Final Flashcards
(262 cards)
1
Q
the range of social entities from the individual, even mind and self, to the interaction among individuals, the groups often formed by that interaction, formally structured organizations, societies, and increasingly the global
A
micro-macro continuum
2
Q
humans develop a self-image that reflects how others are respond to us
A
looking glass self
3
Q
movement of one animal or human elicits a mindless, automatic, and appropriate response form another animal or human
A
gestures
4
Q
a gesture that arouses in the individual the same kind of response, although it need not be identical, as it is supposed to elicit from those to whom the gesture is addressed - means the same thing to most members of a group
A
significant symbol
5
Q
interaction on the basis of not only gestures but also significant symbols
A
symbolic interaction
6
Q
an internal conversation that arises, is related to, and is continuous with interactions, especially conversations that one has with others in the social world - social world and its relationships and interactions come before mind
A
mind
7
Q
the sense of oneself as an object, which becomes more defined over time
A
self
8
Q
Mead’s first stage in the socialization process where children learn to take on the attitudes of specific others towards themselves
A
play stage
9
Q
the stage in socialization in which a child develops a self in the full sense of the term because it it then that the child begins to take on the role of a group of people simultaneously rather than the roles of discrete individuals
A
game stage
10
Q
groups or community that provides the self with a source of self-definition - attitude of the entire group or community
A
generalized other
11
Q
the immediate response of an individual to others; that part of the self that is incalculable, unpredictable and creative
A
“I”
12
Q
the organized set of others’ attitudes assumed by the individual; it involves the adoption by the individual of the generalized other
A
“me”
13
Q
the view that social life is a series of dramatic performance akin to those that take place in a theater and on a stage
A
dramaturgy
14
Q
peoples’ use of a variety of techniques to control the image of themselves that they want to project during their social performances
A
impression management
15
Q
part of the social world where the social performance is idealized and designed to define the situation for those who observe it
A
front stage
16
Q
part of the social world where people feel free to express themselves in ways that are suppressed in the front stage
A
back stage
17
Q
the process through which a person learns and generally comes to accept the ways of a group or of society as a whole
A
socialisation
18
Q
those who do the socializing
A
agents of socialisation
19
Q
the acquisition of language, identities, gender roles, cultural routines, norms, and values from parents and other family members at the earliest stages of an individuals life
A
primary socialisation
20
Q
the teaching (and learning) of what will be expected of one in the future
A
anticipatory socialisation
21
Q
the socialization of those who normally do the socializing - for example, children socializing their parents
A
reverse socialisation
22
Q
involves unlearning old behaviours, norms and values and learning new ones
A
resocialisation
23
Q
a closed, all encompassing place of residence and work set off from the rest of society that meets all of the needs of those enclosed in it
A
total instituition
24
Q
most sociologists believe that this is the essential difference between humans and other animals
A
distinctive interaction that humans are capable of having with other humans
25
why feral children and others who spend their formative years in prolonged social isolation are unlikely to form a fully developed self-image
there are no others to respond to them - as we interact with others, we develop a sense of ourselves
26
- major thinker associated with symbolic interactionism
- concerned with micro level but prioritized the social
- distinguished between humans and non humans
George Herbert Mead
27
key to development of self
ability to imagine being in the place of there and looking at oneself as they do - people need to take the role of others in order to get a sense of their own selves
28
two key stages in Meads theory of how the self develops over time
play stage and game stage
29
young children play at being Mommy and Daddy, adopt their attitudes toward the child and evaluate themselves as do Mommy and Daddy
example of play stage
30
begins to give children an organized personality - allows children to function in organized groups and greatly affects what they will do within a specific group
ability to take on multiple roles
31
not enough in a baseball game for you to know what your are supposed to do in your position, you must know what those who play other positions on the team are going to do
examples of game stage
32
when individuals take the role of the generalized other
look at themselves and what they do from the perspective of the group or community - central to development of self in game stage
33
benefits of having members who can take the role if the generalized other in development of the group
the group can function more effectively and efficiently because it is highly likely that individual members will understand and do what is expected of them
34
shortstop or teammates on a baseball team does not know in advance whether he will react brilliantly to a batted ball or react badly and make an error
example of "I"
35
the source of new and original responses, allows person to realize the self fully and to develop a definite, unique personality
"I"
36
introducing yourself to an attractive student in your class vs suggesting that self introduction is not considered appropriate behaviour in your social group
"I" vs "me"
37
in "me" individuals analyst and critique their own thoughts and actions from the point of view of the social group
self criticism is often criticism by the larger society
38
- work takes the form of the tension between what we want to do spontaneously and what people expect us to do
- self is not a thing possessed by the individual but the dramatic product of the interaction between people and their audiences
- focuses on the possibility of disruption and what people can do to prevent disruption or to deal with them once they occur
- interaction order
Erving Goffman
39
hiding the fact that you were partying the night before and are now ill prepared to answer questions intelligently
example of front stage
40
confessing to your friends that you were patting and faking answers to questions in class
back stage
41
children tend to be far more familiar with the latest advanced in digital technology and teach their parents much about both the technology itself and the digital culture
example of reverse socialisation
42
childhood socialisation (6)
- family
- school
- peers
- gender
- media
- consumer culture
43
adult socialisation (5)
- workplaces
- total institutions
- family changes
- geographical changes
- aging
44
involves significant symbols that call out the same meaning in the person to whom an utterance is aimed as in the person making the utterance - they have meaning to all parties involved
language
45
a social engagement that involves two, or more, individuals who perceive, and orient their actions to, one another
interaction
46
the expectation that those involved in an interaction will give and receive rewards of roughly equal value
reciprocity
47
concerned with how people do, or accomplish, conversations
conversation analysis
48
an area of interaction that is organised and orderly, but the order is created informally by those involved in the interaction rather than by some formal structure - Erving Goffman
interaction order
49
a dimension of the social stratification system that relates to the prestige attached to people's positions within society
status
50
what is generally expected of a person who occupies a given status
role
51
a position in which individuals are placed, or to which they move, but where such placement or movement has nothing to do with what people do or the nature of their capacities or accomplishments
ascribed status
52
a position acquired by people on the basis of what they accomplish or the nature of their capacities
achieved status
53
a position that is more important than any others both for the person in the position and for all others involved
master status
54
conflicting expectations associated with a given position or multiple positions
role conflict
55
a situation in which people are confronted with more expectations than they can possibly handle
role overload
56
enduring and regular social arrangements, such as the family and the state, based on persistent patterns of interaction and social relationships
social structures
57
a relatively small number of people who over time develop a patterned relationship based on interaction with one another
group
58
groups that are small, are close-knit, and have intimate face-to-face interaction
primary groups
59
generally large, impersonal groups in which ties are relatively weak and members do not know one another very well, and whose impact on members is typically not very powerful
secondary groups
60
groups that people take into consideration in evaluating themselves
reference groups
61
a group to which people belong and with which they identify, perhaps strongly
in-group
62
a group to which outsiders (at least from the perspective of the in-group) belong
out-group
63
- believed that human interaction not only gave rise to society but also met a basic human need to be sociable
- differentiated between the forms that interaction takes and the types of people who engage in interaction
George Simmel
64
you must know when it is your turn to talk or when it is appropriate to laugh at a comment made by someone else
example of conversation analysis
65
people spontaneously form ques and wait
example of interaction order
66
professors and students at a university
example of status
67
a professor is expected to show up for class, to be well prepared, to teach in an engaging manner, to hold office hours and so on
example of role
68
being categorized by gender
example of ascribed status
69
becoming a graduate of university
example of achieved status
70
being the star of a swim team
example of master status
71
social differences that are consequential for the lives people lead, and especially the rewards and benefits they control
social inequality
72
ones economic position in the stratification system, especially ones occupation, which strongly determines and reflects ones income and wealth
social class
73
the ability to get others to do what you want them to do, even if it is against their will
power
74
exists when people have similar positions in the stratification system on class, status, and power; they rank high, medium or low on all three dimensions
status consistency or crystallization
75
exists when people occupy positions on one dimension of stratification that are different, perhaps very different, form their positions on the other dimensions of stratification
status inconsistency
76
differences among individuals or groups based on their material resources, most specifically income and wealth
economic inequality
77
a process whereby people swap all sorts of things, but most importantly the process of exchange is valued in itself and for the human relationships involved and not because of the economic gains - the money - that may be derived from it - Baudrillard
symbolic exchange
78
the amount of money a person earns in a given year from a job, a business, or various types of assets and investments
income
79
the total amount of a person's assets (e.g., savings, investments, home, automobile) less the total of various kinds of debts (e.g., amount owed on a home mortgage, car loan, or to the credit card company)
wealth
80
an absolute measure - such as the U.S. poverty line - that makes it clear what level of income people need in order to survive
absolute poverty
81
a concern for how some people, irrespective of income, are, or feel themselves to be, poor relative to others
relative poverty
82
the threshold, in terms of income, below which a household is considered poor
poverty line
83
phenomenon of families living below the poverty line
depth of poverty
84
the ability or inability to change one's position in the social hierarchy
social mobility
85
both upward and downward mobility
vertical mobility
86
movement within one's social class
horizontal mobility
87
the difference between the parents' social class position and the position achieved by their children
intergenerational mobility
88
movement up or down the stratification system in one's lifetime
intragenerational mobility
89
the effect of changes in the larger society on the position of individuals in the stratification system, especially the occupational struture
structural mobility
90
changes in people's work either across or within generations
occupational mobiltiy
91
positions in the stratification system are based on the accomplishments, the merit, of the individual
achievement
92
Weber's three important set of dimensions
Social class, status and power
93
Ownership of means of production vs corporate positions
Marx vs Weber
94
Famous movie stars that have large income, high social class but low power
Example of status inconsistency
95
Acquiring a high level position by helping others more than they help you and by gaining recognition for your helpfulness
Example of symbolic exchange
96
Four factors in increase in income equality
Technological advances, family change, social power and political climate
97
Many Canadians do not have the twining necessary to find jobs in the high paying tech workforce
Technological advances
98
People earning high wages are more likely to marry each other
Family change
99
High wages are given to top ranked executives
Social power
100
Political decisions - opposition to raising minimum wage
Political climate
101
Darwinian economy in which the rich use their advantages to succeed wildly and the poor, with few if any advantages, grow increasingly worse off
Winner take all society
102
To the sociologist, poverty persists for three basic reasons
- capitalists businesses seek to maximize profits and they do so by keeping wages as low as possible and by hiring as few workers as possible
- competition among social classes
- people who believe that the poor should make it on their own - common among political conservatives
103
A readily available pool of people who can be drawn quickly into the labour force when business. Pond and more workers are needed - Marc
Reserve army of the unemployed
104
Resources fall seriously short of the resources commanded by the average individual or family in the community in which they live
Townsend's definition of relative poverty
105
An income threshold that is just sufficient to buy the basic essentials necessary to survive adequately in a democratic society like Canada
Low income cutoff
106
groups that tend to live disproportionately below the poverty threshold
- single parents
- seniors who live alone
- First Nations people and recent visible minority immigrants
107
CEO may become a CEO of a much larger corporation that brings with it much higher compensation or a plumber who becomes a taxi driver
examples of horizontal mobility
108
with China's booming capitalist economy, there are more higher-level positions available
example of an increase in structural mobility
109
shows that much of the last century power in Canada was controlled by a small group of wealthy Anglophone families
work by John Porter and Wallace Clement
110
the need to distinguish oneself from others
distinction
111
wanting others to see what they are able to consume, especially those things that serve to differentiate them from those who are in lower social classes
conspicuous consumption
112
middle and lower classes will copy the consumption patterns of the elite vs the things that elite consume are very expensive, their consumption patterns cannot be copies so easily by those who rank lower in the stratification system
Simmel vs Veblen
113
- conspicuous consumption
| - the factor that distinguishes elites from others is their ability to engage in wasteful consumption
Thorstein Veblen
114
- the idea of distinction
- adds a more cultural dimension of taste - forced to become evermore refined, sophisticated and exclusive in their tastes
Pierre Bourdieau
115
seen as having very diverse tastes ranging from those that are highly refined to those that are unrefined, even course - appreciate all sorts of things - those in lower class are less likely to be omnivores
cultural omnivores
116
- incomes of only about fifth of those in other developing countries
- low life expectancy of about 50 years
- high infant mortality rate
- higher likelihood of showing symptoms of malnutrition
serious problems for countries in the bottom billion
117
the countries that won the race to the bottom centuries ago are now among the most successful economies in the world - the ignition switch that turns the economy on and gets it rolling
Pietra Rivoli
118
four stages of industrial upgrading
- assembly
- original equipment manufacturing
- original brand name manufacturing
- original design manufacturing
119
a social definition based on some real presumed physical, biological characteristic, such as skin color or hair texture, as well as a shared lineage; race is more about what people define it to be than it is about any basic physical differences
race
120
typically a group defined on the basis of some cultural characteristic such as language, religion, traditions and cultural practices
ethnic group
121
refers to aboriginal or indigenous populations and differentiates these populations from other groups defined by ethnic or racial criteria
ancestory
122
sometimes also Indigenous Peoples, refers to individuals who have ancestral ties to people who trace their lineage to the first inhabitants of North America
Aboriginal
123
or First Peoples refers to people who are considered ancestors of the original inhabitants of what is now Canada. The term excludes Inuit and Metis
First Nations
124
a sense, shared by members of the group, of belonging to and identifying with a given ethnic group
ethnicity
125
law or judicial ruling that classified persons with even one nonwhite ancestor, or a nonwhite ancestor within a certain number of generations, as black or colored
hypodescent rule
126
an environment in which cultural differences are encouraged both by the state and by the majority group
multiculturalism
127
the belief that a representative democracy has a government in which people exercise their power through the vote and get the leadership that they want; where many groups are able to coexist in society without any of them losing their individual qualities
pluralism
128
when a minority group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and leaves its old ways behind; the adaption of minorities to the dominant culture
assimilation
129
the physical and social separation of majority minority groups
segregation
130
an active, systematic attempt at eliminating an entire group of people
genocide
131
an exaggerated generalization about an entire category of people
stereotype
132
involves negative attitudes, beliefs and feelings toward African Americans
prejudice
133
the unfavorable treatment of black Americans and other minorities, either formally or informally; simply because of their race, or some other characteristic
discrimination
134
includes an array of racist ideas, racial stereotypes, racialized stories and tales, racist images, powerful racial emotions, and various inclinations to discriminate against blacks
white racial frame
135
occurs when one race subordinates another more on the basis of dominant ideas, especially about cultural differences, than through material constraints
hegemony
136
results from day-to-day operation of social institutions and social structures and their rules, policies and practises
institutional discrimination
137
dispersal, typically involuntary, of a racial or ethnic population from its traditional homeland and over a wide geographic area
diaspora
138
races could be distinguished from one another on the basis of their genetic makeup
Gregor Mendel
139
racial differences were the result of evolutionary differences among races
social Darwinism
140
argued that the human population could be improved genetically through scientific manipulation
eugenics movement
141
when new immigrants arrived in a new country they could integrate with one of three groups: their own ethnic community, the larger receiving community, or the other ethnic communities; or they could remain unintegrated
institutional completeness - Raymond Brenton
142
Canada is a nation fractured by ethnicity, with its population best conceived of as a mosaic of ethnic groups - the English and French were the dominant groups and the ethnic groups were the mosaic pieces
John Porter's virtual mosaic
143
community that has its own religious centres, town halls, newspapers, ethnic businesses and so forth - all that a new immigrant might want
institutionally complete
144
two major events that led to multiculturalism
- gradual realisation of the horrors of the Holocaust
- many groups of Canadians, including both the Chinese and Aboriginal peoples, had fought side by side with others in the war
145
four patterns in outcomes from when racial, ethnic and ancestral groups interact
- pluralism
- assimilation
- segregation
- genocide
146
multiple religions are worshipped and many languages are spoken
example of pluralism
147
when immigrant groups choose to give up their native language for English or French or when they adopt mainstream Canadiann cultural values and customer
example of assimilation
148
incorporating electronic components from more developed nations into a smartphone in a process that has been designed by the client and will be sold elsewhere under the client's brand name
example of assembly
149
designing and producing televisions to the client's specifications and under the client's brand for distribution by the client
example of original equipment manufacturing
150
designing and selling automobiles under one's own brand name
example original brand-name manufacturing
151
the design and production of high-end audio equipment, which is purchased and resold by the client
example of original design manufacturing
152
the Nazi attempt to exterminate Jews, gypsies, homosexuals and other minority groups during the Holocaust
example of genocide
153
the idea that the norms, values and customs of ones own group are superior
ethnocentrism
154
whites often quite unconsciously conceal or play down their discriminatory actions in their front stage - when they are in their back stage with those they are confident hold similar views, they are quite comfortable making inherently racist comments or telling discriminatory jokes
Erving Goffman's dramaturgy
155
three points to consider about how First Nations people live
- theses conditions are in substantial part the legacy of colonisation - when a central system of power dominates the surrounding land and its components
- the opportunities to be successful when starting in these conditions are exceedingly limited
- these conditions have existed for decades
156
a particular slant or interpretation of life that favours the advantaged position of whites of European background - includes discriminatory ideas, stereotypes, stories and tales, images, powerful emotions and various inclinations to discriminate against others
white framing
157
underfunding of schools where the student body is most First Nations
example of institutional discrimination
158
women who work in male dominated jobs often face discrimination and limits to advancement while men who work in female dominated jobs are quickly promoted to positions of authority
Christine Williams' glass escalator
159
Starbucks sells coffees from a range of exotic locales, including Ethiopia
example of commercialization of ethnicity
160
what effect has the existences of so many identities on the global stage had?
increased the possibility of people having hybrid ethnic identities
161
why isnt globalisation a threat to ethnic identity?
- ethnic identities are not as fragile as often believed
- globalisation can be a force in the creation and proliferation of ethnic identities
- ethnic identity and globalisation are part of the same modern process ex. globalisation has led to development of communication which allows group members who have spread throughout the world to stay in touch with one another
162
mainly a biological distinction between males and females based on fundamental differences in their reproductive function
sex
163
a social distinction and social definition that is based on what, given a person's biological category, are considered appropriate physical, behavioural, and personality characteristics
gender
164
those who have some combination of the genitalia of both males and females
intersexed
165
an individual whose genitalia are opposite to the sex with which he or she identifies and who may undergo treatment or surgery to acquire the physical characteristics of the self identified sex
transsexuals
166
the ways in which people think about, and behave toward, themselves and others as sexual beings
sexuality
167
involves who one desires sexually, with whom one wants to engage in sexual relations, and with whom one feels connected to - typically categorized as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual or asexual
sexual orientation
168
involves a desire to have sexual relations with someone of the opposite sex
heterosexuality
169
involves a desire to have sexual relations with someone of the same sex
homosexuality
170
involves a desire to have sexual relations with individuals of both the opposite sex and the same sex
bisexuality
171
a lack of sexual desire
asexuality
172
sexual attraction to children
pedophilia
173
generally know ideas about what one ought to do and not do as far as sexual behaviour is concerned
sexual scripts
174
sexual intercourse that is agreed upon by the participants in an informed process
consensual sex
175
encompasses sexual acts of domination usually enacted by men against women
sexual assault
176
a form of domination; violent sexual intercourse
rape
177
involves unwanted sexual attention, for example sexually oriented remarks and jokes, advances, and requests, usually by men, that take place in the workplace or other settings
sexual harassment
178
a set of ideas about the characteristics of men that focuses on the interests and desired of men and is linked to patriarchy
hegemonic masculinity
179
a set of ideas about the characteristics of women that accommodates to the interests of men and to patriarchy and involves the compliance of females
emphasised femininity
180
umbrella term describing individuals whose gender identity does not conform to the sex to which they were assigned at birth and whose behaviour challenges gender norms
transgender
181
a school's unofficial rules, routines, and structures through which students learn various behaviours, attitudes and values
hidden curriculum
182
involves the increasing participation of women in both the global formal and informal paid labour force
feminiziation of labour
183
involves the increasing number of women who are doing low-status poorly paid manual work
female proletarianisation
184
the Hijgras of India
example of "third gender"
185
- approach sexuality like work - be knowledgeable, efficient and in control
- be in charge of arousal
- engage in instrumental sex
male sexual script
186
- approach sexuality like play - no need to be in control
- be aroused
- engage in expressive sex
female sexual script
187
five interlocking sexual markets
- bodies and sexual acts - prostitution and strippers
- pornography and erotica
- sexualised objects - sex toys and drugs
- sexualised technologies -viagra and surgeries
- sexualised relationships - mail order bride
188
four criteria used to define a given form of sexual behaviour as deviant
- degree of consent of those involved
- nature of the person or the object involved in the sex act
- nature of the action involved or the body part employed
- place in which the sexual act takes place
189
coined the terms hegemonic masculinity and emphasised famininity - subordinates females and men who do not live up to the stereotype of hegemonic masculinity
Raewynn Connell
190
women should display:
- submissiveness to their husbands and other male authorities
- piety as moral exemplars within the home
- purity in being virgins at marriage and strict monogamy thereafter
- domesticity in being well-trained in the domestic arts and caretaking
cult of domesticity
191
domestic life in and around the home
private sphere
192
job sector/general public
public sphere
193
indicators of overall female success in schooling
- females are more engaged in school and more likely to comply with school rules
- most male-segregated occupations, such as truck drivers, auto mechanics, and firefighters, do not require postsecondary schooling
194
changes in consumption pattern for women as they enter the work world
- more likely to consume an array of subcontracted services such as cleaning and child care
- more likely to consume for themselves rather than for others - greater involvement in work world requires consumption in variety of clothing
195
three reasons why males are over represented in crime and deviance
- family socialisation - females are more controlled by their mothers during socialisation
- strain - under greater pressure to succeed materially
- response to adversity - more likely to affirm masculinity by being angry and striking out
196
two factors that make for less female crime and deviance
- male chivalry - protect females
| - girls are taught to avoid risky situations while men arnt
197
two factors that make for more female crime and deviance
- women's liberation
- females are more likely to be abused as children
- economic marginalisation - hard economic times along with gender discrimination
198
five social changes that are linked to a variety of social changes
- globalisation of media
- increasing urbanisation
- global network of "sexperts"
- globalisation of social movements
- increased mobility
199
how norms and values about sex have been changing (4)
- growing increasingly similar in arts of the world
- mainly about pleasure
- nonmarital sex becoming more normative
- global diffusion of sexual identities
200
factors that have contributed to the rise of sex tourism (3)
- poverty - encourages women to participate in industry
- low cost travel
- the internet
201
what is now considered the largest labour market for women worldwide?
domestic work
202
consequences of war on women (5)
- more likely to be caught in shootouts
- more women in armed forces
- use of rape and assault as weapons
- homes are disrupted
- called upon to care for wounded
203
focuses on issues such as reproductive rights, labour issues and sexual harassment - greatest triumphs related to women's right to vote
international women's movement
204
the process by which the legal system negatively sanctions some form of deviant behaviour
criminalisation
205
any action, belief, or human characteristic that members of a society or a social group consider a violation of group norms and for which the violator is likely to be censured or punished
deviance
206
theories of deviance that are concerned with trying to explain why it occurs
explanatory theories
207
theories of deviance that seek a greater understanding of the process by which people define and classify some behaviours as normal and others as deviant
constructionist theories
208
theory based on the idea that the discrepancy between the larger structure of society and the means available to people to achieve that which the society considers to be of value produces strain that may cause an individual to undertake deviant acts
strain theory
209
people who accept both cultural foals and the traditional means of achieving those goals
conformists
210
individuals who accept cultural foals, but reject the conventional means to achieve success
innovators
211
individuals who realize that they will not be able to achieve cultural goals, but they nonetheless continue to engage in the conventional behavior associated with such success
ritualists
212
individuals who reject both cultural goals and the traditional routes to their attainment; they have completely given up on attaining success within the system
retreatists
213
individuals who reject boh traditional means and goals and instead substitute nontraditional goals and means to these goals
rebels
214
theory that focuses on the reasons why people do not commit deviant acts such as social control and the stake people have in engaging in conformist behaviour
social control theory
215
contends that a deviant is someone to whom a deviant label has been successfully applied
labelling theory
216
early, nonpatterned acts of deviance or an act here or there that is considered to be strange or out of the ordinary
primary deviance
217
deviant acts that persist, become more common, and eventually cause people to organize their live and personal identities around their deviant status
secondary deviance
218
individuals who devise society's rules, norms and laws
rule creators
219
individuals or groups who come to define an act as a moral outrage and who lead a campaign to have it defined as deviant and to have it made illegal and therefore subject to legal enforcement
moral entrepreneurs
220
a widespread, but disproportionate, reaction to a form of deviance
moral panic
221
a characteristic that others find, define and often label as unusual, unpleasant or deviant
stigma
222
stigma in which individuals involved assume their differentness is know about already or is evident on the spot
discredited stigma
223
stigma in which individuals involves assume that their stigma is nether known about nor immediately perceivable
discreditable stigma
224
simply a violation of the criminal law
crime
225
the study of all aspects of crime
criminology
226
a theory that focuses on the fact that people learn criminal behaviour and therefore that what is crucial is who a person associated with
differential association
227
involves the supervised early release of a prisoner for such things as good behaviour while in prison
parole
228
a system by which those who are convicted of less serious crimes may be released into the community, but under supervision and under certain conditions such as being involved in and completing a substance abuse program
probation
229
whether the experience of punishment in general, and incarceration in particular, makes it less likely that an individual will commit crimes in the future
specific deterrece
230
the repetition of a criminal act by one who has been convicted for an offense
recidivism
231
deals with whether the population as a whole will be less likely to commit crimes because of fear that they will be punished or imprisoned for their crimes
general deterrence
232
the threat of injury or the threat or actual use of force, including murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, as well as terrorism and globally, war crimes
violent crime
233
do not involves injury or force, but rather are offenses that involve gaining or destroying property. the major property crimes are larceny-theft, burglary, motor-vehicle theft and arson
property crimes
234
these are serious crimes that have penalties typically longer than six months (known as a felony in the US)
indictable offences
235
typically these involve less serious crimes that usually have a maximum penalty of six months in jail (known as a misdemeanor in the US)
summary convictions
236
involves crimes committed by responsible and high-social-status people int he course of their work
white-collar crime
237
involves legal organizations that violate the law including such illegal acts as antitrust violations and stock market violations
corporate crime
238
can involve various types of organizations, but is most often associated with syndicated organized crime, which uses violence (or its threat) and the corruption of public officials to profit from illegal activities
organised crime
239
either an illegal offense against the state to affect its policies, or an offense by the state, either domestically or internationally
political crime
240
crimes that stem from the fact that the victims are in various ways different from, and disesteemed by. the perpetrators
hate crime
241
crime that targets computers, uses computers to commit traditional crimes, and transmits illegal information and images
cybercrime
242
crimes related to consumption, including shoplifting and using stolen credit cards or credit card numbers
consumer crimes
243
involves, in most states in the United States, crimes committed by those who are less than 18 years of age
juvenile delinquency
244
geographic areas that are controlled by corporations rather than the nation-state in which they exist
free-trade zones
245
theories of deviance (2)
- explanatory theories
| - constructionist theories
246
explanatory theories assume that deviant behaviour is determined by a wide variety of factors (2)
- biological makeup of the deviant
| - structure of the larger society
247
```
___ conducted an experiment that demonstrated how group influence can be so great that it may override our willingness to stick with our own judgments and perceptions.
A) Stanley Milgram
B) Soloman Asch
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Karl Marx
E) Max Weber
```
B
248
```
An example of a student's ___ is when he/she studies for a test and takes notes.
A) Role
B) Status
C) Position
D) Occupation
```
A
249
According to your text, deviance is:
A) Always an evil act
B) Any action, belief or human characteristics that members of a society or social group consider a violation of group norms
C) Universally the same in every society
D) All of the above
B
250
Strain theory suggests that:
A) Every culture has certain values, but the structure of society is such that not everyone can realize that value in a socially acceptable way.
B) The strain that people feel when labels are put on them compels them towards deviance.
C) When controls are weakened deviance behaviour is more likely to occur.
D) Deviance is defined by those involved in the behaviour.
A
251
```
___ defined social class as a division between the capitalists, who owned the means of production, and the proletariat, who lacked the means of production, thus creating a hierarchical stratification system.
A) Max Weber
B) Emile Durkheim
C) Auguste Comte
D) Karl Marx
```
D
252
```
John and Manuela are on a first date and Manuela tells John she is an airplane pilot. John is very impressed by this as he considers airplane pilots to have a great deal of:
A) Power
B) Agility
C) Status
D) Intensity
```
C
253
```
The income gap between the top 1% of earners in Canada and the bottom 20% of the population has ___ since the late 1970s.
A) Increased
B) Decreased
C) Stayed the same
D) Not been recorded
```
A
254
```
Sue is eight and loves to dress up as a princess along with her brother, John, who is six, and loves to dress up as a cowboy. According to Mead, Sue and John are in the ___ stage.
A) Dress-up
B) Game
C) Play
D) Adolescent
```
C
255
```
Tony is very proud of his Italian and French background. Therefore, it can be said that Tony is very proud of his ___.
A) Racial background
B) Interpersonal background
C) Ethnicity
D) Social heritage
```
C
256
```
Emily likes to wear dresses, play with dolls, and paint her nails. These are examples of the various ways Emily is expressing her:
A) Sexuality
B) Gender
C) Biological constructs
D) Genetic characteristics
```
B
257
1. According to this week’s article, what is the most accurate statement about race?
A) It is based primarily on DNA and biological characteristics
B) It is based on surface characteristics, such as the width of the nose
C) Race is a scientific concept
D) Race is increasing in importance
E) All of the above
B
258
```
According to your article, after scientists at the National Institute of Health drafted the human genome, how many races did they identify?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
E) Five
```
A
259
```
According to your article, where can most genetic variability be found?
A) Between races
B) Between nations
C) Within local villages
D) Within a family
```
C
260
According to your article, why is race not based in significant differences in DNA?
A) The world is so globalized and there have been so many interracial relationships that races are becoming less distinct from one another
B) The human race is too evolutionarily young to have developed substantial differences between races
C) The differences might be there but focusing on them would lead to too many racial divisions and racism so we must base race in less divisive characteristics
D) All of the above
B
261
```
According to the article, what aspect of the human genome is controlled by thousands and even tens of thousands of genes
A) Skin colour
B) Phenotype
C) Intelligence and social skills
D) Both A and B
```
C
262
students who form a clique and develop their own norms governing their interaction
example of interaction order
