
Protista- unicellular, eukaryotic, eg/ euglena
Fungi- non-motile, cannot photosynthesis eg/ mushroom
Plantea- most photosynthesis, chloroplast eg/ plants
Animalia- multicellular, can move, need food from other sources

76
Q

What is homologous? Give an example.

A

Same structure different function; dolphin fin and the human hand

77
Q

What is analogous? Give an example.

A

Same function different ancestor; wings on a fly and bird wings

78
Q

What is relative dating?

A

Allows palaeontologists to estimate a fossils age compared with other fossils

79
Q

What do vestigial structures tell us about revolution?

A

Vestigial features are features that we no longer use; tail bone, wisdom teeth, muscle in ears, and your appendix. It tells us that we have evolved to our environment and that our needs have changed.

80
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

All genes in a population

81
Q

What is divergent evolution?

A

Related species become less alike

82
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Un related species become more alike

83
Q

What does speciation mean?

A

The separation of a single species into two

84
Q

What does Hardy-Weinberg principle state?

A

It states that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant in less one or more factors cause a change

85
Q

What is genetic equilibrium

A

Is when alleles stay constant without change.

86
Q

Five ways to keep equilibrium constant from generation to generation:

A 
1 random mating 
2 the population has to be large 
3 there can be no movement into or out of the population
4 no mutations 
5 no natural selection
87
Q

What is genetic drift? What can I produce?

A

Changes in gene frequency in small populations. Variety

88
Q

Three types of isolating mechanisms? Results?

A

Behavioural- the way they act towards other mates
Temporal- mating times (seasonal)
Geographical- where they live

89
Q

What is gradualism?

A

Pattern of evolution in which changes slowly (gradually)

90
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

91
Q

What is the difference between the lytic and the lysogenic infection?

A

The lytic infection is the the virus reproducing causing the the cell to burst, while the lysogenic infection is the build up of the virus in the cells until your immune system is down, then they burst leaving you defenceless–> AIDS

92
Q

Disease caused by viruses?

A 
AIDS 
Small pox
Rabis
Hep B 
Herpes 
Polio
93
Q

Diseases cause by bacteria?

A

Strep throat
Tooth decay
Tetanus
Lyme disease

94
Q

Monera

A

Single celled

Prokaryotic

95
Q

Protista

A

Unicellular

Eukaryotic

96
Q

Fungi

A

Non-motile

Cannot photosynthesize

97
Q

Plantea

A

Chloroplast

Most photosynthesize

98
Q

Animalia

A

Multicellular
Can move
Depend on finding food

99
Q

Archetista

A

Not living

Acellular

100
Q

Explain how viruses are not living

A
  • viruses produce through a living host cell.
  • they do not respire
  • they do not respond to stimuli
  • the do not grow
101
Q

What is a autotrophs?

A

Use light to convert carbon dioxide and water into carbon compound and oxygen

102
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

They take the organic molecules for both energy and supply of carbon.

103
Q

How do monerans reproduce?

A

They reproduce by binary fission and conjugation and spore formation (endospore, I’m unfavourable conditions)

104
Q

Shapes of bacteria?

A

Cocci
Spirila
Bacilli

105
Q

What is a toxin?

A

A poison produced by a pathogen

106
Q

What is a virulent?

A

A virus that follows a lytic cycle

107
Q

What is conjugation

A

Sexual reproduction in bacteria

108
Q

What is binary fission?

A

Asexual way of reproduction in bacteria

109
Q

What is mutation?

A

A change in a DNA sequence that effects the DNA information

110
Q

What is locomotion?

A

A motion to find food and avoid becoming food

111
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The taking in of food

112
Q

What Is digestion?

A

A chemical alteration of food so it can be used for energy

113
Q

What is secretion?

A

To make enzymes

114
Q

What is egestion?

A

It is elemination

115
Q

What is respiration?

A

Food is burned through the release of energy

116
Q

What is excretion?

A

Liquid waste of nitrogen

117
Q

What is reproduction?

A

Repopulation

118
Q

What does skin do for us?

A

Is the first line of defence, most pathogens can’t get thought the skin

119
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Are the white blood cells that Ingulf the pathogens

120
Q

What is the interferon?

A

A protien that interfere with the growth of viruses

121
Q

What is the difference between monocot and dicot?

A

Monocot. Dicot

  • scattered vascular bundles - “ “ arranged in a ring
  • one leaf - two leaves
122
Q

What are the cells in the vascular bundles? What is their functions?

A

Xylem (red) and Phloem (green).
Xylem is the transport of water.
Phloem is the transport of nutrients; sugar

123
Q

Where is the pith?

A

In the Centre of the stem.

124
Q

What is the outside layer of the stem called?

A

Epidermis

125
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The filling in the stem.

126
Q

What is a angiosperm?

A

They bare their seeds within a layer of tissue that projects the seed.

127
Q

What is a gymnosperm?

A

They bare their seeds directly on the surface of cones.

128
Q

What is the vascular cambium?

A

The flat cells between xylem and phloem.

129
Q

What is the function of the vein?

A

Transports water and sugar.

130
Q

What is the function of the hole in the leaf?

A

Gas exchange

131
Q

Where is the anther located? What is it?

A

The anther is located at the tip of the flowers stamen. It is the male reproductive organ. It contains pollen.

132
Q

What is the filament? What does it do?

A

The filament is the stem of the anther. It holds the anther.

133
Q

What is the ovary? What does it do?

A

The ovary produces ovules. It is at the base of the pistil. It is the female reproductive organ.

134
Q

What does the petal do?

A

Brightly coloured leafy structure that attracts insects.

135
Q

What does the sepal do?

A

Small leaves located under the flower.

136
Q

What is the stigma?

A

The uppermost part of the pistil. It receives pollen grains during pollination, when they travel through the style to the ovary.

137
Q

What is the style?

A

The sticky top part of the pistil directly above the ovary

138
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Guard cells are on either side of the stoma. (Vein)

139
Q

What is the apical meristem?

A

New growth tip on a plant

140
Q

What is the spongy mesophyll?

A

It helps with gas exchange
It’s spread apart with air pockets
Looks spongy

141
Q

What is heart wood?

A

The darker middle wood in a tree stem.

142
Q

What is sapwood?

A

Light wood that bleeds.

143
Q

What is the palisade layer?

A

Long thin layer under the upper epidermis. It absorbs sunlight

144
Q

What are ectotherms?

A

Cold blooded

145
Q

What are endotherms?

A

Warm blood

146
Q

What is the order of taxons?

A 
Kingdom 
Phylum
Class 
Order
Families 
Genus 
Species

Biology (1 decks)

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