Electromagnetic radiation Electrons interact Invisible Can't be felt Ionizes atoms Penetrates matter Has particles and waves xray beams are - charge _Absorbtion_ Atomic number Density of object energy of xray Cathode (filament): - Coiled tungsten High Melting point High Atomic mA heats filament Anode (target): + Tungsten with copper base Stationary (dental) or Rotating 1% are xrays, 99% are heat Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - father of xrays

_Geometric Distortion_ object is not parallel to film _Foreshortening_ 2 objects are not parallel to each other _Magnification_ Object is further from film Looks fuzzier _Elongation_ Object is not directly under radiation source

Silver halide film -\> metallic silver (exposed) Or Silver bromide has fluroescent plastic has phosphor crystals 95% light is emitted from screen 5% directly from xrays Discard after 7 years or artifactual Unexposed film & Processed: Clear Exposed & Processed: Black Exposed & Unprocessed: Purple

_Development_ 5-7 min. half the time of fixer 68-72 temp Converts silver halide into black metallic silver Replace developer when green _Rinse (Stop bath)_ 30 sec. acetic acid 68-72 temp stops developing process Clears contaminants _Fix_ 10 mins. Double the time of developer clears unexposed crystals film is viewable after 1 min Replace if clearingtime \>2-3 min or over/under exposed _Wash bath_ 20-30 mins crucial - film will fade prevents spots and streaks _Dry_ prevents dust/dirt

Final Flashcards by Susan lee

Xrays

Electromagnetic radiation
Electrons interact
Invisible
Can’t be felt
Ionizes atoms
Penetrates matter

Has particles and waves

xray beams are - charge

Absorbtion

Atomic number
Density of object
energy of xray

Cathode (filament): -

Coiled tungsten
High Melting point
High Atomic #
mA heats filament

Anode (target): +

Tungsten with copper base
Stationary (dental) or Rotating

1% are xrays, 99% are heat

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen - father of xrays

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Xray Damages

Ionization vs Excitation

Somatic vs Genetic

Ionization: Displaces electrons

Excitation: strikes electrons to higher orbit

Somatic: Damage over a person’s lifetime.

Cancer
Catarats
Anemia

Genetic: Damage to DNA/Choromosomes

Birth defects

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Xray Safety

Dosimetry

maintain Distance

wear 0.5mm lead apron/gloves

Collimate

Use good technique chart and technique

Use 2.5 mm aluminum filters

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Xray labels

Patient name

Vet hospital

Dr name

Date of radiograph

Patient ID (age, sex, breed)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Technique Chart

Extremity/Skull

Thoracic

Abdomen

Pelvis/Spine

Avian/Exotic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Xray Density vs Contrast

Density: Degree of darkness (mAs)

high Penetrating power
longer develepment time
longer development temp
increase in mAs
Increase KVP
High # of xrays reaching film

Contrast: brightness b/t 2 areas (kVp)

High Contrast = Short Scale (bones)
Low Contrast = Long Scale (lots of grays - abdomen)

Increase mAs 50%

cast
obses

Decrease mAs 50%

neonates

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Photons

Bundles of energy

Has no electrical charge

Has no mass

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

wavelength vs frequency

Wavelength: Distance

Frequency: Cycle per second

Short wavelength = More Energy = Travels further

High frequencey = More penetration = Travels deeper

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Elecrtromagnetic Spectrum

Radiowaves

Microwaves

Infradwaves

Visible light

Xrays

Gamma rays

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Heel Effect

Focal Spot

SID

Grid

Backscatter

Heel Effect: Decrease in xray intensity on anode side due to an anode target angle

Place thickest body part under cathode side

Focal Spot - where the electrons hit the target

small spot = sharper image
too small = overheats

SID - Distance b/t focal spot and film. 40

Short distance = decrease sharpness

Grid - Prevents scatter radiation. Placed b/t patient and film

Backscatter - Radiation scatter reflected from behind image plane to image

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Xray Distortions

Geometric Distortion

object is not parallel to film

Foreshortening

2 objects are not parallel to each other

Magnification

Object is further from film
Looks fuzzier

Elongation

Object is not directly under radiation source

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Films

Silver halide film -> metallic silver (exposed)
Or Silver bromide
has fluroescent plastic
has phosphor crystals
95% light is emitted from screen
5% directly from xrays
Discard after 7 years or artifactual

Unexposed film & Processed: Clear

Exposed & Processed: Black

Exposed & Unprocessed: Purple

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Film Processing

Development

5-7 min. half the time of fixer
68-72 temp
Converts silver halide into black metallic silver
Replace developer when green

Rinse (Stop bath)

30 sec.
acetic acid
68-72 temp
stops developing process
Clears contaminants

Fix

10 mins. Double the time of developer
clears unexposed crystals
film is viewable after 1 min
Replace if clearingtime >2-3 min or over/under exposed

Wash bath

20-30 mins
crucial - film will fade
prevents spots and streaks

Dry

prevents dust/dirt

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Silver Recovery

Metallic Replacement - pass fixer in steel wool to replace silver with steel

Electrolyte Replacement - pass fixer b/t anode and cathode.

Chemical Precipitate - chemcially causes silver to precipitate out in a sludge

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Film Postioning

VD/DV: head up

Lateral: Head is facing left with dorsal side up

Extremities: Toes down

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Screens vs Non Screens

Latent Image

Speed

Study These Flashcards

Screens

Lower mAs
Lower radiation
Lower exposure time
reduce motion
rare-earth lanthanides for better light conversion

Latent Image - converts xrays to visible light

Non Screens

Good for dental/bone
No loss of detail
longer exposure time
Responds directly to xrays

Speed

Large Crystals

Faster
Less detail
Penetrates thick tissue
Greater light emission

Smaller Crystals

Slower
Better detail
more radiation needed

Fluoroscopy

Study These Flashcards

Real time

Radiography

Screen is above table

Xray tube is below table

less resolution

Uses Cadium sufide screens

Ultrasound

Study These Flashcards

Things that can’t be identified on xrays

Motility

no radiation

Free fluid = good detail

Free gas = poor detail

Uses soundwaves (2mhz-10mhz)

Sound travels faster in solids, slower in gases

best in soft tissue

poor detail of bone and lungs

Ultrasound gel = eliminates air

Transducer: sound, electric energy to sound waves to electric energy

Phased Array - common transducer in vet meds

Echogenicity

Study These Flashcards

Indicates liquid or solid by intensity of reflected echo

Hyperechoic - Bright

Hypoechoic - Dark

Anechoic - non echoic

Red: blood is flowing towards you

Blue: Blood is flowing away from you

C.T

Study These Flashcards

Computerized Tomography

Uses radiation

fixed kVp 120

Brain, Spinal Cord, Nervous system, spine, obscure mass

Rotating xray tube. 360

Good contrast in bone

Cross sectional images

MRI

Study These Flashcards

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Good Contrast for soft tissue

Scintigraphy

Study These Flashcards

Not a diagnotis tool

Need radioactive material (IV)

Low radiation

Physiology of organs

Identify lesions

Thyroid, Bone, Liver

Musculoskeletal Diseases

Study These Flashcards

Muscles
Ligament
Connective tissues
Bone/Cartilage

Legg-Calve Perthes

Necrosis of femoral head
Blood to bone interruption
Small dogs
<12 months age

Panosteitis

Patchy apperance to bone
Inflammatory condition
Large Dogs
5-14 months

Arthritis

Inflammation in joint

Infectious: caused by an infection
Immune Mediated

Erosive - Small breeds (rheumatoid)
Nonerrosive - Large breeds

Spondylosis Deformans

Osteophytes b/t disc columns
too much vitamin A

Osteochondrosis Dessicans (OCD)

Piece of Cartliage sticks out into joint
Cartilage dies and tries to make fibrous
Cartilage joint thickens and stops bloodsupply
Medium-Large breeds
6-9 months

Hip Dysplasia

Malformation of coxofemoral Joints
Large dogs
Heredity
PennHip or OFA organization

Patellar Luxation

displacement of patella
Small dogs

Fibrosarcoma

Cancer starts of in soft tissue and spreads to bone

Long bone Anatomy

Study These Flashcards

Fractures

**_Simple Fractures_** * bone splits into 2 **_Comminuted Fractures_** * Bone splits into multiple pieces **_Compound Fractures_** * Open fracture **_Incomplete Fractures_** * aka greenstick fracture * bone is cracked on one side **_Multiple Fractures_** * fractures on more than 1 sites **_Joint Mouse_** * Fragment of bone is joint space **_Stable_** * Fragments interlock **_Unstale_** * Fragments do not interlock **_Impacted_** * Fragments are pushed together shortening the bone **_Condylar Fracture_** * Joint fracture **_Avulsion_** * Bone displaced from muscle/ligament/tendon **_Crepitus_** * crackling sound/feel

Physeal Fractures

[![]()](https://s3.amazonaws.com/brainscape-prod/system/cm/022/678/118/a_image_thumb.png?1361242891)

Healing Malformation Deformity Osteophytes

1. Periosteal Reaction - 1st stage 2. Callus Formation - 2nd stage Malformation: Defect that occurs while bone is growing Deformity: Abnormal alternations from previous bone Osteophytes - bony projections aka bone spurs

Contrast

Enhances visualization **_+ Contrast_** * Barium or Iodinated * Radiopaque = White * Increase kVp 10% **_- Contrast_** * Gas/Air * Radiolucent = Black * Decrease kVp 10% **_Double Contrast_** * + and - Contrast * Uric acid cystoliths

Contrast Studies

**_Esophagram_** * Esophagus ~ Stomach * Barium orally * Pic. during and after swallow **_Upper GI Series_** * Stomach, Small/Large Intestine * 4-8mL/kg of 30-60% contrast * Fast animal 12 hours * 4 views at 0 * 2 views (rt & vd) at 15, 30,60,90 mins **_Barium Enema_** * Rectum, Colon, Cecum * 10-15ml/kg rectally **_Cystogram_** * Bladder, Iodinated **_Pneumocystogram_** * Bladder, co2 **_Double Contrast Pneumocystogram_** * Bladder, both **_Urethrogram_** * Kidney, ureter, bladder, iodinated **_Excretory Urogram_** * Kidney & collection system * IV injection - iodinated or triiodinated 1. Nephrogram - phase 1 2. Pyelogram - phase 2 **_Myleography_** * Spine * Iodinated contrast

Planes

Frontal Plane: Dorsal/Ventral Saggital Plane: Left/Right sides Transverse: Cranial/Caudal Median Plane: Lt./Rt. Halves

Animal Postioning

**_Abdomen_** * Expiratory phase * B.C.& measure: 13th rib * Diaphram ~ femoral head **_Pelvis_** * FOV: part of lumbar ~ femur 1. Lateral view 2. VD view (Frog leg) 3. Extended Projection **_Cervical Spine_** * FOV: Base of Skull~1st few thoracic * DV **_Thoracic Spine_** * FOV: C7~L1 * BC: T7 * Measure: 7th rib **_Lumbar Spine_** * FOV: T13~Sacrum for lateral * FOV: L6~Illiac crest for VD **_Thorax_** * Inspiratory phase * Lookfor metastasis * Low mAs, high kVP * FOV 1st rib ~13th rib (VD/DV) * FOV: manubrium~L1 (Lateral) **_Skull_** * FOV: tip of nose ~ base of skull

Dental

Dogs _3142_ 3143 Cats _3131_ 3121 Right Maxillary: 1 Left Maxillary: 2 Left Mandible: 3 Right Mandible: 4 Incisors: 01 Canine: 04 Premolars: 08 (Last premolar) Molar: 09 (1st molar)

Dental machine

Non screen Good detail SID 16" or less 1. Parallel technique 2. Bisecting Technique

Final Flashcards

(33 cards)