Final Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
A person or animal that harbors an infectious organism and transmits the organism to others, although having no symptoms of the disease
A
carrier
2
Q
The presence and multiplication of infectious organisms without invading or causing damage to tissue
A
colonization
3
Q
An outbreak characterized by exposure to a common, harmful substance
A
common source outbreak
4
Q
communicable by direct or indirect contact
A
contagious
5
Q
The constant or usual prevalence of a specific disease or infectious agent within a population or geographic area.
A
endemic
6
Q
significant increase in the number of new cases of a disease than past experience would have predicted for that place, time, or population; an increase in incidence beyond that which is expected
A
epidemic
7
Q
originating in a healthcare facility, formerly called nosocomial infection
A
healthcare-associated infection
8
Q
time period between initial contact with the infectious agent and the appearance of the first signs or symptoms of the disase
A
incubation period
9
Q
presence and replication of an infectious agent in the tissues of a host, with manifestation of signs and symptoms.
A
infectious disease
10
Q
ability of the agent to produce an infectious disease in a susceptible host
A
pathogenicity
11
Q
outbreak resulting from direct or indirect transmission of an infectious agent from an infected person to a susceptible host; secondary infections can occur
A
propagated outbreak
12
Q
location where an infectious agent is normally found, where it lives and reproduces under normal circumstances.
A
reservoir
13
Q
infections that occur within the accepted incubation period following exposure to a primary case
A
secondary infection
14
Q
a continual dynamic method for gathering data about the health of the general public for the purpose of primary prevention of illness.
A
surveillance
15
Q
The transfer of an infectious agent from one person or place to another
A
transmission
16
Q
slow and progressive genetic changes that take place in DNA and RNA as organisms replicate in multiple hosts
A
antigenic drift
17
Q
Sudden change in the molecular structure of DNA and RNA in microorganisms, resulting in a new strain of the microorganism.
A
antigenic shift
18
Q
model illustrating the interaction of 13 factors that contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases.
A
convergence model
19
Q
observation of clients to ensure that they ingest each dose of anti-TB medication to maximize the likelihood of completion of therapy.
A
directly observed therapy
20
Q
natural unit consisting of all living things interacting with, and dependent on, one another for survival within their nonliving environment.
A
ecosystem
21
Q
newly identified clinically distinct infectious disease, or the reappearance of a known infectious disease after its decline, with an incidence that is increasing in a certain geographic area or among a specific population.
A
emerging infectious disease
22
Q
type of immunity in which a large proportion of people in a population are not susceptible to a communicable disease and the few people who are susceptible will not likely be exposed and contract the illness.
A
herd immunity
23
Q
process by which organisms adjust and change to their environment.
A
microbial adaptation
24
Q
epidemic occurring worldwide
A
pandemic
25
A term used to refer to a homicide of a female person that occurs in the context of intimate partner violence
femicide
26
A term used to distinguish violence which targets people, or groups of people, on the basis of their gender from other forms of violence.
gender-based violence
27
basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.
human rights
28
the number of cases of disease with an onset during a prescribed period of time, often expressed as a rate.
incidence
29
A pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors which may include inflicted physical injury, psychological abuse, sexual assault, progressive social isolation, deprivation, intimidation, and threats.
intimate partner violence
30
An assessment that identifies high-risk factors for IPV
lethality assessment
31
To be responsible for, commit, as in a crime.
perpetrate.
32
number of cases of a disease, infection persons, or people with some other attribute present during a particular interval of time, often expressed as a rate.
prevalence
33
Framed in the context of intentional acts carried out by a person or persons against another with a conscious choice to inflict harm
violence
34
No use of illicit substances or alcohol in the preceding 12 months
abstinence
35
substance dependence/habituation
addiction
36
a very strong urge or desire to seek the euphoric feeling achieved by using substances
craving
37
a reversible syndrome that appears after ingestion of a specific substance that results in clinically significant problematic behavioral or psychological changes.
intoxication
38
Occurs when a person has previously met criteria for a substance use disorder but has not met the criteria for 3-12 months.
early remission
39
occurs when a person no longer meets the criteria for substance use disorder for 12 months or more.
sustained remission
40
The use of alcohol, illicit drugs, and nonmedical use or prescription medications.
substance use
41
The use of alcohol, anxiolytics, caffeine, cannabis, gambling, hallucinogens, hypnotics, opioids, phencyclidine, sedatives, stimulants, and tobacco.
substance use disorder
42
diminished physical and/or psychological response to effects of alcohol or illicit substances.
tolerance
43
A reduction in prolonged substance use that results in problematic behavioral, physiologic, and cognitive changes.
withdrawal
44
The study of DNA sequencing to analyze the function and structure of complete sets of DNA in a cell of an organism.
genomics
45
Geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals that may not allow a full complement of healthcare services.
health professional shortage area
46
a person who is held in a jail or prison to protect the public
inmate
47
Area that is determined through calculation of a ratio of primary medical care physicians per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, and percentage of the population aged 65 or older.
medically underserved area
48
Three common chronic illnesses of homeless people
trimorbidity
49
Trimorbidity:
mental illness, chronic physical illness, and substance addiction
50
A subgroup of the population that has a higher risk of developing health problems due to a greater exposure to health risk because of marginalization in sociocultural status, access to economic resources, age, or gender.
underserved population
51
retrospective analysis used to evaluate emergency response drills.
after-action reports
52
process of cleaning to remove biologic, chemical, or radiologic agents.
decontamination
53
moving people from a dangerous place to safety
evacuation
54
common organizational structure implemented to improve emergency response.
incident command system
55
moving people from one area to another within the same facility.
invacuation
56
Framework that guides how the nation conducts all-hazards incident response.
national response framework
57
Structured, flexible framework that guides the response to disasters at al levels of government, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations.
national incident management system
58
Clothing and/or equipment used to protect the body from injury and illness
personal protective equipment
59
centralized location where the public pick up emergency supplies following a disaster.
point of distribution
60
The actual time in which something occurs.
real time
61
The sequence of possible events or circumstances.
scenario
62
The protective action of taking cover in a building
shelter in place
63
The imitation of the features of an object or anticipated response.
simulation
64
A process to document and track changing information to prevent injury an illness.
surveillance
65
The use of threats and/or violence to intimidate or coerce society for political purposes.
terrorism
66
models that assist clients, groups, and communities to redirect activities toward health and wellness.
behavior change models
67
models that consider intrapersonal attributes, interpersonal dynamics, person/environment, interactions, cultural beliefs, and attitudes.
ecological model
68
A quality, an ability to adapt to change, or a resource to help cope with challenges and processes of daily living.
health
69
A behavior change model that considers the severity of the potential illness or physical challenge, the level of conceivable susceptibility, the benefits of taking preventive action, and the challenges that may be faced in taking action toward the goal of health promotion.
health belief model
70
A behavior change model emphasizing reinforcement of social competence, problem solving, autonomy, and sense of purpose.
learning model
71
Susceptibility to disease or injury that can be controlled by individual people, families, or communities.
modifiable risk
72
Client-centered communication style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients and groups explore and resolve ambivalence to change.
motivational interviewing
73
Maximizing the health and wellness through strategies that are set in place before illness or injury is present
primary prevention
74
A change model that is used primarily to assist people struggling with relapse and recovery from substance abuse.
relapse prevention model
75
Decreasing the chance of developing an illness, experiencing an injury, or being faced with chronic consequences of both.
risk reduction.
76
maximizing health and wellness through strategies set in place at the early and active chronic stages of illness and injury.
secondary prevention
77
A behavior change model that considers environmental influences, personal factors, and behavior as key components to change.
social learning
78
A component of change in which community members, friends,neighbors, and adjacent communities influence change by offering instrumental assistance, informational support, emotional support, and appraising support.
social support
79
maximizing health and wellness through strategies that are set in place at the palliation and end stage of disease and injury trajectories.
tertiary prevention
80
A behavior model emphasizing that individual performance of a given behavior is primarily determined by a person's intention to perform that behavior.
theory of reasoned action
81
Sequential approach to behavior change on the basis of process across stages and timely readiness of the learner.
transtheoretical model.
82
A subjective perception of full functional ability as a human being.
well-being
83
An outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of a disease beyond that which is normally found in the population
epidemic
84
model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the host, agent, and environment.
epidemiologic triad
85
Study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations; used both as a research methodology to study states of health and illness, and as a body of knowledge that results from the study of a specific state of health or illness.
epidemiology
86
course of a disease or condition from the onset to resolution.
natural history
87
epidemic usually limited to a localized increase in the incidence of the illness.
outbreak
88
primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness
rate
89
probability or likelihood that a disease or illness will occur in a group of people who presently do not have the problem.
risk
90
characteristics or events that have been shown to increase the probability that a specific disease or illness will develop.
risk factor
91
epidemiologic mdoel that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness.
web of causation
92
Epidemiologic model that de-emphasize the agent as the sole cause of disease while emphasizing the interplay of physical, biologic, and social environments
.wheel of causation
93
states that specific microorganisms cause disease
germ theory
94
The microbe that causes the disease
agent
95
The organism that is harboring the infectious agent
host
96
The external factors that cause or allow disease transmission
environment
97
Has the greatest influence on the transmission of microbial agents that are waterborne, airborne, foodborne, or vector-borne, or those with an animal recervoir.
changes in the environment
98
H5N1 influenza & STDs are spread by ___ .
direct contact
99
___ & ___ are examples of communicable diseases spread by droplet transmission
measles & influenza
100
vector transmission is considered ___ ___
indirect contact
101
Helps determine whether the outbreak is from a common source or from a propagated (continuous) source
epidemic curve
102
Father of epidemiology
John Snow
103
___ Data is reported annually to measure progress toward the DHHS' goal of HAI infection
CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)
104
The most frequent reason for transferring residents of long term care facilities to the hospital
lower respiratory tract infection & pneumonia
105
The US Public Health infrastructure that develops guidelines and policies to protect the nation's health
USDHHS
106
The major USDHHS agency that protects the nation's health by developing guidelines that promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability
CDC
107
Provides international epidemic alerts and responses
WHO
108
Maintains surveillance systems to analyze data for disease trends and outbreaks
CDC
109
Has an electronic surveillance system for the early notification of community-based epidemics.
The Department of Defense
110
involve biological and nonbiological agents and can be caused by microorganisms and their toxins, marine organisms and their toxins, fungi and their toxins, and chemical contaminants
food-borne diseases
111
The most common cause of acute infectious gastroenteritis in people of all ages.
norovirus
112
The most common cause of bacterial food-borne illness in the US
campylobacter
113
Can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe illness & death in newborn infants.
listeria monocytogenes
114
A patient reporting ill with diarrhea and/or flu-like symptoms who has recently eaten delicatessen food, soft cheeses, or smoked seafood would be expected to have:
listeriosis
115
E coli symptoms generally resolve in:
7-10 days
116
2 criteria that must be met for an event to be defined as a water-associated disease outbreak:
1. 2 or more people must be linked epidemiologically by time, lcoation of expsoure to water, and illness characteristics.
2. Epidemiologic evidence must implicate recreational water or volatilization of water associated compoudsn into the air surrounding the water as te probable source of illness.
117
The most frequently reported bacterial STD in the US
chlamydia
118
often called "the great imitator"
syphillis
119
A bacterium, virus, or toxin that has the potential to pose a severe threat to public health and safety.
select agent
120
An action or effort that supports the wellbeing of individuals, gorups, and communities by reducing risk of illness and injury.
health promotion
121
immunizations are examples of:
primary prevention
122
testing correctly to identify persons who have the disease/physical challenge
sensitivity
123
testing to identify persons who do not have the disease
specificity
124
weight watchers is an example of a:
classic learning model
125
Involves a timely readiness of the learner
transtheoretical model
126
The 5 stages of the transtheoretical model
```
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
```
127
phase of the transtheoretical model that involves no sceduling or intention of scheduling services
precontemplation
128
phase of the transtheoretical model that involves no scheduling but does involve an intent
contemplation
129
phase of the transtheoretical model that involves taking steps to develop a program
preparation
130
phase of the transtheoretical model that involves developing a program and intending to sustain it
action
131
phase of the transtheoretical model that involves keeping it going
maintenance
132
phase of the transtheoretical model when a previous program was created but is not currently in effect, however intention for another active program is evident
relapse
133
based on the belief that all processes occuring within individuals and their environment should be viewed as interdependent
ecological model
134
4 levels of influence in the ecological model:
ontogenetic
microsystem
exosystem
macrocultural
135
ontogenic system includes:
personal factors (race, marital status, level of education)
136
Epidemiology is both a _____ _____ and a ___ ___ ____
research methodology;body of knowledge
137
His reports were the precursor of modern vital statistics
John Graunt
138
Set up a system for the consistent collection of the numbers and causes of deaths.
william farr
139
Used compelling statistics to bring about health care forms
Florence nightingale
140
Agents may divided into 5 groups:
```
physical
chemical
nutritional
psychosocial
biologic
```
141
The course of an illness or disease
pathologic onset stage
presymptomatic stage
manifestation of clinical disease
142
Nurse's role in an outbreak:
education of the public
mobilization of community resources
implementing regulatory and control measures
143
all forms of violence can be attributed to the need for __ & ___
power; control
144
Exposure to violence can lead to:
```
premature death
disability
poor mental health
high medical costs
lost productivity
```
145
Agency focused on requiring all clinical settings to implement identification and interventions for victims of abuse
Joint Commission
146
The leading cost of all nonfatal disease burdens
mental & substance use disorders
147
binge drinking is defined as:
5 or more drinks on the same occasion for 1 day during the preceding month for men and 4 for women
148
most frequently used illicit substance in the US
cannabis
149
Population based interventions to decrease substance use among adolescents can be conceptualized in four categories:
regulatory, developmental prevention, early screening & harm reduction
150
IM medication diminishes the alcohol induced release of dopamine thought to be involved in alcohol craving
naltrexone
151
Antabuse's generic name
disulfuram
152
The APA treatment guidelines recommend treatment for opioid use disorders with ___ & ___ for both withdrawal syndromes and maintenance.
methadone; buprenorphine
153
A partial opioid agonist that enables opioid dependent people to discontinue opiods without experiencing withdrawal symptoms.
subutex (buprenorphine)
154
The denial of economic, sociocultural, political, civil, or human rights of certain populations or groups base don the belief of those with power that others are inferior.
social injustice
155
Specific actions that fail to address what public health should be
social injustice
156
7 factors that compound disease prevention and health promotion efforts to identify and reduce modifiable risks in the elderly population:
availability, accessibility, affordability, awareness, adequacy, acceptability, assessment
157
Examples of underserved populations:
rural, elderly, inmates, LGBTQ, homeless
158
An effort to prevent identified risks from causing a disaster
mitigation
159
creation or removal of structures or alteration of the environemnt to remove or modify risks
structural mitigation
160
disaster training for healthcare personnel, the establishment of emergency evacuation regulations, land use planning, legislation, and insurance.
nonstructural mitigation
161
involves efforts to lessen the impact of a disaster by initiating measures to limit damage, disease, disability, and loss of life among the members of a community (tertiary prevention)
mitigation
162
In the US, the ____ is the central organizaton overseeing many different agencies that focus on the safety and security of the nation.
DHS
163
Health departments and emergency management offices use the ___ to develop a coordinated response to disasters.
national incident management system
164
A structured, flexible framework that guides the response to disasters of governments at all levels.
NIMS
165
Represents a core set of doctrines, concepts, principles, terminology, and organizational processes that enable effective, efficient, and collaborative incident management.
NIMS
166
The ___, coordinated by the NIMS, is the on-scene organization and management structure that may be followed in planned community events as well as disaster incidents.
ICS
167
The stabilization of the community and the return of the disaster area to its previous status.
recovery
168
The __ phase deals with immediate needs, whereas the ___ phase focuses on those activities that will protect the health of the public and restore buildings and services
response; recovery
169
The foundation for evidence-based disaster response
evaluation
170
Given immediately before it is used so that the least amount of resources is expended in producing the final result.
just in time training
171
Basic triage tool used to assist emergency responders in disasters
START
172
PPE highest protection for respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and mucous membranes
level A
173
PPE highest protection for respiratory tract, skin, and eye splash-resistant protection
level B
174
PPE that includes an air-purifying system for respiratory tract.
level C
175
standard work protection from splashes, minimal skin protection, no respiratory protection
level D
176
cover suits, safety glasses, glvoes, boots, & face shield
level D PPE
177
full face, air-purifying respirator rather than SCBA, liquid splash-resistant clothing, hood, gloves, hard hat, boots, two was communication device
level C PPE
178
SCBA, liquid splash--resistant clothing, hood, gloves, hard hat, boots, two-way communication device.
level B PPE
179
SCBA, fully encapsulated water & vapor proof suit with a cooling system, boots, gloves, hard hat, and a two way communication device.
level A PPE
180
involves the intentional release of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms into the environment for the purpose of causing illness or death.
bioterrorism
181
organisms that pose a risk to national security
category A biologic agents
182
Anthrax treatment runs
60 days
183
botulism is found in:
soil
