Final Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
How are animal like protists classified
A
By how they move
2
Q
Fungi in the vagina are in competition with what other microorganism
A
Bacteria
3
Q
What are the 4 basic types of tissues in the body
A
Muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial
4
Q
What are the levels of organization
A
Cell,tissue,organ,organ system,organism
5
Q
What is homeostasis
A
Maintaining relatively constant internal conditions
6
Q
Who was the founder of evolution
A
Charles Darwin
7
Q
What island did Darwin explore to find the majority of his information
A
The Galapagos
8
Q
What does survival of fittest mean
A
You have the adaptations to survive in that time and place
9
Q
How are protists classified
A
Animal like
Fungus like
Plant like
10
Q
What do plant like protists need to have to be able to carry out photosynthesis
A
Chlorophyll
11
Q
How do fungus like protists get their energy
A
Chemosynthesis/ by observing nutrients through decaying matter
12
Q
What is the definition of a plant
A
Plants are autotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms
13
Q
What is the definition of an animal
A
Multicellular,heterotrophic,eukaryotic organism
14
Q
What does cephalization mean
A
When nerves begin to accumulate within a specific area to create a control center to control all the other nerves around the body
15
Q
What kind of symmetry is found in cephalization
A
to be able to complete more complex actions with faster reactions they are bilateral organized animals
16
Q
What is the difference between and open/closed circulatory system
A
Closed circulation takes place in the more complex animals who need fast reactions and a transportation system that can reach all parts of the body quickly. This is made possible by the blood vessels.
Open circulation is when the blood freely flows within the body without anything to guided which is much less efficient.
17
Q
What are the three types of symmetry
A
Radial-wheel spokes
Asymmetrical- blobby stuff
Bilateral- halves
18
Q
Exoskeleton vs. endoskeleton
A
Exoskeleton is when structures skeleton is outside (Beatles)
While endoskeleton’s are in the body (cows)
19
Q
Invertebrate vs. vertebrate
A
Vertebrates have backbones and usually higher level of functioning
while invertebrates like all of these
20
Q
The chordate phylum is very special because it requires what 4 characteristics
A
Notochord Empty dorsal Hollow nerve Pharyngital slits Post anal tail
21
Q
What does the lymphatic system do
A
It removes excess body fluids. If there is an infection the nodes will become inflamed
22
Q
What is the function of the circulatory system
A
It distributes the various elements (oxygen and nutrients) needed for survival to all reaches of the body
23
Q
What is the endocrine system
A
This system regulates hormone secretion. The hormones are like messengers that control, body growth, fertility, metabolism etc.
24
Q
What is the respiratory system
A
The system that brings air into the body to exchange the oxygen with carbon dioxide to prove energy for the chemical reactions of the body
25
What does the reproductive system do
It allows for the reproduction of the species so that it can continue to survive in its habitat. This system very significantly from the male to the female
26
What does the nervous system do
The nervous system allows the body to be able to communicate what it wants to do with the rest of the body through electrical signal. Parts include dendrites, axons, synapses the brain and spinal cord in cephalopod animals
27
What is the definition of protist
A eukaryotic usually unicellular organism that tends to live in colonies
28
What diseases do protists cause
Malaria, plasmodium, sleeping sickness
29
What does natural selection mean
The process by which organisms are the best suited to their environment will survive better and produce more offspring
30
What is an analogous structure
Body parts of different organisms that have the same function but very different structure
31
What is a homologous structure
Almost the same structure of a body part but w/ a different function
32
What is the definition of fungus
Kingdom composed of heterotrophs, many obtain energy and nutrients from dead organic matter
33
How do most fungi feed
They feed on nutrients of decaying matter in the soil as well as parasites absorbing nutrients from the bodies of their host
34
How do fungi reproduce
Both asexually and bisexuals
35
What is mycelium
Tangled mass of hyphae
36
What is hyphae
In most fungi hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called mycelium.
37
What is a stolon
A stolon is a specialized type of horizontal above-ground shoot, a colonizing organ that arises from and ancillary bid near the base of the plant
38
What arerhizoids
Rhizoids are simple hair like protuberances that extend from the lower epidermal cells of bryophytes, rhodophyta and pteridophytes. They are similar in structure and function to the root hairs of vascular land
39
What are lichens
Organism that arises from algae living among filaments of a fungus in a symbiotic relationship
40
What is the most important role of fungi in our environment
Pioneer species
41
When yeast ferments what gas is put off to allow bread to rise
Carbon dioxide
42
What are fungi cell walls composed of
Hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body
43
What are the major functions of stems in plants
Supporting structure that connects roots and leaves and carries water and nutrients between them
44
What is the cuticle
A thick, waxy layer on exposed outer surfaces of cells that protects them against water loss and injury
45
What is the epidermis
Makes up the dermal tissue or outer covering of a plant
46
What is mesophyll
Specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves
Preforms most of plants photosynthesis
47
What is xylem
Vascular tissue that carries water up upward from the roots to every part of the plant
48
What is phloem
Vascular tissue responsible for the transport of nutrients and the carbohydrates produced by nutrients
49
What is a guard cell
Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure
50
What is the stomata
Opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf
51
What is a monocot
Angiosperm whose seeds have one cotyledon
52
What is a dicot
Angiosperms who seems to have two cotyledons
53
What are the major functions of the leaves
Main photosynthetic systems increase the amount of sun light plants conserve water while leading oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit the leaf
54
What are the monomers of proteins
Amino acids
55
What are the monomers of carbohydrates
Simple sugars
56
What are the monomers of lipids
Fatty acids or glycerol
57
What are the monomers of nucleus acid
Nucleotides
58
What macromolecule is out main source of energy
Carbohydrates
59
What was Darwins word entitled and why did Darwin wait so long to publish his work
On the origin of species
60
Who was Charles Linnaeus and what was his major contribution to science
Father of taxonomy
61
What is bionomial nomenclature
Two names, genus and species
62
What is the order of classification
```
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
```
63
What are the two major types of cells and how do you determine the difference between them
Eukaryotic cells contain nuclei
prokaryotic single celled
organism locking the nucleus
64
Who are the two major categories of bacteria and how do you know the difference between them
Eubacteria cell wall and contains peptidoglycan
Archaebacteria cell wall lacks peptidoglycan
65
What are the three shapes of bacteria
Bacilli rods
Cocci spheres
Spirilla spirals
66
What is the basic structure of a virus
DNA or RNA surrounded by capsid (protein coat)
67
What does a gram staining test show
If there a bacteria present or not
68
What are the levels of organization in the environment
```
Organism
Species
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
```
69
Biology is the study of..
Life
70
What does a vaccine do
Triggers plasma cells to make antibodies
71
what is a producer
A plant that makes its own food
72
What is an autotroph
Autotrophs produce their own food
73
What is a heterotroph
Do not produce their own food
74
What is a consumer
An organism that feeds on plants or animals
75
What is a decomposer
And organism that breaks down the cells of dead plants and animals
76
What is a herbivore
Only eats plants
77
What is an omnivore
Eats plants and animals
78
What is a carnivore
Eats only animals
79
What is a scavenger
An organism that feeds on dead decaying matter
80
What is a detrivore
An organism that uses organic waste as a food source
81
What is nitrogen fixation
The process by which specialized bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to nitraits as a usable form of nitrogen
82
What is the 10% rule and where does the other 90% go
As you move up each trophic level in an energy pyramid 90% of the energy is lost and 10% is kept
83
What are the characteristics of living things
It is made of cells
Obtains:used energy
Grows and developed
Reproduces
84
How many variables are tested in an experiment
1
85
What is a prokaryote
No nucleus
86
What is a eukaryotes
Has a nucleus
87
What is osmosis
Diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
88
What three organelles are in a plant cell but not in animal cells
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Vacuole
89
What is diffusion and why does it occur
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a area of higher concentration to an area of lower
It happens to reach dynamic equalibrium
90
What happens in mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
91
What happens in g1
Cell grows
92
What happens in s
Centrioles replicate
93
What happens in g2
Chromosomes are replicated
94
What is cancer
An uncontrolled division of cells caused by failure to produce or over production of certain enzymes
95
What does mRNA do
The messenger
Helps get info out of the nucleus
96
What does tRNA do
Transfer RNA
Brings amino acids for assembly into proteins
97
What does rRNA do
Ribosomal RNA
Helps bond amino acids together
98
What happens during transcription
DNA makes mRNA to get info out of the nucleus
Some DNA makes rRNA
tRNA brings amino acids for assembly and proteins
99
What happens during translation
mRNA finds a ribosome
The codon on the mRNA looks for complement or anti-codon from the tRNA
The ribosome begins making protein when it finds the codon
100
What is the equation for cellular respiration
H6C12O6+6O2 -------- 6CO2+6H2O+ATP
101
What is the equation for photosynthesis
6CO2+6H2O---------H6C12O6+6O2
102
What is the starting. Molecule of glycolysis
Glucose
103
What is lactic acid and what does it cause
It is produced when you exercise and are no longer getting enough oxygen to your muscles so your muscles start to burn
104
What does anaerobic respiration
Doesn't need oxygen
| Lactic acid
105
What is aerobic respiration
It requires oxygen
106
During cellular respiration one molecule of glucose can be converted into how many ATP molecules
2
107
What organelle does photosynthesis occur in
The chloroplasts of plant cells
108
What organelle does cellular respiration occur in
The mitochondria
109
What organisms do photosynthesis
Plants
110
What organisms do cellular respiration
Animals
111
Why are photosynthesis and cellular respiration considered opposites
Because there are reactants and products are flipped
112
What is the definition of hybrid
The breeding of different varieties of organisms
113
Who is the father of genetics and what did he do
Gregor Mendel
He discovered some traits are dominant and some are recessive
114
What is a punnett square
A chart used to visualize the possibilities of genetic cross
115
What is a diploid
2/A cell which contains two homologous copies of each chromosome
116
Haploid
1/2- A specialized cell that contains half of the chromosome number
117
What is crossing over
Each chromosome becomes a part of another
118
Why is crossing over important to genetic diversity
Everyone would be the same of their was no crossing over
119
What is phototropism
A change in the direction of growth in response to light
120
Gravitropism
The change in direction of growth in response to gravity
121
Thigmotropism
The directional growth of a plant in response to contact with a physical object
122
What is the function of a flower petal
It attracts pollinators to the flower
123
What is the function of the pistil
Contains the female organs of a flower
124
What is the function of the stigma
Trap pollen grains
125
What is the function of the style
It is a shaft
126
What is the function of the ovary I a flower
It encloses small structures called ovules
127
What is the function of the ovule
It contains egg cells
128
What is the function of the stamen
Contains the male organs of a flower
129
What is the function of the filament
It is topped by an anther
130
What is the function of the anther
Stores pollen
131
What is the function of the sepal
Protect the maturing flower bud
132
How does fruit help with seed dispersal
Animals eat the fruit and then poop it out
133
The ways seeds can be dispersed
Wind water and animals
134
The term vascular tissue refers to what
The plant tissue composed of conducting tubes of xylem and phloem
135
What are plant cell walls composed of
Cellulose
136
What is fruit
A ripened ovary
137
What is the major function of the skeletal system
Store minerals
Move body parts
Protect organs
138
What is the main function of the muscular system
Allows you to move
139
What is the main function of the integumentary system
Act as a barrier and protect the body from the outside world
140
What is the main function of the excretory system
To remove waste from the body
141
What were the main ideas that Charles Darwin proposed
Natural selection
Survival Of the fittest
decent with modification
142
People influenced Charles Darwin
Thomas Malthus
Charles Lyell
James Hitton
Charles Lamarck
143
A valid hypothesis must be..
Testable
144
A valid hypothesis is based on what
Evidence
145
What is cell specialization and why is it needed
They cell preforming a specific function for a larger organ or tissue
146
Study cell parts
Study cell parts
147
So cell size is more efficient
Small
148
What is a DNA nucleotide composed of
Deoxyribose sugars
149
What is a RNA nucleotides composed of
Ribonucleic acid
150
After DNA replication what are the double helixes composed of
One new strand and one old strand
151
What are the differences between DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose nucleus acid
Carries genetic message
Double stranded
Ribonucleic acid
Single stranded
152
How are plant like protists classified
By their pigments
153
If you are a fungus like protists what do you feed on
Dead and decaying matter
154
What is lichen made of
Algae and fungi
155
What does xylem and phloem move
Xylem- water
| Phloem-food from photosynthesis
156
What is a nucleotide mad if
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen base
157
The end product of translation is the
Polypeptide chain aka a protein
