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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What % of Americans will be over the age of 65 by 2030?

A

22% (70.2M)

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2
Q

What is the average age of life expectancy in women (US)?

A

79.5 years

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3
Q

What is the average age of life expectancy in men (US)?

A

72.7 years

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4
Q

5 Theories of Aging

A 
Cellular "supply limits" theory
Free radical damage theory
Autoimmune theory
Programmable cell death theory
Telomere length theory
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5
Q

What % of cancers have a p53 mutation?

A

50%

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6
Q

What is a telomere?

A

Non-coding DNA at the end of each chromosome, which assist in a limited number of cell divisions

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7
Q

How can the finite activity of telomeres be altered?

A

The enzyme telomerase, present in embryonic stem cells and cancer cells, allows for unlimited cell growth.

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8
Q

What are the effects of H2 blockers and PPIs in patient on long-term NSAIDs?

A

H2 blockers accelerate ulcer formation.

PPIs decelerate ulcer formation.

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9
Q

Long-term PPI use is linked to what skeletal deformity?

A

hip fractures

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10
Q

What condition can be caused by Metformin that was previously not thought possible?

A

lactic acidosis

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11
Q

SSRIs - associated deficiencies

A

B6, B12, folic acid

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12
Q

PPIs/H2 blockers - associated deficiencies

A

B12, Ca, Fe, Mg

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13
Q

Metformin - associated deficiencies

A

B12

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14
Q

OCPs - associated deficiencies

A

B5, B6, B12

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15
Q

Seizure medications - associated deficiencies

A

folic acid

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16
Q

Age - Effect on lean body mass, water, and body fat

A

Dec. body mass, Dec. water

Inc. body fat

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17
Q

Fosomax is associated with what adverse skeletal change?

A

Decreased bone mass in facial bones, esp. mandible

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18
Q

Subcutaneous deposition of fat underneath the eyes leads to ____ in the elderly?

A

enophthalmos

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19
Q

Presbyopia

A

age-related farsigthedness

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20
Q

Changes to eyesight in the elderly

A

Impaired accommodation, decreased night vision, decreased tear production, presbyopia, arcus senilis

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21
Q

Arcus senilis

A

benign pigment accumulation

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22
Q

Glaucoma - Central or Peripheral deficit loss?

A

Peripheral

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23
Q

Macular degeneration - Central or Peripheral deficit loss?

A

Central

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24
Q

Cataracts - Central or Peripheral deficit loss?

A

Central

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25
Population: Glaucoma
Rare under 40 yo 1% of population 40-60 yo 5% >65 yo
26
At what age is there a shift from increasing bone mass to loss of bone?
40
27
1 in __ Americans have arthritis.
7
28
Pattern: OA vs. RA
OA affects DIPs and PIPs | RA spares DIPs
29
Morning stiffness: OA vs. RA
OA - 30 min
30
Exostosis
formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone, often leading to chronic pain
31
What lifestyle change is important for stroke prevention, esp. in F?
Smoking cessation
32
What was the goal of the Framingham Study?
Evaluate relationship between lowering BP and incidence of MI/stroke
33
Which drug class requires a PARQ about the high potential for inducing orthostatic hypotension upon rising?
Alpha agonists
34
If orthostatic changes are apparent, always ___
check BP in standing position
35
In what populations should you use caution with diuretics and beta blockers?
Diabetics --> blunts glycemic response COPD --> worsens COPD AFAM
36
The magnitude of the benefit of antihypertensive drugs is proportional to the reduction in ___
Systolic BP
37
What is the first-line drug of choice in treating elderly patients who present with isolated systolic HTN?
Calcium channel blocker
38
What is the main side effect of CCBs?
LE edema
39
What is the most population CCB?
Amlodipine (Norvasc)
40
What is the MC cause of acute onset incontinence?
UTI
41
What are the 4 main causes of acute urinary incontinence?
Delirium Restricted mobility Infection, inflammation, impaction Pharmaceuticals
42
What is the main difference between delirium and dementia?
Delirium is reversible
43
What common drug class most commonly causes incontinence?
diuretics
44
When is acute onset of incontinence a medical emergency?
Pt w/ a known or suspected malignancy
45
In a pt with acute urinary incontinence, acute/sub-acute dementia, and wide-based gait, think ___.
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
46
4 types of incontinence
Stress Overflow Urge Functional
47
Which type of incontinence is also described as "spastic bladder"?
Urge
48
What is the MC type of chronic incontinence in the geriatric population?
Urge
49
What conditions can lead to urge incontinence d/t their effect on nerves/muscles?
MS, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, stroke, local injury (surgery)
50
What conditions can lead to urge incontinence d/t their irritative effect to the bladder wall?
Cystitis Bladder stones Bladder carcinoma Constipation
51
What type of drugs can lead to atonic bladder and overflow incontinence?
narcotics, anticholinergics
52
What conditions can lead to overflow incontinence?
B12 deficiency, disk compression, diabetes, BPH, urethral fibrosis
53
What are common triggers for stress incontinence?
coughing, sneezing, laughing, bending over
54
What is the initial lab evaluation for all patients with incontinence?
urine analysis
55
In a pt who presents with hematuria after starting anti-coagulation tx, think ___.
possible malignancy in the GU tract
56
What is a good suggestion for all pts with incontinence?
Kegel exercises
57
What are the MC cause of injury-related morbidity in the elderly?
Falls
58
What is the MC major injury sustained during falls?
Hip fracture
59
Physiologically, deterioration of ___ significantly contributes to falls in the elderly.
Cervical mechanoreceptors
60
The risk of falling increases with increased ___
of comorbidities
61
Contraindication: anticholinergic drugs for urge incontinence
Untreated angle closure glaucoma

Geriatrics (1 decks)

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