Abdominal cavity is bound by what?
Muscle, bone, serous membrane
Cranial border of abdominal cavity
Diaphram
Caudal border of abdominal cavity
Pelvic inlet
Dorsal border of abdominal cavity
Vertebrae, sublumbar muscles, curry of diaphram
Lateral border of abdominal wall
Ribs and costal arch (intrathoracic)
Muscles of abdominal wall (extrathroacic muscles of abdominal wall)
Ventral border of abdominal cavity
Rectus abdominus m.
What is the serous lining of abdominal cavity
Peritoneum (mesothelium, transersalis fascia)
Connecting peritoneum of abdominal cavity
Between parietal and visceral
Suspends the organs
Peritonitis
Inflammation of peritomeum
Fluid is constantly turned over and can often pick up toxins are become inflamed
What are mesenteries
Double layers of peritoneum that connect the viscera to the dorsal and ventral walls
Dorsal mesentaries
Greater omentum -embryologically developed from dorsal body wall Mesoduodenum Mesentery Mesocolon Mesorectum Later ligament of urinary bladder
Ventral mesenteries
Falciparum ligament
Lesser omentum
Median ligament of the urinary bladder
The superficial and deep greater momentum make a potential space called the ?
Omental bursa
What makes up the GI tract
Stomach
Small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Large intestine -cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, and descending colon
What are the accessory organs of digestion
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Where are the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach located?
Greater -left of esophagus to caudal edge (greater omentum attached here)
Lesser -left to esophagus (cranial)
What is the Cardia of the stomach
Where esophagus enters
Fund us?
?
Angular incisure
Delineation between body and pyloric
Bend
What is the pyloric region of the stomach and its parts?
Antrum
Canal
Sphincter
What are the folds of the stomach?
Rugae :O
Non distended view
Moderately distended
Difference?
Very distended topography of stomach
?
What is gastric dilation -volvulus
Stomach is twisted on itself
Dilation of stomach followed by twisting on longitudinal axis
Great dane, german Sheppard, poodle
Medical emergency!!!
The root of the mesentary contains the ___________________ and the mesentary which attached to the abdominal wall near the second lumbar vertebrae
Cranial mesenteric artery
This can twist
What are the parts of the duodenum
Cranial duodenal flexure and defending duodemum
Caudal duodenal flexure
Ascending duodenum
What is the junction between the duodenum and jejunum?
Duodenojejunal flexure (by root of the mesentary)
The duodenocolic fold connects the ?
Ascending and descending duodenum
Jejunum
Multiple coils that occupy ventral aspect of abdomen
Suspended in the mesojejunum mesentary
The ileum opens into ascending colon through _______________
Ileocolic orifice
Cecum and ascending colon communicated via __________________
Cecocolic orifice
What are the three regions of the canine colon?
Ascending, transverse, and descending
Ascending colon located where?
Right of the root of mesentary
Transverse colon is located ?
Cranial to the root of the mesentary
The descending colon is located?
Left of root of mesentary
Terminates at pelvic inlet
What is the clinical relevance of the spleen?
Involved in GDV
Twist with stomach - connected by gastrosplenic ligament
How many lobes does the liver of the dog have?
6
What are the lobes of the dog liver?
Left lateral Left medial Quadrate Right medial Right lateral Caudate (two processes- caudate and papillary)
Where is the porta of the liver located?
Between caudate and papillary processes of caudate lobe
Where does the gall bladder sit?
Between right medial and quadrate lobes
The gall bladder stores? That is produced where?
Bile; liver
The bile duct
Name these
Right lobe of pancreas
Dorsal medial to duodenum
Left lobe of pancreas
Caudal to stomach and cranial to transverse colon
What does retroperiotneal mean? What organ do we refer this too?
Not completely engulfed by peritoneum (only on one side)
Kidney
Vaginal ring
In the females the process is called? In males is called?
Extension of peritoneum protruding through deep inguinal ring
Female -vaginal process
Male - vaginal tunic
What structures come out of the inguinal ring?
External pedundal artery
Cremaster
What separates thoracic cavities and the abdominopelvic cavity?
Diaphragm
What are the boundaries of the thoracic cavity?
Dorsal: T1-T13 Ventral: 8 sternebrae Lateral: 13 paris of ribs and 2 costal arches Cranial: thoracic inlet Caudal: diaphragm m.
What is the covering of the diaphragm?
Diaphragmatic pleura
Serous membranes that cover the lungs and line the walls of the throax
Pleurae
The _______________ pleura closely attaches tot he surface of the lungs
Pulmonary/visceral
The ____________ pleura is attached to the thoracic wall by the _________________ fascia
Parietal; endothoracic
What pleura covers the inner surfaces of the ribs and their associated intercostal and transversus thoracics muscles.
Costal pleura
What pleura covers the sides of the partition between the two pleural cavities?
Mediastinal pleura
What is enclosed within the mediastinum?
Thymus, lymph node, heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, vagus nerve, and other nerves and vessels
The ______________________ pleura that covers the heart
Pericardial mediastinal pleura
The esophagus passes through the __________________ of the diaphragm
Esophageal hiatus
What is the plica venae cavae?
Loose fold of pleura derived from the right caudal mediastinal portion of the pleural sac that surrounds the caudal vena cava
What is the pulmonary ligament?
Where the mediastinal parietal pleura is continuous with he pulmonary pleura (caudal to to the hilus this connection forms a free border)
The tendinous part of the diaphram is called?
Central tendon
What are the three muscular parts of the diaphragm?
L and R costal
Sternal
L and R crura
What are the 4 openings of the diaphragm?
Lumbosacral arches
Aortic hiatus
Esophageal hiatus
Caval foramen
What tendons of the diaphragm attach to L1 to L3/4
L and R crural tendons (from L and R crura)
What is the pleural capula?
Part of the pleural cavity that protrudes out the thoracic inlet
What are the recesses of the pleura?
Pleural cupula (protrude out thoracic inlet)
Costomediastinal
Costodiaphragmatic
Mediastinal recess (contains accessory lobe of lung)
Lumbodiapragmatic
Where do you usually do a throacentesis/ diagnose pleura effusions?
Costodiaphragmaic recess and diaphragmatic line of pleural reflection
What is the difference between fiberous pericardium and the parietal pericardium?
Fiberous pericardium is the dense connective tissue sac surrounding the heart (external layer)
Parietal pericardium is closely associated to the fiberous pericardium, the internal lining.
What are the boundaries of the cervical visceral space?
Dorsal - longus coli and longus capitis
Ventral- sternocephalicus and sternothryroihyoideus
What are the contents of the cervical visceral space?
Trachea Esophagus Thyroid and parathyroid Recurrent laryngeal nerves Tracheal lymph nodes Carotid sheath - common carotid arteries, vagosympatheic trunk, and internal jugular veins
What makes up the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Trachea and bronchial tree
- carina
- R and L principal bronchi
- lobar bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Branches of segmental bronchi
- Bronchioles
What is the exchange portion of the respiratory system
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveolus
The functional blood supply of the lungs
Pulmonary arteries and veins
The nutritive blood suppy( for bronchial tree)
Brochoesophageal artery and azygous vein
What are the lobes of the left lung?
Cranial lobe (divided into cranial and caudal parts) Caudal lobe
What are the lobes of the right lung?
Cranial lobe
Middle lobe
Caudal lobe
Accessory lobe
The space between the cranial and middle lobe where the heart can be seen is called ?
Cardiac notch
What are the lymph nodes located where the trachea divide into the principle bronchi?
R, L, and middle tracheobrochial lymph nodes
Lymph node located in the right lung
Pulmonary lymph node
The first branch of the aorta is the ________________ followed by the _________________
Brachiocephalic trunk
Left subclavian artery
The the right and left common carotid arteries branch off the _____________________
Brachiocephalic trunk
What is the difference in the origins of the right and left subclavian arteries?
Left subclavian - branches off the aorta
Right subclavian - branches off the brachiocephalic trunk
The descending aorta has ___________________ branches that supply the intercostal spaces
Dorsal intercostal artery
The arteries that branch of the descending aorta that go ventrally to the esophagus are ___________________
Bronchoesophageal artery
What are the four main branches the the L and R subclavian arteries?
Costocervical trunk
Vertebral artery
Superficial cervical artery
Internal thoracic artery
What does the costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery supply?
Cranial intercostal spaces and muscles of the neck
The vertebral artery of the subclavian artery supplies ?
Extends through the transverse vertebral foramina to supply the brain
The superficial cervical artery of the subclavian artery supplies?
Superficial structures of the neck
The internal thoracic artery of the subclavian artery supplies?
The ventral intercostal artery to the intercostal spaces
Musculophrenic (diaphragm)
Continues as cranial epigastric artery
What vein returns blood from the thoracic cavity to the heart and where does it connect to bring this blood back to the heart
Right azygous vein
Usually the last branch entering the vena cava or may enter the right atrium directly
The external jugular vein and subclavian vein drain into the ___________________
Brachiocephalic vein
The brachiocephalic veins join to drain into the _____________________________
Cranial vena cava
What nerve innervates the diaphragm? Is this nerve somatic, sympathetic, or parasympathetic?
Phrenic nerve
Somatic - diaphragm is skeletal muscle and under voluntary control
Where are interneurons located and what is their function?
Located entirely within the CNS (spinal cord and brain)
Nuclei in CNS gray matter and axons in the CNS white matter
Integration of information between various regions of CNS
Describe the synapses of a somatic efferent neuron
Axons of somatic efferent neurons extend all the way to their target tissue and do not synapse before reaching their target tissue
Describe the synapse of the visceral/autonomic efferent neurons
Axons synapse onto a second neuron that directly innervates the target tissue
What is a pre-synaptic/ganglionic neuron?
Cell body located in the CNS
Axon leaves CNS and will synapse onto a second autonomic (PSNS/ SNS) neuron in a ganglia
What is a post-synaptic/ganglionic neuron?
Cell body is located within an autonomic ganglion and receives a signal from a pre-synaptic neuron
Axon of post-synaptic ganglia will synapse at target tissue
The dorsal root contains ?
Afferent/sensory axons of both the somatic and visceral sensory neurons
The ventral root of the spinal cord contains
Efferent/motor neuron of somatic (some may contain visceral motor neurons)
How many pairs of crainial nerves are there?
12 Olfactory (I) Optic (II) Oculomotor (III) Trochlear (IV) (V) Abducent (VI) Facial (VII) Acusticovestibular (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) (XI) Hypoglossal (XII)
What four cranial nerves contain autonomic neurons
Oculomotor
Facial
Glossopharynegeal
Vagus
Where does the sympatheic division exit the spinal column?
Thoracolumbar
T1 to L2
Short, generally synapse with the sympathetic chain of ganglia
where the doe parasympathetic exit the spinal cord?
Craniosacral division
Originate in brain and sacral levels of the spinal column
Generally synapse in the ganglia that are located WITHIN the organs that they innervate (in gross direction you will only see the pre-synaptic fibers)
All pre-synaptic sympathetic axons enter the __________________ after leaving the spinal column
Sympathetic trunk aka sympathetic chain aka paravertebral chain
What ganglia are the presynaptic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system able to synapse at?
Ganglia of the paravertebral chain
Ganglia located in the cervical region
Pre-vertebral ganglia (located in abdominal cavity)
What ganglia are found in the cervical region. What types of fibers are found in these?
Cervicothoracic ganglion- contains the sympathetic nerves going to the head and neck region
Middle cervical ganglion- contains the vagus nerve (PSNS) coming from the cervical region and contains sympathetic nerves going to head and neck
Cranial cervical ganglion (same as above)
What nerve group is found within the carotid sheath
Vagosympathetic trunk
What are the pre-vertebral ganglia?
Caudal to the diaphragm
Celiac ganglion
Cranial mesenteric ganglion
Caudal mesenteric ganglion
What are the splanchic nerves?
Major splanchnic, minor splanchnic, and lumbar splanchnic nerves
The splanchnic nerves are ____________________ nerves that communicate with the ____________________ ganglia
Pre-synaptic SNS
Pre-vertebral ganglia
The hypogastric nerves originate from the _____________________ ganglion and travel to the ______________________
Caudal mesenteric ganglion
Pelvic cavity
The _________________ cell bodies of PSNS neurons are located within the brain nuceli and the sacral regions of spinal cord
Pre-synaptic
The ________________ cell bodies of PSNS neurons re located within ganglia in the walls of the viscera they innervate
Post-synaptic
The vagus nerve passes through the ___________ and ___________ ganglia before giving off nerve fibers to the heart
Cranial cervical
Middle cervical
The _________________ nerves branch around the subclavian artery and are ___________________ nerve fibers
Ansa subclavia
Sympathetic
Describe the splitting of the vagus nerve
The left and right vagus nerves travel down their respective sides of the heart. The Left vagus nerve will split into left dorsal vagal branch and the right vagal branch. The right vagus nerve splits into Right dorsal vagal branch and left ventral vagal branch.
Left and right ventral branches come together on the ventral side of the esophagus to form the ventral vagal trunk .
Left and right dorsal brashness come together on the dorsal side of the esophagus to form the dorsal vagal trunk.
What nerve branches off the vagus nerve to loop back and innervate the larynx
L and R recurrent laryngeal nerve
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve branches off the vagus nerve and curves around the ________________ and __________________ before continuing to the larynx, while the right recurrent laryngeal nerve curves around the _______________
Ligamentum arteriosum; aortic arch; subclavian artery
The outermost layer of the pericardium is the ________________, lined internally by the ______________.
Fibrous pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Fiberous pericardium attachment to the diaphragm
Phrenicopericardial ligament
Sternopericardium (large animal)
What two grooves can be viewed in the auricular surface of the heart?
Paraconal interventricular groove
Coronary groove
What is contained in the paraconal interventricular groove?
Great cardiac vein and left coronary artery
What groove can been seen on the atrial surface of the heart?
Subsunosal interventricular groove
What is contained within the subsinuosal interventricular groove
Circumflex branch of leaf coronary artery
What are the 4 openings into the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
Caudal vena cava
Cranial vena cava
Atrioventricular orifice
What diverts the blood from the cranial and caudal vena cava into the right ventricle?
Intervenous tubercle
What is an auricle
Blind pouch of the atria
Strengthened by interlacing pectinate muscles
What is the crista terminalis?
Separation of the main compartment and the auricle
What are the conical projections in the ventricle that will help close the AV vavles?
Papillary muscles
What are the chords extending form the AV valve to the papillary muscles?
Chordae tendinae
What are the myocardial ridges in the ventricle called?
Trabeculae carneae
What is the muscular strand that extends across the lumen of the ventricles to the interventricular septum?
Trabecula septomarginalis
The AV valves typically have 2 cusps. The __________ cusp is adjacent to the septum and the ___________ cusp is adjacent to the ventricular wall.
Septal
Parietal
What valves separate the ventricles from the pulmonary and systemic circulation
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve
The left and right coronary arteries originate from the _____________
Aortic sinuses
The left coronary artery divides into the _____________ and ____________ branches
Circumflex branch
Paraconal interventricular branch
What is the point of maximum intensity for listening to the pulmonic valve in the dog, bovine, and equine
3rd intercostal space (left side)
What is the point of maximum intensity for listening to the aortic valve in dog, equine, and bovine?
Dog and Equine: 4th intercostal space (left side)
Bovine : upper 4th intercostal space
What is the point of maximum intensity for listening t the mitral valve in dog, equine, and bovine?
Dog and equine: 5th intercostal space (left)
Bovine: lower 4th intercostal space
What is the point of maximum intensity for listening to the right AV valve in dog, equine, and bovine?
Dog: 4th intercostal space (right side)
Equine and bovine: 3/4 intercostal space
What structure allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation and what is its remnant structure in the adult?
Foramen ovale (fetus) allows passage of blood from R atrium to L atrium -> fossa ovale in adult
Ductus arteriosus (fetus) allows blood to pass from the pulmonary artery to the aorta -> ligamentum arteriosum (adult)
What condition leads to a blood shunt form left to right, and can cause congestive heart failure?
Patent ductus arteriosus
What condition occurs when the ligamentum arteriosum wraps around the esophagus, causing mega esophagus?
Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)
What condition arises from an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac?
Pericardial effusion
An increase in left ventricular volume and diameter is called _____________, and leads to decreased contractility
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Thickening of the heart wall is called ?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most common disease in cats)
Abnormal closing of the left AV valve that allows the backflow of blood into the left atrium is called?
Mitral valve insufficiency
Describe heartworm disease?
Heart worm reside in the pulmonary artery and back up the heart- blockage of blood flow -> decreased cardiac output
