Final Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Tragus
A
Goats beard. Small triangular protrusion which points slightly backwards and forms the anterior portion of the auricle
2
Q
External auditory canal
A
Same at external auditory meatus
3
Q
Cerumen
A
Earwax. From sebum secretions from sebaceous glands
4
Q
Condyle
A
Protrusion of the mandible, comes to rest where inner and outer ear canals meet when jaw is at rest (osseocartilagenous junction)
5
Q
Temporomandibular joint syndrome
A
Whe mandible overrides normal position and condyle presses into (osseocartilagenous) junction causing pain
6
Q
Otalgia
A
Ear pain
7
Q
Auricle
A
Same is Pinna
8
Q
Myofacial pain dysfunction syndrome (mpd)
A
Sometimes used to describe pain in the temporomandibular joint, along with headaches;grating sounds; dizziness; and back, neck, and shoulder pain. Can be related to emotional stress
9
Q
Crepitus
A
Hearing grating sounds
10
Q
Tympanic membrane
A
Ear drum, At end of ear canal, protected from trauma and kept at constant temp and humidity. Ear canal filters frequencies and is a resonator for frequencies 2000-7000hz
11
Q
Three layers of tympanic membrane from eac
A
1) skin
2) tough,fibrous, connective tissue-ability to vibrate with sound waves
3) mucous membrane that lines middle ear space
12
Q
Malleus
A
Largest bone of the middle ear. Imbedded in fibrous portion of Tympanic membrane
13
Q
Umbo
A
The point of greatest retraction of the ear drum caused by the malleus pulling it inward
14
Q
Annulus
A
Ring of tissue that holds the tympanic membrane in position
15
Q
Pars tensa
A
The greatest surface area of the tympanic membrane. It is taut and thus the name
16
Q
Pars flaccid a
A
Aka shrapnell’s membrane. At the top of the tympanic membrane above the malleus where the tissues are looser because they contain only the epidermal and mucous membrane layers
17
Q
Pharyngeal arches
A
Bulges that begin to appear on either side of the human embryo 28 days after conception which will become the head and neck (first three: mandibular, hyoid, and glossopharyngeal arches)
18
Q
Three layers of pharyngeal arches
A
Ectoderm-outer layer
Entoderm - inner surface
Mesoderm- inner core
Each arch has artery, muscle, and cartilage from mesoderm and nerve from ectoderm
19
Q
Development of ear from pharyngeal arches
A
First two arches-auricle
First arch-Tragus
Helix and antitragus- second arch
20
Q
Mesenchyme
A
A network of embryonic tissue that later forms the connective tissues of the body and blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. This forms middle layer of tympanum
21
Q
Microtia
A
Very small ears (Pinna)
22
Q
Anotia
A
Entirely absent Pinna
23
Q
Atresia
A
When ear canal never forms (otic atresia)
24
Q
CHARGE syndrome
A
Genetic disorder C- coloboma H- heart disorders A- atresia choanae R- retarded growth and development G- genitourinary abnormalities E- ear abnormalities
25
External otitis
Infection of skin of the external auditory canal (swimmers ear)
26
Otomycosis
Fungal ear infections, rare
27
Furunculosis
Infection of hair follicles, may begin with infection of a single hair in the lateral third of the external auditory canal and spread to involve the entire area
28
Myringitis
Inflammations of the tympanic membrane
29
Osteitis and osteomyelitis
Caused by routine infections of skin of EAC, can be massive bone destruction of ears. These are when it has spread to the tymporal bone though and are often fatal
30
Exostoses
Outward projections for the surfaces of bone. Can be confused with osteomas which are bony tumors. Neither of which cause hearing loss typically
31
Pressure-equalizing tubes (PE tubes)
Aka tympanostomy tube, inserted through an incision in the tympanic membrane to keep the middle ear patent
32
Cerumenolytic
A chemical substance known to soften earwax safely
33
Myringoplasty
Surgical repair of a perforated tympanic membrane
34
Tympanosclerosis
Calcium plaques which add mass to the tympanic membrane and interfere with its vibration but sometimes cause no noticeable hearing loss
Don't respond well to surgical treatment
35
Jugular bulb location
Below the floor of the middle ear
36
Carotid artery location
Behind the anterior wall of the middle ear
37
Mastoid process location
Behind the posterior wall of the middle ear
38
Epitympanic recess
The space in the middle ear above the tympanic membrane
39
Nasopharynx
The area where the back of the throat and the nose communicate. Middle ear is connected to this by Eustachian tube
40
Two other names for Eustachian tube
Auditory tube and pharyngotympanic tube
41
Middle ear cleft
Formed by the Eustachian tube and the middle ear
Lined by musous membrane
42
Mucous membrane
Same lining found in the nose and paranasal sinuses. Lines the middle ear cleft including the surface of the tympanic membrane
43
Cilia
Small hairlike projections that provide a motion similar to that of a wheat field in the wind. Cilia in middle ear create a wiping action that helps to cleanse the middle ear by moving particles down and out of the Eustachian tube
44
Pneumatic mastoid
Formed by the cells of the skull bones which surround the ear. These cells are not solid but honeycombed with air cells. Theses cells are lined with non ciliated mucous membrane. Part of temporal bone
45
Aditus ad Antrum
The middle ear opens up, back, and outward in an this area to communicate with the mastoid
46
Promontory
Protrusion of the bony portion of the inner ear which extends into the middle-ear space. Caused by the basal turn of the cochlea.
Separates two connections between the middle and inner ear
47
Oval window
Above the promontory, filled by a membrane that supports the base of the stapes, the tiniest bone in the human body
48
Round window
Below the promontory, covered by a very thin, but tough and elastic, membrane
49
Ossicles
The three small bones of the middle ear
| Malleus, incus, and stapes
50
Manubrium of the malleus
Is embedded in the middle (fibrous) layer of the tympanic membrane. Extends from the upper portion of the t.m. to its approximate center (the Umbo)
51
Parts of the incus
Head of malleus is connected to body of incus. Incus has long process (crus) which turns abruptly to a very short crus, the lenticular process. The end of the lenticular process sits squarely on the head of the stapes
52
Parts of the stapes
Head, neck, and two crura. Posterior crus is longer and thinner than anterior to aid in its rocking motion. The base or footplate of the stapes occupies the space in the oval window
53
Fallopian canal
A bony channel covered with mucous membrane. Passes through the middle ear as a protrusion on its medial wall. Contains a portion of the facial nerve (CN VII)
54
Facial nerve
Runs beside the auditory nerve (CN VIII) as the two travel to the brainstem
55
Chorda tympani
A branch of the facial nerve that passes through the middle eat space. This nerve carries info about the sensation of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. Can act as an obstruction during middle ear surgery
56
Stapedius muscle
Originates in the posterior (mastoid) wall of the middle ear. When contracted the stapes moves to the side and tenses the membrane in the oval window, reducing the amplitude of vibration. Innervates by facial nerve.
Length 7 mm, cross section 5 mm squared
Responds to loud sounds
57
Tensor tympani muscle
Encased in a small bony cavity. Inserts in manubrium of malleus, contracts to move the malleus so that the tympanic membrane becomes tense. Innervates by the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Length 25 mm, cross section 5 mm squared
Air to eye =contraction
58
Politzerization
One way to pressurize middle ear when tympanum is retracted and no fluid is present.
One nostril is closed while an olive tip, connected to a tube or nebulizer, is held tightly in the other nostril. The patient elevated the soft palate by saying "k,k,k" and then swallows
59
Valsalva
Maneuver where patient auto inflates the Eustachian tube by increasing pressure via forced expiration with the nostrils held shut
60
Toynbee maneuver
Accomplishes Eustachian tube opening when the patient closes the jaw, holds the nose, and swallows
61
Otitis media
Infection of the middle ear space. Most common disorders of the middle ear causing conductive hearing loss. 70% us. Holden before age 2
62
Barotrauma
Sudden changes in air pressure as when flying or diving
63
Purulent
Pus-producing. These organisms are when makes it possible for full-blown infections of the middle ear occurring so fast after first symptoms
64
Suppurative otitis media
The mucosa becomes filled with excessive amounts of blood, the superficial cells break down, and pus accumulates
65
Necrosis
Death of mucosa, submucosal and tympanic membrane caused by compression of small veins and capillaries by pressure of pus
66
Mastoiditis
When pus can't find its way out of the middles ear and invades the mastoid. Causes a breakdown of the walls separating the air cells. May result in meningitis or death
67
Chronic otitis media
Condition is long standing
68
Acute otitis media
Develops rapidly. Include swelling, redness, and bleeding
69
Hemotympanum
Bleeding in the middle ear from any cause
70
Meniscus
When the middle ear becomes a vacuum the fluids secreted by the lining of the middle ear can be sucked into the middle ear space. As the fluid levels rise, a fluid line can be seen through the tympanic membrane this is the meniscus
71
Myringotomy or myringostomy
Incision into the tympanic membrane, used to relieve the fluid pressure and suction out the remaining fluid
72
Physical volume test (PVT)
Test the patency of pressure-equalizing tubes. When this value is bigger than 5 cm cubed that means you are measuring ear canal with the middle ear so a perforation of the ear drum exists
73
Mucous otitis media
When mucoid secretions are forced through the Eustachian tube (blowing nose) and accumulate in middle ear. They thicken and darken
74
Tympanosclerosis
Calcium deposits that form on tympanic membrane. Removal may be pointless because it tends to recur
75
Cholesteatoma
A pseudotumor resulting when skin is introduced to the middle ear cleft. Form in a sac with onion like concentric rings if keratin and such. Highly erosive
76
Mastoidectomy
Surgical procedure sometimes the only treatment for mastoiditis.
77
Tympamoplasty
Surgical reconstruction if the middle ear auditory apparatus.
78
Subluxations
Partial dislocations of the ossicular chain, cause high frequency conductive hearing loss
79
Autophony
The "head in a barrel" feeling, happens in some patients whose Eustachian tube is chronically open (patent). Own voice is perceived as loud
80
Serous effusion
Blocked Eustachian tube
81
Patulous Eustachian tube
Chronically open
82
Otosclerosis
Common cause of hearing loss in adults, originates in bony labyrinth of inner ear, causes conductive hearing loss, appears as new growth of spongy bone usually over the footplate of the stapes. Some call this otospongiosis
83
Schwartze sign
When the promontory becomes very vascular resulting in a rosy glow that can be seen through the tympanic membrane. Sign of otosclerosis as is tinnitus
84
Paracusis willisii
Symptom of otosclerosis. Speech is earlier to understand in the presence of background noise. Opposite of normal hard of hearing.
85
Lombard voice reflex
Increase of vocal loudness in noisy environments
86
Carhart notch
Bone-conduction readings are poorer than true sensory/neural sensitivity by 5db at 500hz, 10 at 1000, 15 at 2000, and 5 at 4000
87
Fenestration
Surgery to free immobilized stapes, complete closure of air bone gap is impossible with this procedure and usually 25db conductive hearing loss remained.
88
Stapes mobilization
Much better than Fenestration. Ossicular chain can remain intact
89
Stapedectomy
Removal of stapes. Procedure of choice for otosclerosis today
90
Fistula
Leaks of inner ear fluids into the middle ear
91
Labyrinth
Term use for inner ear because it is similar to an intricately winding cave
92
Vestibule
The immediate entryway to the inner ear
93
Perilymph
Fluid which fills the vestibule
94
Cerebellum
Controls interactions between several body systems needed to maintain balance
Visual, proprioceptive, and vestibular
95
Somatosensory stimuli
Stimuli from tissues such as muscles and tendons which allow perception of body part position, important in proprioception
96
Utricle and saccule
Membranous sacs within the vestibule, surrounded by perilymph and contain endolymph, saccule is slightly larger, utricle end organ for balance is at bottom and saccule eob is on the side.
97
Semicircular canals
Arise from utricle, 3- superior, lateral, and posterior, are membranous and contain endolymph. Surrounded in larger bony cavern by perilymph, arranged perpendicularly to one another to cover all dimensions in space
98
Ampullae
Enlarged areas where each of the semicircular canals return to the utricle. Each contain an end organ (christa) which provides a sense of equilibrium
99
Linear acceleration is detected by what
Utriculosaccular mechanism
100
Angular acceleration is measured by what
Semicircular canals
101
Nystagmus
Rapid rocking movements of the eyes. Always comes about with vertigo, but can occur on its own
102
Caloric test
Stimulation of the labyrinth is accomplished by washing cold or warm water or air against the tympanic membrane, with temps actually varying only slightly above or below normal body temp. On normal person cold causes nystagmus with rapid eye movement away from irrigated ear and slow movement back. Warm is opposite
(COWS- cold opposite, warm same)
103
Electronystagmograph
Measures the changes in potential produced by nystagmus and increases the objectivity of vestibular testing. Measures rate and direction of nystagmus
104
Rotary chair testing
Patient is placed in a chair capable of mechanically controlled rotation. Following rotation the eyes are examined for nystagmus. Computers have allowed for the reintroduction of this
105
Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP)
Assesses the ability to coordinate movement by measuring vestibulospinal reflexes. Gives a quantitative assessment of upright balance through stimulation of conditions encountered in daily life. Ability to maintain balance
106
Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (VEMP)
A sound evoked muscle reflex believed to be generated from acoustical stimulation of the saccule, one of the vestibular end organs that sense linear acceleration. The purpose of this reflex may be to stabilize the head in response to unpredictable movements. Tells about the persons vestibular system. Can be measured through many muscles such as trapezius and sternocleidomastoid whe someone turns head to noise
107
Cochlea
Snail. 1 cm wide and 5 mm base to apex
108
Scala vestibuli
Beyond the oval window within the cochlea, contains perilymph
109
Scala tympani
At bottom of cochlea, begins at round window, contains perilymph
110
Helicotrema
A small passageway at the apex of the cochlea. Has perilymph. For frequencies above 60 hz there is little movement of fluid through helicotrema because energy is transmitted through the fluids of the cochlea by movement of the membranes
111
Scala media (aka cochlear duct)
Lies between the scala vestibuli and and scala tympani. Organ of corti lies along the full length and resides on the basilar membrane. It is full of endolymph which is continuous with that in the saccule, utricle, and semicircular canals through the ductus reuniens
112
Reissners membrane
Separates the scale media from the scale vestibuli
113
Basilar membrane
Separates the scala media from he scala tympani
114
Spiral ligament
Supports scala media and also the stria vascularis, extends from a shelf made from the bony labyrinth
115
Stria vascularis
Produces the endolymph and supplies oxygen and other nutrients to the cochlea
116
Modiolus
The central core of the cochlea around which it is wound, this is hoe blood and nerve supply enter the organ of corti
117
Corti's arch
Is what separates the inner and outer hair cells on the basilar membrane
118
Stereocilia
Hair-like projections located on the top of each hair cell
119
Tectorial membrane
A gelatinous flap that is fixed on its inner edge and possibly on its outer edge as well. Stereocilia tips on the outer hair cells are embedded here.when he basilar membrane moves up and down in response to fluid displacement from movement of stapes, the hair cells are sheared(twisted) in a complex manner
120
Cochlear microphonic (CM)
The action of the cochlea as a transducer to convert sound waves into an energy form useful to the auditory nerve. Result of changes in polarization by the bending back and forth of hair cell cilia
121
Action potential
A change on the electrical potential which occurs on the surface of each neuron at the moment that auditory neurons are stimulated by the hair cells that rest on them
122
Afferent
Efferent
Afferent- body to brain
Efferent- brain to body
Cochlea has efferent too to monitor the cochlea
123
Resonance theory of hearing (helmholtz)
The structures within he cochlea consist of many tiny resonators, each tuned to a specific frequency
Disproved, but first to place higher frequency at base and lower at apex
124
Place theory of hearing
Early belief that every tone that could be heard was assigned to its own specific place in the cochlea. This idea breaks down when it attempts to explain why pitch discrimination if so poor close to auditory threshold
125
Two of the frequency based theories which attempted to place the analysis of pitch in the retrocochlear area
Volley theory of hearing, resonance-volley theory
126
Traveling wave theory
Put forth the explanation recognized today as the basis for cochlear pitch perception. Developed in the middle of the 20th century by békésy
127
Three hypotheses for hair cell transduction
Mechanical- the pressure that moves the hair cells stimulates the nerve endings directly
Chemical- when the hair cells are deformed, a neurotransmitter substance is released the stimulated nerve endings
Electrical- cochlear potential stimulates nerve endings
128
Otoscoustic emissions (OAE)
Microphones in the eac can pick up weak acoustic signals generated by the motility of the outer hair cells
129
Spontaneous otoscoustic Emissions
Can be detected without external stimulation, occur in 40-60% of normal ears
130
Transient evoked otoacoustic emission
A signal that is known to emanate from the cochlea between 5-20 ms after the presentation of a stimulus introduced to the external ear
131
Psychophysical tuning curve
Tuning becomes sharper with frequency increases he,ps with speech recognition
132
Auditory placode
Formed in embryonic development. Has a saccular division which the cochlea comes from and a utricular division from which the semicircular canals are formed
133
Otocyst
The auditory vesicle or sac that is formed by the utricle, saccule, and endolymphatic duct. Begins formation at end of first month of gestation
134
Dyacusis
Speech recognition problem common with sensory/neuro losses where it's not so much they can't hear but that they have difficulty understanding speech
135
Hypacusis
A loss of sensitivity to sound
136
Diplacusis binauralis
Happens in patients with unilateral losses that a pure tone of a given frequency will have a different pitch in each ear
137
Diplacusis monauralis
Lack if perception of tonal quality of a pure tone. Sounds like frying bacon instead of music
138
Hereditodegenerative hearing loss
Inherited the tendency for abnormalities to occur after birth
139
Complications of rh baby
Hearing loss and possibly cerebral palsy amongst others
140
Athetosis
Patient exhibits an uncontrolled writhing or squirming motion, has long been associated with hearing loss
141
Anoxia
Oxygen deprivation. May result in damage to important cells of the cochlea
142
Cytomegalovirus
A major cause if prenatal sensory hearing loss, asymptomatic illness that is a member of the helper group
143
Perinatal causes
Occur during the birth process itself
144
Bacterial meningitis
Inflammation of the menengies that may cause total deafness because that labyrinth fills with pus and is replaced by bone
145
Labyrinthitis
Infections if labyrinth that may affect auditory and vestibular systems
146
Temporary vs permanent threshold shifts
Temporary are when hearing thresholds improve after an initial impairment following noise
Permanent are irreversible losses
147
Acoustic trauma notch
Hearing is poorest in range 3000-6000 hz and then recovers at 8000hz. From noise induced hearing loss. Suggests damage to the portion of the basal turn of the cochlea related to that frequency range
148
Damage-risk criteria
Set up by OSHA and use sound level meters to measure the intensity if sound in noisy areas
149
Sudden idiopathic sensory/neural hearing loss
Hearing loss, usually unilateral of at least 30 degrees that occurs in A few days (normally under 3)
150
Vasospasm
Veins? Immediate hospitalization, cause for sudden hearing loss
151
Ménière's disease
Also cause for sudden hearing loss. Problems with endolymph
152
Vestibular neuritis
Inflammation of the auditory nerve
153
Semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome
Mimics symptoms of other otologic pathologies. Vertigo, patulous Eustachian tube
154
Autoimmune inner-ear disease
Specifically attacks the inner ear . Sensory loss and tinnitus, aural fullness, epvertigo. Potentially reversible
155
Presbycus
Hearing loss due to aging
156
Phonemic regression
Characteristic of presbycusis, significant difficulty in speech recognition, understand speech better when people speak slowly than when they speak loudly
