Midterm Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
the far-ranging, even global impact of a small change in a specific location, over both time and distance
A
butterfly effect
2
Q
the systematic study of the ways in which people are affected by, and affect, the social structures and social processes that are associated with the groups, organizations, cultures, societies, and world in which they exist
A
sociology
3
Q
a relatively large population that lives in a given territory, has a social structure and shares a culture, and the complex pattern of social relationships that is bounded in space and persists over time
A
society
4
Q
the social process of increasingly fluid global flows and the structures that expedite and impede those flows
A
globalisation
5
Q
a highly complex process by which people obtain and utilize goods and services; involves the interrelationship among customers, the consumption process and consumption sites
A
consumption
6
Q
the interplay of machines, tools, skills and procedures for the accomplishment of tasks
A
technology
7
Q
social interaction in which some technology comes between the participants, unlike face-to-face interaction
A
mediated interaction
8
Q
the ability to look at the social world from a unique sociological perspective
A
sociological imagination
9
Q
small-scale; used to describe social phenomena such as individuals and their thoughts and actions
A
micro
10
Q
large-scale; used to describe social phenomena such as groups, organizations, cultures, society and the globe
A
macro
11
Q
the actions of Bouazizi helped lead to the Tunisian revolution, which in turn, led to street demonstrations and civil war elsewhere in the Arab world
A
example of the butterfly effect
12
Q
studied various social relationships, including those between politics and economics
A
Abdel Rahman Ibn-Khaldum
13
Q
important to the founding of sociology, many early sociologists concentrated on factories, the production that took place in those settings and those who worked there, especially blue-collar, manual workers
A
industrial age
14
Q
the centre of the economy, and the attention of may sociologists, shifted from the factory to the office - from blue-collar manual work to white-collar office work - as well as to the bureaucracies in which many people worked
A
postindustrial age
15
Q
knowledge and information are critical in this contemporary epoch as are the technologies - computers, smartphones - that have greatly increased the productivity of individual workers and altered the nature of their work
A
information age
16
Q
a way for sociologists to make their ideas more public and more accessible as well as an opportunity to build dialogue
A
blogging
17
Q
increasingly likely that men and women are willing, or forced, to work for free
A
common in postindustrial age
18
Q
people and products are more fluid - they move farther, more easily and more quickly than ever before
A
common in global age
19
Q
more people throughout the world now have far greater access to goods, services, and information from around the globe than during the industrial age
A
positive development of globalization
20
Q
a variety of highly undesirable things flow more easily around the world, including diseases and the adverse effects of global warming
A
negative development of globalization
21
Q
terrorism, sex trafficking, the black market in human organs, and the black market in drugs
A
deviant globalization
22
Q
beginning in the 1950s, the centre of the economy in industrialized nations such as Canada shifted from factories, mines and offices to the shopping mall
A
consumption
23
Q
the iPhone
A
an example of consumption that has become a cultural phenomena
24
Q
- the ways in which social networking sites come between you and others and how this affects the nature of interaction
- the impact on our lives in spending so much time interacting on social networking sites
- multitasking
- internet technology affect on the nature of consumption
A
sociological interests of the digital world
25
America's "War on Terror" might look defensible from the perspective of an American but it would look quite different if you imagines yourself in the place of an innocent Iraqi or Afghan who is caught in the middle in that war
example of sociological imagination
26
famous sociologist who wrote The Sociological Imagination in 1959
C. Wright Mills
27
argued that sociologists had a unique perspective that gave them a distinctive way of looking at data or reflecting on the world around them
The Sociological Imagination
28
instead of armaments, involves barrages of propaganda by the warring parties
information war
29
hackers engage in stealthy attacks on an enemy nation's computer system
cyber attacks
30
in the turn of the twentieth century, argued that money is crucial to a modern economy
Georg Simmel
31
sociologist interested in the relationship between what workers did and thought (micro issues) and the capitalist economic system (macro issue) under which the workers toiled
Karl Marx
32
developed a theory of violence that deals with everything from individuals skilled in violent interactions, such as attacking those who are weak, to the material resources needed by violent organizations to cause other violent organizations to fall apart
Randall Collins
33
- social causes over individual causes
- patterns and similarities
- the impact it has
- trends and changes over time
sociological study
34
looks at the familiar as strange or for hidden relationships and rules
sociological perspective
35
individual social power and capacity for creativity. great emphasis is placed on the individual's mental abilities and the ways in which these abilities are used to create important, if not decisive actions
agency
36
an individual who has agency, or the potential to disrupt destroy the structures in which one finds himself or herself
dangerous giants
37
the continuous process of individual creation of structural realities and the constraint and coercion exercised by those structure
social construction of reality
38
enduring and regular social arrangements, such as family and the state, based on persistent patterns of interaction and social relationships
social structures
39
dynamic and changing aspects of the social world
social processes
40
addresses a wide range of audiences, most of which are outside the academy, including a wide variety of local, national and global groups. Public sociologists write for these groups and they can become involved in collaborative projects with them
public sociology
41
think in terms of micro-macro relationship versus agency-structure relationship
American sociologists versus rest of the world, especially Europe and Canada
42
why do social structures, such as universities, function over long periods of time with little or no disruption by individual agents
agents do not realize the power they possess
43
questioning a professor's argument or going to the dean to protest the excessive absences of an instructor
examples of disruptive agents
44
people - as designers, manufacturers and consumers - who create the world of fashion. once the fashion world comes into existence, that world comes to have a great deal of influence over individuals who are part of that world
example of social consumption of reality
45
looks at various "parts" (structures) of society, such as manufacturers and retailers of clothing fashions, and the ways in which they relate to one another, as well as to the whole of society
social statics
46
looks at specific social process - social change - an on how the various parts of society changed
social dynamics
47
United Nations and the migration of people across national borders
Globalization social structures and processes
48
we need to better understand how the social world operates before we can change it
pure science
49
- argue that the task of the sociologist is to better understand common forms of social behaviour
- research the details of everyday life
- the goal is purely knowledge and understanding
ethnomethodologists
50
studies various aspects of the social world
social scientits
51
touches on the culture of concern to anthropologists, the nation-state of interest to political scientists and the mental processes that are the focus of psychologists
sociological study
52
a set of interrelated ideas that have a wide range of application, deal with centrally important issues and have stood the test of time
theory
53
in Marx's view, an economic system based on one group of people - the capitalist (owners) - owning what is needed for production and a second group - the proletariat (workers) - owning little but their capacity for work
capitalism
54
those who own what is needed for production - factories, machines, tools - in a capitalist system
capitalists
55
workers as a group, or those in the capitalist system who own little or nothing except for their capacity for work (labour), which they must sell to the capitalists in order to survive
proletariat
56
a feature in capitalism in which the workers (proletariat) produce virtually everything but get few rewards while the capitalists, who do little, reap the vast majority of the rewards
exploitation
57
in a capitalist system, being unconnected to one's work, products, fellow workers and human nature
alienation
58
a set of shared beliefs that explains the social world and guides peoples actions; a set of ideas that distort the reality of social systems, such as capitalism, and conceal the ways in which they really operate
idealogy
59
regarding the proletariat in capitalism, the lack of understanding of capitalism's nature and the erroneous belief that capitalism operates to workers' benefit ; exists when large numbers of people do not have a clear and correct sense of their true interests
false consciousness
60
according to Marx, a mental state in which the workers (proletariat) come to truly understand capitalism, their collective role in it, and their relationship to one another, as well as to the capitalist; exists when large numbers of people have a true sense of their interests
class consciousness
61
very broad and general theories
grand theories
62
developed sociological theories that dealt with with such issues as the scientific study of society, the interrelationship between politics and the economy, and the relationship between primitive societies and the medieval societies of his time
Ibn Khaldun
63
the political revolutions that wracked European society, the rise of socialism, the women's rights movement, the urbanization occurring throughout Europe, ferment in the religious realm and the growth of science
changes that profoundly affected sociological theorising
64
the invention of the term sociology, development of a general theory of the social world, and interest in developing a science of sociology
Auguste Comte
65
developed a scientific and general theory, although she is best known today for her feminist, women-centered sociology
Harriet Martineau
66
developed a general scientific theory of society, but his overriding theoretical interest was in social change, specifically evolution in not only the physical domain but also the intellectual and social domains
Herbert Spencer
67
- macro theorist
- focused on structure of capitalist society
- viewed the capitalist system as exploitation
- believed that workers' situation would grow much worse as the capitalists ratcheted up the level of exploitation and restructured the work so that the proletariat was even more alienated
- optimistic and had great hope for socialism and communism
- generally positive sense of people as thoughtful, creative and naturraly social
Karl Marx
68
why is Marx's work so important?
many theorists have built on it and that many other have created theories in opposition to Marx's perspective
69
- the work they do is not a natural expression of human skills, abilities and creativity
- they have little or no connection to the finished product
- instead of working harmoniously with their fellow workers, they may have little or no contact with them - more likely to be in competition or conflict
reasons for alienation on the job
70
faster, more mechanized assembly lines make it even more difficult for co workers to relate to one another
example of when capitalist adopt new technologies, alienation among workers increases
71
the gap between two social classes would grow wider and increasingly visible in terms of both the groups' economic position and nature of their work and once workers understood how capitalism really worked, they would rise up and overthrow that system. the outcome would be the creation of a communist society
Marx definition of proletarian revolution
72
- devoted great attention to the economy
- many of his ideas influenced by Marx
- focused on central role that religion had played in the Western world's economic development (Marx had argued that religion was a relatively minor force that serves to distract the masses from the problems caused by capitalism
- pessimist about most things
- generally positive sense of people as thoughtful, creative and naturally social
Max Weber
73
- part of Weber's historical-comparative study of religion in various societies throughout the world
- main objective was to analyze the relationship between the economy and religion
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
74
children learn values and norms from our family, at school etc. which shape their behaviour
example of structure
75
children are active participants in socialization and, to some extent, decide what values and norms they will take up
example of agency
76
the way we order time in minutes, hour, days and years
example of social construction of reality
77
macro-level phenomena - social structures and cultural norms and values - that stand apart from and impose themselves on people
social facts
78
the set of beliefs shared by people throughout society
collective consciousness
79
the feeling of not knowing what is expected of one in society or of being adrift in society without any clear, secure moorings
anomie
80
cohesion among a group of people, most common in an early form of society, in which people are held together by the fact that they all do essentially the same things - strong collective consciousness
mechanical solidarity
81
cohesion among a group of people, most common in a later type of society, in which people are held together by their differences - since people were doing such different things, they no longer beleived in as strongly in the same set of ideas which resulted in the decline in the power of the collective conscience
organic solidarity
82
among black Americans, the sense of "two-ness," of being both black and American - black Americans want to tear down the barriers that confront them but do not want to give up their identity, traditions, knowledge and experience
double consciousness
83
the public demonstration of wealth through consumption that one is able to waste money - for example, by flaunting the use of expensive, high-status goods and services (mansions, yachts, personal assistants, etc.)
conspicuous consumption
84
a set of ideas focused on social structures as well as the functions and dysfunctions that such structures perform
structural-functionalism
85
an observable, positive consequence that helps a system survive, adapt or adjust
functions
86
an observable consequence that negatively affects the ability of a given system to survive, adapt or adjust
dysfunctions
87
positive consequences that are brought about consciously and purposely - what institution was specifically set up to do
manifest functions
88
unintended positive functions
latent functions
89
an unexpected social effect, especially a negative effect
unanticipated consequences
90
structural theory interested in the social impact of hidden or underlying structures and how they determine what transpires on the surface of the social world
structuralism
91
created by Peter Berger, looking beneath and beyond the surface of social structures, which are seen as facades that conceal what is truly important
debunking
92
a set of ideas focusing on the sources of conflict within society - focuses on the negative aspects of society
conflict theory
93
a set of critical ideas derived from Marxian theory but focused on culture rather than the economy
critical theory
94
rationalized and bureaucratized structures that control modern culture
culture industry
95
culture that is administered by large organizations, lacks spontaneity and is phony
mass culture
96
a set of ideas critical of the social situation confronting women and offering solutions for improving, if not revolutionizing, their situation
feminist theory
97
argues against fixed and stable identities that determine who we are. also studies the dynamics of the relationship between heterosexuals and homosexuals
queer theory
98
a set of ideas arguing that race continues to matter and that racism continues to exist and adversely affect blacks
critical theories of race and racism
99
the fact that members of any given minority group are affected by the nature of their positions in other arrangements of social inequality; the confluence, or intersection, of various social statuses and the inequality and oppression associated with each in combination with others
intersectionality
100
the state of having moved beyond the modern era analyzed by the classic social theorists and into a new postmodern epoch characterized by less rationality and more eclecticism
postmodernity
101
the emergence of new and different cultural forms in music, movies, art, architecture and the like
postmodernism
102
a set of ideas oriented in opposition to modern theory by, for example, rejecting or deconstructing the grand narratives of modern social theory
postmodern theory
103
consumption of, or buying, more than we need, rally want and can afford
hyperconsumption
104
an inauthentic or fake version of something
simulation
105
a set of ideas concerned with the role of symbols whose meanings are shared and understood by those involved in human interaction
symbolic interactionism
106
a theory focused on what people do rather than on what people think - concerned with the mental processes, such as mind and self, that are deeply implicated in these interactions
ethnomethodology
107
a set of ideas related to the rewards and costs associated with human behaviour
exchange theorists
108
a stable and persistent bond between individuals who interact, generally formed because their interactions are rewarding
exchange relationships
109
a set of ideas that sees people as rational and as acting purposely in order to achieve their goals - choose on the basis of "utility"
rational choice theory
110
belief in hard work, frugality, and good work as means to achieve both economic success and heavenly salvation
protestant ethic
111
the process which by which social structures are increasingly characterized by the most direct and efficient means to their ends
rationalisation
112
the assembly line, in which raw material entered the line and emerges as finished products - fewer workers performed very simple tasks in order to allow the assembly line to function efficiently
example of rationalism
113
key problems in the modern world are the exploitation and alienation that are part of the capitalist economy
Marx
114
central problem is the control that rationalized structures such as capitalism exercise over us in virtually all aspects of our lives
Weber
115
- positive view of structures
- viewed major concern of the science of sociology is social facts
- felt that structures and their constraints were not only necessary but highly desirable
- largely negative view of people as being slaves to their passions, such as lust and gluttony, and other deadly sins
Emile Durkheim
116
it is good for us to share the belief that we are not supposed to kill one another
Durkheim's view on collective consciousness
117
increases when people do not know what is expected of them, when society's regulation over them is low, when their passions are allowed to run wild
risk of anomic suicide
118
- believed that sociologists should focus on the way conscious individuals interact and associate with one another
- interested in forms taken by social interaction and types of people involved in interaction
Georg Simmel
119
goal was to life the veil of race and give whites a glimpse of "Negros" in America
W.E.B. Du Bois
120
- one of his main concerns was the ways in which the upper classes show off their wealth
- important for focusing on consumption at a time when it was largely ignored by other social theorists
Thorstein Veblen
121
one way to show off wealth, doing things that demonstrate quite publicly that one does not need to do what most people would consider work
conspicuous leisure
122
three broad headings of contemporary theories
- structural/functional
- conflict/critical
- inter/actionist
123
has evolved out of the observation and analysis of large-scale social phenomena
structural/functional theories
124
structural/functional theories (2)
- structural-functionalism
| - structuralism
125
start out with a positive view of social structures asserting that they are desirable, necessary and even impossible to do without
structural-functional theorists
126
tends to be a conservative theory - the dominant view is that if certain structures exist and are functional, they ought to be retained and conserved
structural-functionalism
127
the passport controls at borders allow a country to monitor who is entering the country and to refuse entry to those it considers undesirable or dangerous
example of a function
128
after 9/11, the US Congress passed at least 19 immigration-related acts and as a result it has become more difficult for everyone to enter the United States
example of a dysfunction
129
taxes are imposed on goods imported into Canada from elsewhere in the world in order to make their prices higher compared with Canadian-made goods and to protect Canadian-based producers
manifest function of tarrifs
130
when foreign products become more expensive and therefore less desirable, Canadian manufacturers may produce more and perhaps better goods in Canada as well as more jobs for Canadians
latent function of tariffs
131
the possibility of a trade war - China might respond to an increase in Canadian tariffs by raising its own tariffs on Canadian imports. if Canada retaliates with new and still higher tariffs, we could quickly be in the midst of an unanticipated, and probably undesirable trade war
unanticipated consequence of tariffs
132
visible structures, such as fences, passports and customs operations, versus social impact of hidden or underlying structures, such as global economic order or gender relations
structural-functionalism versus structuralism
133
considered structuralist because he was interested in the hidden structures that really determine how capitalism works - on the surface capitalism seems to operate to the benefit of all, but in fact hidden below the surface is a structure that operates mostly for the benefit of the capitalists, who exploit the workers and pay them subsistence wages
Marx
134
frequent collaborator with Marx, looks at relationships between women and men and theorized that the structures of capitalism and patriarchy keep women subordinated to men
Friendrich Engels
135
believed that female oppression is rooted in the hidden and underlying structure of property rights, he thought that the key to ending it was to abolish property rights
Engels' definition of primitive communism
136
military threats made by North Korea and its testing of missiles may not really be about its failing economic system - North Korea may hope that the symbolic expression of military power will strengthen its global prestige, frighten others and perhaps coerce other countries into providing economic aid
example of structuralism
137
the goal is merely to understand the underlying structure versus not only seeking such understanding but also critically analyzing the underlying reality and its impact on visible social structures
structuralism versus debunking
138
Canada seems to emphasize multiculturalism and ethnic tolerance, sociologists have pointed out the First Nations peoples struggle in Canada because their cultural ways are not respected and there is little tolerance for the traditions
example of dubunking
139
conflict/critical theories (6)
- conflict theory
- critical theory
- feminist theory
- queer theory
- critical theories of race and racism
- postmodern theory
140
emphasize stresses, strains and conflicts in society
conflict/critical theories
141
society is held together by consensus; virtually everyone accepts the social structure, its legitimacy and its benefits versus society is held together by coercion; those who are adversely affected by society, especially economically, would rebel were it not for coercive forces like the police, the courts and the military
structural-functionalism versus conflict theory
142
strongly influenced my Marx, more strongly motivated by a desire to develop a viable alternative to structural-functionalism
Ralf Dahrendorf
143
see society as static versus ever-present possibility of change
structural-functionalism versus conflict theory
144
see orderliness of society versus see disagreement and conflict everywhere
structural-functionalism versus conflict theory
145
focus on the sources of cohesion internal to society versus see the coercion and power that holds together an otherwise problematic society
structural functionalism versus conflict theory
146
the coalitions formed out of resistance efforts often increase cohesion among group members, further uniting them and bolstering the strength of the movement
Conflict groups
147
true culture should emanate from the people, but mass culture involves prepackaged sets of ideas that falsify reality
falseness
148
the masses need to be informed about such things as the falseness of culture so that they can develop a clear sense of society's failings and the need to rebel against them - the effect of mass culture is to pacify, stupefy and repress the masses so that they are far less likely to demand social change
repressiveness
149
the differences we see between men's and women's behaviour are not biologically determined but rather are created socially
socially constructed
150
homosexuals often govern their behaviour so that heterosexuals feel comfortable, as when they avoid even mild shows of affection in public
example of queer theory
151
a poor black female lesbian faces a complex of problems different from the problems faced by a poor person or a black person or a woman or a lesbian
example of intersectionality
152
while in the modern world groups such as the proletariat can plan in a rational manner to overthrow capitalism, in this world such changes come about accidentally or are simply fated to occur
example of post modern era
153
characterized by a highly consistent lifestyle versus characterized by eclecticism in what we eat, how we dress and what sort of music we listen to
modernity versus postmodernity
154
Moulin Rouge! is set in the year 1900, yet it features contemporary pop music
example of pastiche, common in postmodern
155
- opposed to the grand narratives - the broad depictions of history and society
- offer more limited, often unrelated snapshots of the social world
- often deconstruct, or take apart, modern grand narratives
- opposed to the scientific pretensions of much modern grand theory
postmodernists
156
- most important postmodernist
- argued that we are now living in a consumer society where much of our lives is defined not by our productive work but by what we consume and how we consume it - hyperconsumption
- saw the world as increasingly dominated by simulations
Jean Baudrillard
157
when we eat at McDonald's we consume Chicken McNuggets, or simulated chicken - it is fake in the sense that it is often not mean from one chicken, but bit of meat that come from many different chickens
example of simulation
158
inter/actionist theories (4) that focus on the micro level of individuals and groups
- symbolic interactionism
- ethnomethodology
- exchange theory
- rational choice theory
159
focus more on the actions of individuals
rational choice theory
160
the Harley-Davidson brand has meaning because it symbolizes a particular type of motorcycle, and both the brand name and the motorcycle are further symbolized by nicknames such as Harley and Hog
example of symbolic interaction
161
basic principle of symbolic interactionism (4)
- human beings have a great capacity for thought, which differentiates them from lower animals - during social interaction that people acquire the symbolic meanings that allow them to exercise their distinctive ability to think
- symbolic meanings are not set in stone
- people are able to modify symbolic meanings because of their unique ability to think
- it is the pattern of those choices of individual action and interaction that is the basis of groups, larger structures such as bureaucracies, and society as a whole
162
regards people's lives and social worlds as practical accomplishments that are really quite extraordinary
ethnomethodologists
163
studies coffee drinkers attempts to understand their participation in a subculture of coffee connoisseurship - learning to enjoy coffee itself is something of an accomplishment; taking that enjoyment to the next level and becoming a connoisseur requires even more doing
example of ethnomethodologist study
164
three basic issues in studying conversations
- vocal cues as an element of conversation
- stable and orderly properties of conversations - higher status person is more likely to interrupt a lower status person
- actions necessary to maintain conversations - turn taking does not occur automatically
165
becasue you and another person find your initial interactions rewarding you may develop a friendship
example of an exchange relationship
166
two important constraints on the ability to act rationally
- access to scarce resources
| - requirements of social strutures
167
the gathering of information and evidence using one's senses, especially one's eyes and ears, to experience the social world
empiricism
168
a structured way to find answers to questions about the world
scientific method
169
a general model of the world that is accepted by most practitioners in a field
paradigm
170
any research method that does not require statistical methods for collecting and reporting data
qualitative research
171
any research method that involves the analysis of numerical data derived usually from surveys and experiments
quantitative research
172
the mathematical method used to analyze numerical data
statistics
173
numerical data that allow researchers to see trends over time or compare differences between groups, in order to describe some particular collection of data that is based on a phenomenon in the real world
descriptive statistics
174
numerical data that allow researchers to use data from a small group to speculate with some level of certainty about a larger group
inferential statistics
175
a research method that involves systematic watching, listening to, and recording what takes place in a natural social setting over some period of time
observation
176
a research method in which the researcher actually plays a role, usually a minor one, in the group or setting being observed
participant observation
177
a research method in which the sociologist play a little or no role in what is being observed
nonparticipant observation
178
observational research, often intensive adn over lengthy periods, that leads to an account of what people do and how they live
ethnography
179
a type of ethnography that is "grounded" in various parts of the world and that seeks to understand globalization as it exists in people's social lives
global ethnography
180
research method in which information is sought from participants (respondents) who are asked a series of questions that have been spelled out, at least to some degree, before the research is conducted
interviews
181
a research methodology that involves the collection of information from a population, or more usually a representative portion of a population, through use of interviews and, more importantly, questionnaries
survey research
182
questionnaire or interview used to gather accurate information about those in a group, people in a given geographic area, and those in organizations
descriptive survey
183
a representative portion of the overall popualtion
sample
184
a subset of a population in which every member of the group has an equal chance of being included
random sample
185
created when a larger group is divided into a series of subgroups and then random samples are taken within each of these groups
stratified sample
186
a readily available group of people who fit the criteria for participating, and are conveniently available to participate, in a research project
convenience sample
187
the manipulation of a characteristic under study (an independent variable) in order to examine the effect on another characteristic
experiment
188
in an experiment, a condition that can be independently manipulated by the researcher with the goal of producing a change in some other variable
independent variable
189
a characteristic or measurement that is the result of manipulating an independent variable
dependent variable
190
research that occurs in a laboratory, giving the researcher great control over both the selection of the participants to be studied and the conditions to which they are exposed
laboratory experiments
191
an experiment that occurs when researchers take advantage of a naturally occurring event to study its effect on one or more dependent variables
natural experiments
192
research that occurs in natural situations but that allows researchers to exert at least some control over who participates and what happens during the experiment
field experiments
193
reanalysis of data, often survey data, collected by others, including other sociologists
secondary data analysis
194
a research methodology that contrasts how different historical events and conditions in various societies (or components of societies) lead to different societal outcomes
historical-comparative research
195
an exaggeratedly rational model that is used to study real-world phenomena
ideal type
196
systematic and objective analysis of the content of cultural artifacts in print, visual, audio and digital media, suing both qualitative and quantitative analysis
content analysis
197
the degree to which a given question (or another kind of measure) produces the same results time after time
reliability
198
agreement by participants in social research that they understand and accept the true nature and purpose of the study and any sensitive or dangerous aspects of the research
informed consent
199
- researcher uncovers question in need of answer
- researcher reviews the relevant literature
- researcher develops hypotheses about how phenomena relate to one another
- researcher identifies a method that will enable him or her to answer the research question
- researcher collects data
- researcher analyzes data
steps to the research process
200
an informal rule that guides what a member of culture does in a given situation and how that person lives
norms
201
a norm that has been codified, or written down, and is formally enforced through institutions such as the state
laws
202
the application of rewards (positive sanctions) or punishments (negative sanctions) when norms are accepted and violated
sanctions
203
a norm that is relatively unimportant and, if violated, carries few is any sanctions
folkways
204
an important norm whose violation is likely to be met with sever sanctions
mores
205
aspects of culture that exist in nonmaterial forms
symbolic culture
206
norms and values indicating what members of a society should believe in and do
ideal culture
207
what people actually think and do in their everyday lives
real culture
208
a group of people who accept much of the dominant culture but are set apart from it by one or more culturally significant characteristics
subcultures
209
a conflict that pits subcultures and countercultures against the dominant culture or that pits dominant groups within society against each other
culture war
210
an environment in which cultural differences are encouraged both by the state and by the majority group
multiculturalism
211
when a minority group takes on the characteristics of the dominant group and leaves its old ways behind; the adaption of minorities to the dominant culture
assimilation
212
the use of a minority group's power to strengthen the position of the cultural group with which it identifies
identity politics
213
the idea that aspects of culture such as norms and values need to be understood within the context of a person's own culture or that there are no universally accepted norms and values
cultural relativism
214
a collection of cultural products that have tended to be associated with societal elites, to be seen as the product of artists or skilled professionals, and to be thought of as aesthetically rich
high culture
215
a collection of cultural products, also referred to as popular culture, that have tended to be associated with the masses, to be seen as homogenized and standardized products of massive corporations, and to be viewed as lacking in virtually any redeeming aesthetic qualities
low culture
216
the imposition of one culture, more or less consciously, on other cultures
cultural imperialism
217
the importation by other countries of products, images, technologies, practices, norms, values, and behaviors that are closely associated with the united states
americanisation
218
an aversion to America in general, as well as to the influence of its culture abroad
anti-americanism
219
a cultural phenomenon combining inputs and impositions from other cultures with local realities
cultural hybrids
220
a culture in which the core ideas and material objects relate to consumption and in which consumption is a primary sources of meaning in life
consumer culture
221
an emerging culture online that has the characteristics of all culture, including distinctive values and norms
cyberculture
222
made the distinction over a year ago that not all norms are the same, are equally important or carry with them the same penalties if they are violated
William Graham Sumner
223
buying american rather than japanese or korean cars as a symbol of one's patriotism
example of symbolic culture
224
a group whose culture not only differs in certain ways from the dominant culture, but whose norms and values may be incompatible with those of the dominant culture - in reference to hippies, anti war activists and radical students
countercultures
225
argued that there is a struggle for power within society between the elites and the masses, a struggle that is usually won by the elites - elites are allowed to define what is considered high and low culture
Pierre Bourdieu
226
single people are more likely to commit suicide
example of egoistic suicide
227
rates of suicide went up during economic busts and booms
example of anomic suicide
228
- what holds society together and helps reproduce social order?
- the division of labour and types of solidarity
- suicide
- religion, ritual and symbol
Emile Durkheim
229
- focus on structures or systems shaping actions
- not as concerned about individual thoughts and actions, more on how their actions are patterned in similar ways in societies
- macro perspective - more interested in explaining larger social structures, the way society works as a system
structural functionalism/structuralism
230
- fulfilling specific needs of a functioning social system
- the reproduction of order instead of change - not as concerned about how things might change
- consensus and shared values
- change is often seen as slow
structural-functionism
231
- critical view of society
- highlights power relations and coercion and who is disadvantaged by social structures
- shared values and viewpoints mask divergent and diverse experiences, interests and values
- often advocates for resistance and change
conflict/critical theory
232
schools teaching students to prepare for the workforce
example of a manifest function
233
schools introducing parents to babysitters so they can go to work
example of latent functions
234
- society as compromised of different groups with different interests
- sees society not as set of individuals but of sets of conflicting groups
- highlights coercion, conflict and change instead of consensus, harmony and reproduction of order
conflict theory
235
different interests of business owners and workers - business owners concerned about profit, workers concerned about wages
example of conflict theory
236
- focus on critiquing or problematizing our culture and social structures
- highlights diverse perspectives and ignored interests
critical/diverse persectives
237
- focuses on how individuals think, act and interact to navigate and produce everyday life
- focus more on agency and individual or micro analysis
symbolic inter/actionism
238
- observation, pattern, tentative hypothesis, theory
| - specific observations to generalizations and theory
inductive
239
there is a white swan, and another - all swans are white
example of inductive
240
- theory, hypothesis, observation, confirmation
| - from general to specific predictions and observations
deductive
241
all swans are white - if i look in this lake, all the swans i see will be white
example of deductive
242
movement in one characteristic or variable is related to another
correlation
243
educational outcomes and private school - people who go to private school are usually wealthy and can afford additional resources outside of school
examples of correlation
244
a change in one variable produces or causes a change in another variable
causation
245
- analysis of numerical data
- hypothesis testing and structured research
- larger samples
- surveys and experiments
quantitative research
246
- exploratory research and capturing meaning, detail and difference
- small sample sizes
- observation and semi or unstructured interviews
qualitative research
247
types of individualism (4)
- self-reliance
- self-confidence
- self-regard
- self-direction
248
emphasis on the independence of individuals and their ability to look after themselves
"be a strong, independent American"
"live without government handouts:
"stand on your own two feet"
self reliance
249
confidence in one's own capacities and value - focus on self esteem
"i love me"
"when you believe, anything is possible"
self confidence
250
focus on ones own self interest
self regard
251
focus on personal freedom and individual happiness over social constraint
"its my life"
"if it makes you happy, do it. if it does not, then dont"
self direction
