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Radiography > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Radiology

X-Ray

Photons

A

Branch of medicine aiding in visulizing interior of body

Electromagnetic Radiation

  1. Particles
  2. Waves

Bundles of energy in x-ray beam. Rides the wave. Has no mass or electrical charge

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2
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Radiowaves - Microwaves - Infrared - Visible Light - Ultraviolet - X-rays - Gamma rays

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3
Q

X-ray properties

A
  1. Invisble
  2. cannot be felt
  3. type of electromagnetic radiation
  4. interacts with electrons
  5. penetrates matter
  6. ionizes atoms
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4
Q

Wavelength vs Frequency

A

Wavelength: Distance from point A to point B

Frequency: cycles per second

Longer the wavelength = Frequency decreases

Shorter the wavelength = Frequency increases

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5
Q

X-ray tube

A

Anode:

  • Positive
  • (Tungsten target)
  • Temp. can exceed 1000 C. Use of copper base and oil to conduct heat away

Types:

  • Stationary: Low xray production, can’t take a lot of heat.
  • Rotating: Disk shape

Cathode:

  • Negative
  • (Filament)

Cathode + Anode = 99% Heat & 1% X ray

** Cathode side x ray beam is more powerful. Place thicker body parts on cathode side.**

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6
Q

Waves

Absorption

A

Longer the wavelength = Frequency decreases = has less energy = travels shorter/does not penetrate well

Shorter the wavelength = Frequency increases = has more energy = travels further/penetrates deeper

Absorption varies on:

  • Atomic number
  • Density of the object
  • Enerrgy of the x ray
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7
Q

Postive vs Negative

A

Positive

Invisible images that is made visible via chemical or digital processing

Negative

Damaging and altering living tissue via:

  • Excitiation - Photon strikes and excites electron in orbit causing it to move to a higher orbit causing biological changes
  • Ionization - Photon displaces an electron in orbit by striking it and also causing biological changes.
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8
Q

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

A

Credited in discovering X rays

Used vaccum tubes to pass electrons from cathode to anode

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9
Q

Milliamperage (mA)

Kilovoltage (KVP)

Santes’ rule

A

mA

  • Milliamperes
  • measures the circuit that heats up the filament
  • measures electric current

mA x 1/sec = mAs (milliamperage-seconds)

increase in mA allows shorter exposure time

KVP

  • Kilovoltage peak
  • mA is boosted by KVP to produce enough speed
  • Measures pressure

Santes’ Rule: used to estimate KVP

(2 x thickness cm) + 40 = KVP

**increase kVP by 10 allows you to half the mAs or maintain mA with half the exposure time**

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10
Q

Focal Spot

A

Hits the target area

Smaller the focal point = Sharper the picture

** too small and it can’t stand the heat**

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11
Q

Failures

Electrical Components

A

Failures

Cathode Failure

  • Filament evaporates if exposed to too much heat and time of use
  • Does not get hot until you hit “pre exposure” button
  • Turn off machine if not using.
  • mA meter doesn’t move = filament is gone

Anode Bearings

  • holding “pre-exposure” button down to long can overheat bearings
  • Unusual noise is a problem
  • no noise is sign of failed bearings

Target Damage

  • Use low mA settings and high KVP to keep heat low.

Glass Envelope

  • If air gets into

Electrical Components

High Voltage Circuits

Provides High electrical potential to move electrons from cathode to anode

  • Autotransformer
  • Step up transformers

Low Voltage Circuits

Provides electricity to heat filament

  • Step down transformers
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12
Q

Collimator

A

Prevents scatter radiation

Restricts beams

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13
Q

Retification

A

Changes alternating to Direct current
so that constant electron flow is maintained

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14
Q

Control Panel

A
  • On/Off button
  • Voltmeter
  • Kilovolt selector
  • Milliampere selector
  • Timer
  • Exposure button
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15
Q

Radiation Damages & Exposure

A

Somatic

Damges to body tissue within person’s lifetime

Genetic

Damage to reporductive cells via genetic mutation

Hereditary damages

MPD (Maximum Permissible Doses)

ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

Measured in Grays. 1 Gys = 100 rads (Radiation absorbed doses)

Absorbed Dose X Quality factor = Sieverts (Sv)

  • Occupational - 0.05 Sv/yr
  • Non Occ. - 0.005 Sv/yr

Use Lead Apron: 0.5mm Lead

Use 2.5 mm aluminum filter b/t window and collimator

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16
Q

Vet Tech role

A

Knowledge of

  • x ray machine
  • film
  • cassettes
  • film processor
  • Safety requirments
  • Proper techniques for production of diagnostic radiograph
  • Evaluation of diagnostic quality
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17
Q

Rapidly dividing cells

A

Reporductive cells

Epithelial cells

Lymphoid cells

Hemopoietic

Fetal tissues

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18
Q

Density vs Contrast

A

Density

  • Degree of blackness
  • # of x rays reaching the film
  • penetrating power of radiation
  • development time/temp
  • High mAs = High density
  • High kVP = High density

High tissue thickness = less xrays reaching film = less density

Too Dark:

Decrease mAs: 30%-50%

Decrease kVp: 10%-15%

Too Light:

Increase mAs: 30%-50%

Increase kVp: 10%-15%

Contrast

  • Difference in brightness in 2 neighboring areas
  • High contrast = Short scale
  • Low contrast = Long scale = more grays
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19
Q

Grids

Study These Flashcards
A

Absorbs scatter radiation

Placed b/t patient and film

Lead strips: absorbs xrays

Spacer material: allows primary x rays to reach film

Types

  • Focused: lead strips are angled
  • Unfocused: Lead strips are parallel
  • Pseudofocused: a compromise
  • Crossed or Linear

**Use bucky if patient measurement is greater than 10cm**

20
Q

SID

Study These Flashcards
A

Source Image Distance

Distance b/t x ray tube focal spot and image receptor (Film)

Closer the distance = higher the intensity

Use constant 40 inches

21
Q

Limbs Position

Study These Flashcards
A

Use Cranial & Cauldal

(Front & Back)

Use Dorsal & Palmar/Planter

(Top & Bottom)

22
Q

Nose to Ears

Study These Flashcards
A

Rostral (cranial)

towards ears (Caudal)

23
Q

Frontal Plane

Sagittal Plane

Transverse Plane

Median Plane

Study These Flashcards
A

Separates Dorsal/Ventral

Separates Lt/Rt sides

Separates Cranial/Caudal

Separates Lt/Rt Halves

24
Q

Technique Chart

Study These Flashcards
A

Provides following information

  • X ray cassette
  • Placement of cassettes
  • mA, mAs, kVp setting

Based on tissue thickness

Anatomical part

Created by site via trial and error

5 charts

  • Extremity/Skull
  • Abdomen
  • Thorax
  • Pelvis/Spine
  • Avian/exotics
25
Under Exposure vs Over Exposure
_Under Exposure_ (Too Light) w. anatomic outlines (adequate) Solution: Increase mAs 30-50% _Under Exposure_ (Too Light) w/o anatomic outlines (Inadequate) Solution: Increase kVp 10-15% _Over Exposure_ (Too Dark) w. white bones (Adequate) Solution: Decrease mAs 30-50% _Over Exposure_ (Too Dark) w. grey bones, low contrast b/t bone and tissue (Overpenetration) Solution: Decrease kVp 10-15%
26
Abdomen
Reasons for abdominal xrays * Trauma * Vomitting * Distention * Urinary Obstruction * Mass * General wellness Long Scale Contrast (Low contrast - grays): High kvp and low mAs
27
Abdomen view
_V/D views_ (Stomach side up) * Diaphragm to Femoral head * Expiratory phase * Beam center and measure on 13th rib * Use sandbags under thoracic & v-trough _Lateral views_ * Diaphragm to Femoral head * Expiratory phase * Beam center and measure on 13th rib * Use foam pads b/t femurs and under sternum
28
Scapula
_Scapula Lateral View_ * Beam center on middle of scapula * Measure thickest area of scapula _Scapula caudocranial View_ * Beam center on middle of scapula * Measure thickest area of scapulohumeral joint * VD position * Extend limb cranially * Rotate sternum away from scapula
29
Humerus
* Center beam on center of bone * Measure thickest area over shoulder joint * Lateral position, dorsal recumbency (caudocranial view), abduct limb away from midline * Include joints
30
Elbow
_Craniocaudal view_ * Beam center over joint * Measure thickest area * Position sternal recumbancy, head tilted away * Use foam pad under elbow _Lateral view_ * Center beam over joint * Measure distal humerus * Position with rope. Caudally push opposite limb back. * Use foam under metacarpal *
31
Radius & Ulna
_Lateral view_ * Center beam on middle of bones * Meausre over elbow _Craniocaudal view_ * Center beam on middle of bones * Measure at distal humerus * Sternal recumbency
32
Carpus
_Lateral view_ * Center beam on distal carpal bones * Measure on center of joint _Dorsopalmar_ * Center beam at middle of distal carpals * Measure at center of joint
33
Metacarpus/Phalanges
_Dorsopalmar view_ Center beam on middle of metacarpal bones Measure on middle of metacarpal bones _Lateral view_ Cetner beam on center of digits Measure on middle of phalanx
34
Image receptor Parts
* Film * Intensifying screens (Converts xrays into visible light) * Cassette (Lead backing)
35
Screens
_Pros_ Lower radiation Lower mAs Less exposure to patient Lower chance of motion _Cons_ Causes slight blurring of image _Parts_ 1. Base (support) 2. Reflective layer 3. Phosphor crystal layer 4. Protective coat
36
Screen Speed
_Affected by:_ * Phospher type * crystal size * phospher layer thickness * reflective layer efficiency * Dyes in phosphor layer _Large crystals_ Faster screens Less detail Grainy greater light emission _Small Crystals_ Slower screens more detail less grainy larger amount of radiation used _Thick Phosphor Layer_ Increases xray absorption Increases light emission Decreases detail _Reflective layer efficiency_ Reflects light from phosphor layer to film _Slow speed_ * Optimal detail * Long exposure time _Medium speed_ * Good Resolution * Short exposure _Fast speed_ * Emits more light = Reduce exposure time = less detail * penetrates thick tissue
37
Film Properties
* Silver bromide or Halide - aborbs xrays and visible light to form image * 2 sided * Do not expose any side to light (foggy means it was exposed to light) * Will turn metallic silver once exposed * Will be clear if unexposed * Conversion makes film blacker
38
Screen film vs Non screen film
_Screen Film_ * Regular film: Blue sensitive * Rare Earth: Green sensitive * Sensitive to fluorescent light _Non screen film_ * Best for bones and teeth * More details * responds directly to xrays * More exposure
39
Film Storage
Vertically inside darkroom in cool/dry place store away from radiation or chemcial fumes Use before expiration date
40
Screen Speed
Efficiency in converting xrays to light
41
Technique Charts
Help keep consistancy Improves efficiency
42
Chart factor
Screen speed & film Age of screen SID beam filtration temp/time of film processing grid type
43
mAs vs kVp
Increase mAs for more density Increase kVp for short exposure time (10-15%) Too light w. outlines - increase mAs 30-50% Too light w/o outlines - increase kVp 10-15%] Too much penetration: decrease kvp Overexposure: decrease mAs
44
Film processing Dry side vs wet side
_Dry side_ place to place and remove film from cassettes Storage bin for film _Wet side_ For chemcial processing * Developer - Converts silver halide crystal to black metallic silver * water - to rinse, stop developing process, contamination * fixer - clears unexposed crystals * Wash bath - manual processing of stirring. (20-30 min.)
45
Steps to film processing
Step 1 **Preparation** * chemicals should be at 68 degree * Dont use same paddle * Turn on safety lights Step 2 **Unload Cassette** * Dont use fingernails * Shake film out * Hold film by edges * close cassette while labeling film Step 3 **Loading film to hanger** * attach to clips * don't touch the center of film Step 4 **Developing** * Put film in developing tank * agitate a couple of times * close lid * set timer Step 5 **Rinsing** * Remove film * Put in the rinse bath for 30 sec Step 6 **Fix it** * Put in fix tank * agitate and set timer * fix for 10 mins. Step 7 **Washing** * Remove film * Wash for 20-30 mins. Step 8 **Drying** * hang film * cut edges of film * prevent dust on films
46

Radiography (2 decks)

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