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Evolution, Ecology, and Biodiversity > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

Before 3 billions years, what was earth like?

A

Terrestrial surface was lifeless

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2
Q

What is the closest relative to land plants?

A

Charophytes

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3
Q

What 4 traits do land plants share with Charophytes

A
  1. Rose shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
  2. Peroxisome enzymes
  3. Structure of flagellated sperm
  4. Formation of a phragmoplast during cell division
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4
Q

What traits allowed chrophyceans to move to land?

A

Sporopellenin (which prevents zygotes from drying out) allowing for adaptation to shallow water

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5
Q

What 4 traits for most plants share?

A

1 Alternation of generations

  1. Walled spores produced in sporangia
  2. Multicellular gametangia
  3. Apical meristems
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6
Q

Why are land plants called? (In terms of zygotes and other shit)

A

Embryophytes

because zygotes are retained in female plant tissue

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7
Q

Why do gametangia and walled spores provide for plants?

A

Walled spores: Protection for seeds from dry air

Gametangia: Archegonia and antheridia are special organs used for gamete production

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8
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

A waxy covering of the epidermis

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9
Q

What is Mycorrhizae?

A

Symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

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10
Q

How are plants grouped and what do you call the groups

A

Based on the presence of vascular tissue

Vascular plants
Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

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11
Q

What are the names of clades taken up by seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes

Pterophytes

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12
Q

What is a seed and what are the names of clades that make up the seed plants?

A

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coating

Gymnosperms (naked seed)

Angiosperm (flowering plants)

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13
Q

What three phyla make up the bryophytes clade?

A

Hepatophyta (Liverworts)

Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

Bryophyta (Mosses)

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14
Q

Why are liverworts called worts?

A

Cause of their shape

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15
Q

Where are bryophytes gametophytes produced?

A

Flagellated sperm in antheridia

Ova produced in archegonia

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16
Q

Where are sporophytes produced in bryophyte?

A

Grow out of archgonia

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17
Q

When did vascular plants begin to diversify?

A

Carboniferous period

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18
Q

What are living vascular plants characterized by?

A

Life cycles with dominant sporophytes

Vascular tissue called a xylem and phloem

Well developed roots and leaves

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19
Q

Which is larger? Sporophytes or gametophytes?

In Brytophytes?
In Vascular?

A

Bry = Gametophytes

Vascular = Sporophytes

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20
Q

What is the xylem and phloem? What are they made of?

A

Xylem: Conducts water and minerals up the plant

Phloem: Distributes those things through the cells

Both are made of lignin

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21
Q

In leaves, what are microphylls and megaphylls?

A

Micro = Leaves with a single stem

Mega = Leaves with a highly branched vascular system

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22
Q

What are sporophylls, sori, and strobili?

A

Sporo = Leaves with sporangia

sori = clusters of sporangia on the underside of sporophylls

Strobili = cone-like structures formed from sporophylls

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23
Q

Most seedless vascular plants are homosporous, what does that mean?

A

Produces one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte

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24
Q

Seed plants though are megasporous, what does that mean?

A

Megaspores produce female gametophytes and microspores produce male gametophytes

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25
Besides seeds, what do all seed plants possess?
Reduced gametophytes heterospory Ovules Pollen
26
What does ovule consist of?
Megasporangium, megaspore, and protective integuments
27
Which spore produces pollen and what is it protected by?
Microspores Sporopollenin
28
What are the benefits of seeds?
Contained sporophyte embryos, food supplys and packeaged in a protective coat Can remain dormant for years
29
What 4 phyla make up gymnosperms?
Cycadophyta Gingkophyta Gnetophyta Coniferophyta
30
What are some key features of gymnosperms life cycle?
Dominance of sporophyte generations Development of seeds fro fertilized ovules Pollen transfers sperm to ovules
31
What are angiosperms?
Flowering plants
32
Flowers contain specialized shoot with 4 modified leaves, what are they?
Sepals: Enclose flower Petals: Brightly colored and attract pollinators Stamens: Produce pollen on terminal anthers Carpels: Produce Ovules
33
How are flowering plants fertilized?
Pollen tubes discharges 2 sperm into female gametophyte. First sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other fuses the two nuclei in the center to initiate production of a food storing endosperm
34
How are fungi heterotrophs?
They suggest exoenzymes and and absorb the smaller compounds. They do not ingest their food.
35
What are fungi cell walls made of?
Chitin
36
How are fungi cells divided? Is this the same for coenocytic fungi?
Fungi have hyphae dividied by speta allowing for transportaiton through numerous cells Co = lack septa
37
What organs allow fungi to penetrate plant cells?
Haustoria Along with Mycorrhizae allow for inorganic nutrients to be fixed in plants, and organic molecules for the fungi
38
What are the 2 forms of mycorrhizae?
Ectomycorrhizal fungi = forms sheath of hyphae over a root and grow into extracellular spaces of the root Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi = extend hyphae through the cell walls of root cells and into tubes fromed by invagination of the root cell membrane
39
How can fungi reproduce?
Asexually or sexually
40
What are the two stages of sexual reproduction in fungi?
``` cell fusion (plasmogamy) Nuclear fusion (karyogamy) ``` with intervenining stage between the two in which their are two haploid cells from the the two parents (heterokaryotic stage)
41
What causes sexual reproduction in fungi?
Release of pheromones to communicate their mating type
42
What does DNA evidence say about who fungi is most related to?
Nucleariids
43
Who is among the earliest colonizers of land?
Fungi
44
What are the main phyla for fungi?
Chytrids Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes
45
What makes Chytrids unique among other fungi groups?
They have flagellated spores call zoospores They are believed that chytrids diverged early in fungal evolution
46
Why are zygomycetes named as such?
They are named for their sexually produced zygosporangia
47
Glomeromycetes all form a distinct endomycorrhizae, what is it?
Arbuscular mycorrhizae
48
Ascomycetes have a stupid name, which is based on a an actual structure. What are they called?
Sac fungi Asci
49
How are animals held together and what makes them unique?
Collagen Nervous and muscle tissue
50
When did the cambrian explosion occur?
The Paleozoic era
51
When did modern mammal orders and insects begin to show?
Cenozoic Era
52
What does cephalization mean?
Sensory structures and brain at the end
53
What are the names of the three germ layers?
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm
54
What are the names of the two development modes found in animals?
Protostome Deuterostoes
55
How does cleavage differ in protostome/deuterostome development?
Proto = Spiral and determinate Deute = Radial and indeterminate
56
In development, what does the blastopore develop into?
Proto = Mouth Deute = Anus
57
What common feature do all ecdysozoans share?
They shed their exoskeletons to grow called ecdysis
58
What phyla do sponges make up?
Porifera
59
What generates water current in sponges and what cells play a role in digestion?
Choanocytes Amoebocytes
60
Clade bilateria possess two features, what are they?
Bilateral symmetry | Triploblastic development
61
Phylum Mollusca all share a similar body plan, what are the 3 main parts?
A muscular goot A visceral mass A mantle
62
What are the 4 major classes of molluscs?
Polyplacophora Gastropoda Bivalvia Cephalopoda
63
What is the most distinct characterisitic of gastropods?
Torsion of the body plan
64
What two gorups is phylum annelida split into?
Polychaeta (polchaetes) Oligochaeta (Earthworms and that shit)
65
What kind of circulatory system do arthopods have? And what is hemolymph?
Open A fluid circulated into spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
66
What are the 4 classes of arthropoda?
Chelicerates (spiders, scorpions and shit) Myriapods (centipedes and millipeds) Hexapods (insects and shit) Crustaceans (lobsters, crabs, and shit)
67
What are the 4 characters of chordates?
Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits or clefts Muscular, post-anal tail
68
What is a notochord used for?
skeletal support (usually only in embryonic development )
69
What does the nerve cord develop from?
Plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube dorsal to the notochord
70
What is unique to craniates?
A neural crest two clusters of hox genes
71
What was the first vertebrates with a mineralized skeletal elements?
Conodonts
72
What animals (also what class) represent the oldest living lineage of vertebrate?
Lampreys Class Petromyzontida Oldest because of cartilaginous segments surrounding the notochord and arching partly over the nerve cord
73
What is a jawed vertebrate called?
Gnathostomes
74
What is the earliest gnathostomes? (They were armoured
Placoderms
75
What class do sharks, rays and their relatives belong to?
Chondrichthyes Possess a cartilaginous skeleton as well as normal skeleton
76
What ways can shark eggs develop?
Oviparous = hatch outside the mother's body Ovoviviparous = embryo develops within uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk Viviporous = developed inside by a bunch of the mothers shit
77
What is the name of the clade that a vast majority of vertebrates belong to?
Osteichthyes
78
What are the specific adaptations for tetrapods?
Four limbs and feet with digits Ears developed for detecting airbourne sounds
79
What are the three orders of amphibia?
Urodela = salamanders Anura = frogs and toads Apoda = legless worms
80
Why are amniotes called amniotes?
A clade that possesses an amniotic egg; which contains a specialized membrane that protect the embryo
81
What are the surviving lineage of lepidosaurs?
Tuatara and squamates
82
What are the major adaptations of "Birds"
Wings with keratin feathers Lack of urinary bladder Females with one ovary small gonads loss of teeth
83
What is the most diverse group of living birds?
Order Passeriformes
84
What are the derived characteristics of mammals?
Mammary glands that produce milk Differentiated teeth Larger brain than other vertebrate
85
What is the name of the small group of egg laying mammals?
Monotremes
86
What characteristics separate hominids from other hominins?
Upright posture/bipedal locomotion larger brains Language capapbilities Symbiotic thought Manufacture/use of complex tools Shortened jaw
87
What is the study of ecology?
The study of interactions between organisms and the environment These interactions determine distribution of organisms and their abundance
88
What is a biosphere? Global-scale ecology?
The global ecosystem, the sum of all the planet's ecosystems Examines the influence of energy and materials on organisms across the biosphere
89
Define ecosystem?
Consists of all organisms of all species living in an area + all the abiotic factors in the area
90
Define community
All organisms of all species living in an area
91
Define population
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
92
What 4 major abiotic components make up climate?
Temperature Precipitation Sunlight Wind
93
Define macroclimate and microclimate
Macro = patterns on the global, regional, and local level Micro = very fine patterns (like under a log climate)
94
What do mountains have a significant effect on?
The amount of sunlight reaching an area Local temperature Rainfall
95
How can climate be illustrated?
With a climograph
96
Define density and dispersion
density = number of individuals per unit area of volume Dispersion = pattern of spacing among individuals
97
How can population size be determined?
N = sn/x ``` s = tagged sample n = second sample captured x = how many of them are marked ```
98
What are the three patterns of population distribution?
Clumped Uniform Random
99
Survivorship can be divided into 3 types, what are they?
Type 1 = low death rates from young to medium, then increase as you age type 2 = death rate is constant throughout life Type 3 = high death rates for young, then decreases as you age
100
What should the shape of population growth chart look like?
J-shaped
101
What can population size be limited by?
Accumulation of wastes Shelter from predators Food Nesting sites
102
What traits affect the schedule of reproduction?
Age at which reproduction begins How often they reproduce How many offspring can be made each cycle
103
What is the name given to species that bang once and die? How about numerous times?
Semelparity for one bang and done iteroparity for repeated banging
104
What are the different kind of niche's and what do they do?
Ecological niche = total use of biotic and abiotic resources realized niche = what they actually use
105
What are some basic forms of cryptic coloration?
Cryptic colouration Aposematic Coloration Batesian mimicry Mullerain mimicry
106
What is species richness and relative abundance?
Species = total number of different species in a community relative = proportion of each species represents of the total individuals in the community
107
What are keystone species?
Exert strong control over a community by their ecological roles, or niches Think beavers and star fish

Evolution, Ecology, and Biodiversity (2 decks)

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