Key Terms Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
US branch of government responsible for health& welfare of citizens
A
Department of Health & Human Services
2
Q
Difference in the quality of healthcare delivered or obtainable, often tied to race or ethnicity or SES
A
health disparities
3
Q
A US national consensus plan with specific health goals
A
Healthy People 2020
4
Q
A federation of more than 130 national nurses associations, representing the more than 16 million nurses worldwide
A
International Council of Nurses
5
Q
Eight goals that all 191 UN member states have agreed to try to achieve by the year 2015 to combat poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental degradation, & discrimination against women
A
Millennium Development Goals
6
Q
Agencies that use both governmental and nongovernmental resources
A
multilateral agencies
7
Q
comprised of measure of costs of healthcare goods and services in the US
A
National health expenditure accounts
8
Q
agency that acquires resources to help others from private sources
A
nongovernmental organization
9
Q
A group that collects data related to healthcare use across a variety of professional and service parameters
A
Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development
10
Q
An organization that uses endowments or private funding to address the needs of individuals, families, and populations
A
Philanthropic organization
11
Q
Person who leaves their place of origin and cannot return because of a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons that include race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group,, or political opinion
A
refugees
12
Q
international organization that uses funds from developed countries to help initiatives of developing countries
A
world bank
13
Q
International center that collects data, advances initiativces, and offers support related to public health
A
World Health Organization
14
Q
An economic approach or analysis tool used to evaluate the effectivess of a treatment or intervention.
A
cost-benefit
15
Q
the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviors that are learned in order to provide the optimal health service to individuals from a variety of ethnic, racial, and cultural backgrounds
A
cultural competency
16
Q
The study of how individuals, groups, organization,s and society allocate and utilize finances, personnel, time, and physical space as components of resources.
A
Economics
17
Q
As applied to healthrecare, the notion that healthcare does not vary in quality because of gender, race, ethnicity, geographic location, or SES
A
equity
18
Q
The main economic indicator used to evaluate the degree of economic growth in the US.
A
Gross domestic product
19
Q
Policy that has an impact on th ehealth in an individual, a family, a population, or a community and is created by the government, institutions, or professional associations.
A
healthy policy
20
Q
principles that govern an action to achieve a given outcome. Guidlines that direct individual’s behavior toward a specific goal.
A
policy
21
Q
knowledge, values, practices, customs, and beliefs of a group
A
culture
22
Q
any nursing encounter in which rthe client and nurse are from different cultures
A
cross-cultural or transcultural nursing
23
Q
openness to others’ ideas and ways of life; respect, curiosity, patience and self-awareness of one’s own culture and culturally mediated ideas.
A
cultural competence
24
Q
culturally appropriate health services to disadvantaged groups while stressing dignity and avoiding institutional racism, assimilation, and repressive practices
A
cultural safety
25
the assumption that others believe and behave as the dominant culture does, or the belief that the dominant culture is superior to others
ethnocentrism
26
A group sharing some practices, language, or other characteristics in common, within a larger society that does not share those characteristics
subculture
27
attention is directed to community strengths and resources as a primary approach to community assessment.
asset-based assessment
28
An approach to assessment that begins with planning that includes representative parties of a poulation, including service organizations, corporations, and government officials
collaborative models
29
A group of peole sharing common interests, needs, resources, and environment; an interrelating and interacting group of peole with shared needs and interests.
community
30
Within the process of community assessment, considering the expertise of community dwellers as central to the task of understanding the health and well-being of the community.
community as partner
31
A retrospective, historical analysis of system parameters such as the physical environment, education, safety, and transportation, politics and government, health and social services, communication, economics and recreation in a community.
Developmental model
32
A process used to assess a community using data collected from descriptions and statistical relationships to evaluate the level of health and well being within a community to address identified healthcare needs.
Epidemiologic model
33
A model or a road map that assists the direction toward a goal
Framework
34
A systematic an deliberate approach to community assessment, evaluating patterns of behaviors of community dwellers that occur sequentially across time.
FUnctional health pattern
35
Group of people who live with identified boundaries and governing systems.
geopolitical community
36
Group of people who have interpersonal and intrapersonal connections.
phenomenologic community
37
Observation of a community while driving or riding to collect data for a community assessment.
windshield survey
38
fatigue or frustration expressed by persons who care for convalescing or chronically ill persons on a daily basis
caregiver burden
39
Two or more persons who share emotional closeness and identify themselves together
family
40
A diagram used to identify the direction and intensity of family relationships between members and or community institutions of importance to the family
ecomap
41
the process community health nurses make to appraise family healthcare needs.
family assessment
42
family health protection and promotion behaviors directed health health risks that family members can or cannot control directly
family risk reduction
43
A loose organization of concepts used to explain a phenomenon in nursing.
Framework
44
A diagram of family relationships between blood relativces that can span two or more generations used to identify relationships as well as possible patterns of disease
Genogram
45
A nursing theory that is used as a broad explanation of human experience or environment
Grand nursing theory
46
THe process families use to perceive the health status of its members
Health appraisal
47
Differences or inconsistencies in healthcare delivery that frequently occur with families with low SES
health disparities
48
Person who provides information for eithe rhimself or herself, or for someone who is unable to do so.
Informant
49
The differences expressed between people of different generations.
Intergenerational diversity
50
The effect of stressors on families that make members less sensitive and loving to each other.
Intrafamily strain
51
The effect of stressors on a couple in a relationship that make them less sensitive and loving to each other
marital strain
52
The number of persons likely to have an identified disorder in a defined group versu th enumber of persons likely to have the identified disorder in a control group.
Odds ratio
53
Permeability between two boundaries
Spillover
54
A group that works on the principle that each part contributes to the way the whole functions
System
55
A system of interrelated statements that is used to explain, predict, control, or understand a phenomenon
Theory
56
The amount of a substance that is absorbed or becomes available at the site of physiological activity
Bioavailability
57
Process of using medical tests such as blood or urine collection to determine whether a person has been exposed to a contaminant and how much exposure they received
Biomonitoring
58
Field of public health science that focuses on the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population from exposures in their environments.
Environmental epidemiology
59
A field of public health science that focuses on how th enevironment influences human health.
Environmental Health
60
The belief that no group of peole should bear a disproportionate share of negative environmental health consequences
Environmental justice
61
The amount of a contaminant that comes in direct contact with the body.
Exposure
62
Factors that determine a person's level of exposure to a contaminant.
Exposure estimate
63
Method by which peole are exposed to an environmental contaminant that originates from a specific source.
Exposure pathway
64
Process to help determine whehter an individual has been exposed to environmental contaminants.
Exposure history
65
If something has the potential tocause harm to humans or the environment, then precautionary measures should be taken even if there is a lack of scientific evidence for cause and effect.
Precautionary principle.
66
Communities that optimize the physical, social, and economic environments of the community.
Healthy communities
67
Process to determine the likelihodd or probability that adverse effects such as illness or disease will occu rin a group of people because of an exposure to an environmental contaminant.
Risk assessment
68
The study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical, or biological agents on people, animals, and the environment.
Toxicology
69
The social conditions in which people live, their income, their social status, their education, their literacy leve, their home and work environments, their support networks, their gender, their culture, and the availability of health services
Social determinants of health
70
Gaps in care experienced by one population compared with another
health disparities
71
3 core functions of government
1) assess healthcare problems
2) develop healthcare policy
3) ensure services are delivered & outcomes are achieved
72
Act of legislation that helps provide affordable health insurance to most Americans, lower costs, improve access to primary care, add to preventive care and prescription benefits, offer coverage to pre-existing conditions, and extend young adult's coverage under their parent's policies.
The patient protection and affordable care act
73
measures trends in the effectiveness of care, patient safety, timeliness of care, patient centeredness, and efficiency of care.
National Healthcare Quality Report & National Healthcare Disparities Report
74
Considers cultural traditions, personal preferences, values, families, & lifestyles.
Patient centered care
75
Has developed a series of tools to assist clients in making healthcare decisions
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
76
The comprehensive management of health information and its exchange
Health information technology
77
The Nationwide health information network's conceptual model consists of:
Privacy & security, interoperability, adoption & collaborative governance.
78
Goal 1 & 2 of NwHIN's conceptual model
1) patient-focused healthcare
| 2) population health
79
Overarching goals of Healthy People 2020
1) Attain higher-quality longer lives free of disease
2) Achieve health equity
3) Create social & physical environments that promote health
4) Promote healthy quality of life
80
Principles of public health
```
Focus on the aggregate
promote prevention
encourage community organization
Practice beneficence (greater good)
Model leadership in health
Use epidemiologic knowledge & methods
```
81
The public health nursing intervention wheel is:
1) population based model
2) applies to individuals, families, communities, or within systems
3) defines 17 public helath interventions focused on prevention
82
A home health agency that is motivated by a for-profit philosophy
Proprietary agent
83
Coordination of a plan or process to bring health services together as a common whole in a cost-effective way
Care management
84
Development and coordination of care for a selected client and family
Case management
85
A framework of fiscal management that emphasizes cost containment
managed care
86
A home health agency that exists at the bequest of local, state, or federal legislation
Official agency
87
The requirement for reimbursement of services in home care
skilled care
88
A home health agency that is motivated by a not-for-profit philosphy.
Voluntary agency
89
The evaluation of healthcare interventions and the actions taken to attain effective and efficient outcomes
care management
90
A collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation,a nd advocacy for options and services to meet an individual's health needs through communication and available resources to promote quality cost efective outcomes
case management
91
____ ____ can be considered a building block of care management
case management
92
A system of coordinated healthcare interventions an dcommunications for groups of peole wit hconditions in which client self care efforts are significant.
disease management
93
Case manager's role includes:
```
advocacy & education
clinical care coordination/facilitation
continuity/transition management
utilization/financial management
performance and outcomes management
psychosocial management
research & practice development
```
94
A system where reimbursement rates are set, for a given period of time, prior to the circumstances giving rise to actual reimbursement claims
Prospective reimbursement
95
Home healthcare agencies may be:
private/voluntary agencies, hospital based, proprietary, or official
96
Home healthcare is regulated by:
the state and federal government
97
The assessment used to develop a client's plan of care
Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS)
98
Items in the OASIS tool
SES, environmental, health, functional health, personal supportdata, & status of adult clients in pre or postnatal state.
99
Organization model includes a client assessment, careplans & services, and client change/evaluation.
Omaha system
100
Nonskilled care:
changing a dry dressing, teaching how to pay bills, manageing care after all skilled needs are stabilized, pouring meds in containers, visiting to decrease loneliness
101
The 5 phases of a home visit:
1) initiating the visit
2) preparation
3) the actual visit
4) termination of the visit
5) postvisit planning
102
Intrinsic factors related to falls
age, hx of falls, female, cognitive impairment, health status
103
The establishment of the plan of care is done during the __ phase of a home visit
postvisit planning
104
The 4 principal approaches used in motivational interviewing:
1) express empathy
2) support self-efficacy,
3) roll with resistance
4) find a discrepancy
105
The 3 types of services provided by school health nurses
1) acute illness & playground injury
2) typical screenings/immunizations
3) counseling
106
The primary source of information for drug and alcohol use in the civilian population
Substance abuse and mental health services administration SAMHSA
107
the innoculation phase of prevention which is designed to introduce knowledge
primary prevention
108
The early relevance phase, when information is likely to have meaning and applicability to students
secondary prevention
109
The later relevance phase, when young people are being exposed to new situatiosn involving experimentation
tertiary prevention
110
programs should be designed as ___ focused, rather than knowledge-based
behavior
111
Includes programs on exercising to maintain health, smoking cessation, and heart-healthy eating.
Primary prevention
112
Includes creening for hypertension and setting up screenings such as mammogram vans or other tests to diagnose problems early.
Secondary prevention
113
Includes mimizing the effects of health problems and maximizing function for people with health conditions
tertiary prevention
114
healthy people 2020 leading health indicators
physical activity, weight control, tobacco use, substance abuse, sexual behavior, mental health, injury & violence, environmental quality, immunization, access to healthcare
115
Nursing process in public health
```
Assessment
Diagnosis
Outcome identification
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
```
116
A patient can get Medicare hospice benefits when they meet ALL of these conditions:
eligible for Medicare Part A
Physician certifies pt will live < 6 months
Signed patient statement
Care is from a Medicare-approved hospice program
117
Stages of dying/grief
denial, anger, bargaining & acceptance
118
The preferred choice when patient confronts his or her mortality and considers less agressive treatment
comfort measure only
119
CMO does/does not mean nursing care & treatments stop
does NOT
120
legal documents that allow people to convey their wishes fo rend of life care
advance directives
121
T/F The DNR is not effective until an order is written
true
122
Interdisciplinary team based care that is focused on the relief of suffering for patients with serious illness
palliative care
123
The focus of palliative care:
controlling symptoms
Coordinating care
reducing unnessesary tests and futile interventions
ongoing conversations with the patient and family
124
neuropathic, mild pain requires use of:
adjuvant drugs
125
moderate pain necessitates the use of:
low dose opioids
126
severe pain necessitates the use of:
high dose opioids (first line treatment)
127
short acting or immediate release agents should only be used for:
breakthrough pain
128
If a patient chooses to refuse food and drink, the nurse should:
consider this a rational decision and offer emotional and psychological support
129
A clinician can pronounce death if:
The pupils are fixed & dilate & heart has stopped beating
130
____ is the emotional felt after loss
grief
131
___ is the recovery from loss
mourning
132
phases of grief:
numb shock
emotional turmoil or depression
reorganization or resolution
133
Formed by an aggregate specifically to address health concerns within a particular area
communities of solution
134
The two main reasons to conduct a community assessment
to gain information and clarify need for change
| To empower those responsible for implementing that change
135
Epidemiologic methods can identify patterns of health & social equity by:
describing the disease or disability
determininng relationships
developing & testing interventions
136
represents a configuration of behaviors that occur sequentially across time
pattern
137
If the exposure pathway is not complete or if it can be disrupted, the contaminant of concern should/should not affect human health.
should not
138
Exposure pathway consists of these 5 parts:
1) source of contamination
2) environmental media & transport
3) point of exposure
4) route of exposure
5) receptor population
139
examples of entitlement programs
Medicare, medicaid, WIC
140
Funding for the healthcare system in the US comes primarily from:
privately owned health insurance companies
141
Areas in which DHHS has oversight:
infant mortality, cancer screening, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV/AIDS, immunizations
142
The most powerful indivdiauls in the healthcare system are:
health administrators
143
The process of influencing the allocation of resources needed to enable policies, and involves the stranetgies needed to achieve the desired goals.
politics
144
Policy cycle
```
setting an agenda
policy formulation
policy adoptiion
policy implementation
policy assessment
policy modification
```
145
Costs not directly assigned to the patient
indirect costs
146
The IOM lists these dimensions of healthcare systems that should be considered when quality, cost, and access are examined:
safety, effectiveness, patient centeredness, timeliness, equality
147
As identified by the IOM, the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired outcomes,a nd are consistent with current knowledge
Quality of care
148
The role of the nurse in the interprofessional team
identify potentially ethics related situations and address these issues
149
That which occupies the space between peole in the world.
Culture
150
how people approach the world
culture
151
Culture is neither ___ nor ______
static; deterministic
152
Race can be thought of as a ____
subculture
153
race is a ___ not a ____
social construct; biological entity
154
Greater emphasis on a divine influence rather than health and illness
macroreligious
155
every clinical encounter is a ___ ____
cultural exchange
156
An acknowledgement that everyone's views are culturally influenced, that our own are not inherently better than those of our clients, and that our clients can teach us.
cultural humility
157
How wealth, rights, work, and so on are shared fairly within a community
distributive justice
158
Equitable sharing of both the common burdens and the common benefits or advantages of a society
social justice
159
Health is one of personal individual responsibility, and health care and other social goods are treated as social commodities or economic goods.
market justice
160
Sequential approach to behavioral change that involves timely readiness for the learner.
transtheoretical model
161
5 steps of transtheoretical mdoel
```
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
```
162
Phases of motivational interviewing
Engaging stage
focusing stage
evoking stage
planning stage
163
OARS of relationship building
open ended questions
affirmations
reflections
summaries
