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Evolution, Ecology, and Biodiversity > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.6 Billion years old

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2
Q

When did the scientific evolution take place?

A

The renaissance

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3
Q

Who was the first person to propose change in animals over time?

A

Anaximander

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4
Q

What did Plato believe in?

A

Essentialism

All animals contain a similar amount of essences that remains constant in number

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5
Q

What did Aristotle believe in?

A

Scala naturae
affinities between similar life forms

objects are classified by type and similarities

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6
Q

What is population thinking?

A

This ways of thinking allows the inidividual in a population to be unique, which places emphasis on the individual.

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7
Q

What did Carolus Linnaeus create and what the hell was wrong with him?

A

Hierarchical groupings of species

Strict essentialist and thought species can never change

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8
Q

Who calculated the world was created on Oct. 23rd 4004BC

A

Archbishop James Usher

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9
Q

What is gradualism and uniformitarianism?

A

Grad = slow processes that cause massive change over time ie erosion

Uni = occurs at the same rate

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10
Q

Who first suggested the idea of biological evolution?

A

Georges Buffon

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11
Q

Who thought of extinction?

A

Georges Cuvier

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12
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck seems pretty cool tell me about his shit.

A

Proposed first mechanism of evolution by comparing fossils to living organisms

inheritance of acquired characteristics. This means that populations adapt to the environment which leads to new species,

Got fucked by Cuvier

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13
Q

Who piloted the Beagle for Darwin?

A

Capn Robert Fitzroy

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14
Q

Who urged Darwin to publish his essay on the origins of species

A

Lyell

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15
Q

What were Darwins Two ideas?

A

Evolution explains life’s unity and diversity

Natural selection is a case of adaptive evolution- a mach between organisms and their environment

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16
Q

Who defined the species concept and what did he/she do to Darwin’s logic?

A

Ernst Mayr

He turned them into inferences

  1. Survival depends, in part, on inherited traits
  2. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce
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17
Q

What does natural selection do?

A

It doesnt create populations, it just EDITS them but this is dependent on the time and place

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18
Q

What is the difference between homology and analogy?

A 
Hom = similarity due to a common ancestor
Ana = similarity without a common ancestor
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19
Q

What are some examples of homologous ideas?

A

The arms of humans, cats, whales, and bats

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20
Q

What are some examples of analogous structures and what are some issues?

A

Body plan of ocean predators

confusing but doesnt relfect common ancestry

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21
Q

What not used structure is critical to an argument?

A

Vestigial structures are important to Buffon’s arguements

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22
Q

What is biogeography?

A

Species that share a recent common ancestor are often geographically close together, species that are different are further apart.

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23
Q

What are some successes of fossil records?

A

The fossil record is consistent with other evidence about major branches in the “tree of life” and provides evidence of species extinctions the origin of new groups, and changes within groups over time.

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24
Q

What are some misconceptions with evolution?

A

Organisms evolve during their lifetime (they don’t, populations do)

Natural selection acts on individuals, and evolution on populations

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25
What is microevolution and what are some mechanisms that cause allele frequency change?
Micro = is a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations mechanisms = natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow
26
What causes adaptive evolution?
Natural selection
27
What is phenotypic variation?
occurs between individuals in a populations of all species, think of the map butterfly
28
How do you measure average heterozygosity and nucleotide variability?
Aver = % of loci that are heterozygous Necl = average diffence in nucleotide sample between 2 individuals
29
What is a point mutation and is it dangerous?
A change in a single base pair, and it is usually harmless
30
What is an important source of phenotypic variation?
Sexual recombination
31
What is the hardy weinburg eqation?
pE2 + 2pq + qE2 = 1
32
What are the 5 conditions that must be held for Hardy-Weinberg to occur?
1. no mutations 2. random mating 3. no natural selection 4. Extremely large population size 5. No gene flow
33
What is an example of a hardy weinberg scenario?
PKU
34
What effect does sample size have on result frequencies?
Too small and the frequencies arise too much
35
What is the bottleneck effect?
The population is reduced drastically and does not represent the total of the genetic makeup of the original population
36
What are the effects of genetic drift?
It's siginificant in small populations causes alleles to change at random Can lead to a loss of genetic varitation within populations Can cause harmful alleles to become fixed
37
What is directional selection?
Favours individuals at one end of the phenotypic range
38
What is disruptive selection?
Favours individuals at either extremes of the phenotypic range
39
What is stabilizing selection?
Favours those in the middle of the phenotypic range
40
What is sexual selection and what can it results in?
Natural selection for mating success (think peacocks and sneakers/guards in dung beetles) Can result in massive sexual dimorphism and can cause differences in sexes secondary sexual characteristics
41
Whats the difference between inter- and intra-sexual selection?
Inter = one sex chooses the other so they can bang Intra = competition between individuals for banging
42
What is species latin for?
kind or appearance
43
What is the conceptual bridge between microevolution and macroevolution?
Speciation
44
Whats the Biological Species Concept (BSC)?
A population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature to produce fertile offspring
45
What leads to the BSC using PREzygotic barriers
Habitat Isolation, temporal isolation, behavioural isolation, a mating attempt can occur now Unless they cant bone which is a mechanical isolation
46
What leads to the BSC using POSTzygotic bariers?
Reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertility, hybrid breakdown, and then a viable child can bloom
47
What are some limitations of the BSC?
asexual reproduction, fossil species, geographically separate populations
48
What are some other definitions of species?
Morphological species: Defined by their physical appearance Ecological species concept: can do a bunch of shit that i dont want to type out phylogenetic species concept: A set of organisms with a unique genetic history
49
What are some modes of speciation and what do they mean?
Allopatric = results from geographic isolation Sympatric = Results from overlapping areas
50
Describe the process of allopatric speciation.
There is a barrier between two populations allowing them to evolve independantly of each other. Smaller populations are more likely to undergo rapid change
51
What is autopolyploidy and give an example?
Chromosomal duplication turns into a diploid plant into a tetraploid plant, can't bang parents species Goatsbeard
52
What are some possible outcomes for hybrid zones over time?
Strengthening of reproductive barriers weakening of reproductive barriers continued formation of hybrid individuals
53
What is the most credible hypothesis for the origin of life?
4 things based on the physical properties and chemistry of the early earth: 1. abiotic synthesis of organic molecules 2. Polymerization into macromolecules 3. Packaging into protocells 4. origin of self-replicating molecules
54
What are some reasons some species are biased to creating bias?
Existing for a long time were abundant and widespread had hard parts lived in shallow aquatic environments
55
How can you determine the age of a fossil?
Carbon14 to carbon 12 ratio or carbon 14 to nitrogen 14 ratio
56
What is systematics?
An analytical approach to understanding diversity and relationships of organisms, both extant and extinct
57
What is the name of system for naming animals and shit?
Binomial system | genus species
58
What is the scheme for hierachical classification?
``` Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species ```
59
With phylogeny trees, what are branch points, sister taxa, rooted trees, and polytomy?
Branch = a divergence between two species sister = groups that share an immeidate common ancestor rooted = a branch that represents the last common ancestor of all taxa on tree Polytomy = a branch in which more than 2 groups appear
60
What is homoplasy?
Structures or molecular sequences that evolved independently , also called non-homologous traits
61
In order for a clade to be valid, what does it need to be?
monophyletic
62
What is paraphyletic in terms of clades?
Ancestral species and some but not all descendants
63
What is polyphyletic grouping in clades
consists of various species but no common ancestor
64
What is a capsule and a frimbriae/pili?
Cap = a cell wall made of polysaccharides or proteins pil = help attach to substrate that are in
65
Whats the difference between transformation, transduction, and conjugation?
transformation = taking in foreign DNA from environment and works it in Transduction = moves genes from bacteria to bacteriophages Conjugation = genetic transfer between cells using a f factor produced sex pili
66
Which proteobacteria is pathogenic and which fixes atmospheric nitrogen?
Gamma for bad alpha for nitrogen fixing in sky place
67
Whats the difference between a endotoxin and an exotoxin?
Exo = secreted by cell End = components of membrane of G- bacteia

Evolution, Ecology, and Biodiversity (2 decks)

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