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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of “sub-clinical”

A

Functional or anatomical abnormality detectable only with diagnositcs or indirect measures

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2
Q

Definition of “syndrome”

A

Set of signs or series of events occurring together often caused by single disease or condition (down cow syndrome)

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3
Q

Define “symptom”

A

Perceived by the patient

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4
Q

Define “sign”

A

Found by the examiner

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5
Q

Define “group syndrome”

A

Collection of diseases with common characteristics (lowered calf crop could be caused by lack of cyclicity)

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6
Q

Target vs action goal

A

Target: attainable goals in the production system (health, quality milk, reproduction)
Action: level when intervention must be taken by management

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7
Q

Qualities of ideal vaccine

A 
Prolonged immunity
Free of adverse side effects
Inexpensive
Stable
Response distinguishable from natural infection
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8
Q

When NOT to vaccinate

A

First 3-5 days and first 3-5 weeks because of reduces immune response
Stress (within 1 week of castration, dehorning, weaning, and movement)
Lactation (4 weeks prior and 4-5 weeks post calving, bc immune suppression)

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9
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of modified live vaccine

A

Advantages: strong immunity, effective, less hypersensitivity

Disadvantages: mild reactions, abortion, reversion to virulence, limited shelf life

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10
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of killed vaccines

A

Advantages: unlikely to cause disease, stable storage
Disadvantages: short lived immunity, hypersensitivity, local reactions

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11
Q

Endotoxin load

A

Adults can get max of 3 gram negative antigens

Young can get max of 2 gram negative antigens

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12
Q

Vaccine program for dairies

A 
Major viral diseases: BVDV (types 1 & 2), BHV-1, BRSV, PI3
5 primary Lepto serovars
Major clostridial diseases
Core endotoxin vaccines
Brucellosis
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13
Q

What vaccines should incoming heifers get?

A

IBR/BVD/PI3/BSRV killed
Clostridium 7-way
E. Coli
Pinkeye

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14
Q

Why should you not vaccinate a bull for Brucella?

A

Will test positive and can lead to orchitis

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15
Q

What affects vaccine efficacy?

A

Type of vaccine

Route of administration

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16
Q

What is a classic sign of tetanus?

A

Third eyelid prolapse

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17
Q

What can be used to prevent tetanus?

A

Toxoid vaccine

Tetanus antitoxin for unvaccinated horses or neonates (foal w/o colostrum)

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18
Q

Encephalidities

A

EEE, WEE, VEE, WNV
Lifecycles include birds and mosquitoes
Humans and horses are dead end hosts

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19
Q

Mortality ranking of encephalidities

A

EEE>VEE>WEE>WNV

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20
Q

EEE

A

Sleeping sickness
Neuro signs (behavior change, low grade fever to high grade fever, dementia, seizures)
*In florida - booster EEE/WEE every 4-6 months

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21
Q

What is essential following infection with influenza?

A

Rest

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22
Q

EHV-1

A

Late term abortion

Vax does not prevent disease, but can minimize effects

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23
Q

EHV-4

A

Respiratory disease

Horses can be carriers and stress can cause recrudescence

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24
Q

Strangles

A

Lymph node enlargement
Highly contagious
Shedding of bacteria 1-2 days after onset of pyrexia
Nasal,pharyngeal culture is “gold standard” of diagnosis

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25
When should mares be vaccinated for strangles?
30-60 days pre-foaling | Intranasal more effective but cannot cause colostral immunity
26
"Shaker foal syndrome"
Botulism | Vaccine available for type B
27
Potomac horse fever
Neorickettsia risticii | Fresh water snails
28
Equine viral arteritis
Abortion Transmitted by respiratory and semen Vaccine can interfere with semen so make sure to report negative status
29
Most common cause of infectious diarrhea in foals
Rotavirus
30
Equine Infections Anemia
Coggins test- AGID control program
31
1-2-3 rule
1 hour to stand 2 hours to nurse 3 hours to pass placenta
32
Umbilical care of foals
Dilute cholohex dip several times per day
33
Enema of foals
Given in first few hours, should not give more than 1
34
Colostrum for foals
Need 2L in first 24 hours (gut closure) | Measure IgG at 12-24 hours (<800 consider transfusion, <400 definite transfusion)
35
Barrow
Castrated male
36
Fat hog/finisher
Pig at finishing weight
37
All in/all out
All come in and leave at same time Will not eliminate all respiratory disease Make sure to clean between
38
Non-productive sow day
Not pregnant or lactating
39
SEW (segregated early weaning)
Take away from mom and raise elsewhere | To control disease
40
Market age and weight for pig
``` 6 months (205 days) 230-280 lbs ```
41
Most common type of pig operation today
Breeding companies (genetic companies raise grandparent stock with good traits -> good parent stock -> terminal stock)
42
What are colored pig breeds good for?
Growth, lean muscle, size
43
What are white pig breeds known for?
Mothering
44
Maternal crosses
Yorkshire x Landrace | Chester White
45
What disease will still be present with specific pathogen free (SPF)?
Strep suis
46
What are antibiotics not used for anymore?
Gain/feed efficiency
47
Sulfa drug withdrawl times
Very long
48
What is one of the most important factors for a pig close to market?
Drug residues
49
Why are drugs often water soluble?
Pigs stop eating before stops drinking
50
Timeline for first 21 days of swine
Day 1-3: clip needle teeth, supplement iron, dip navel, dock tail, abx Day 7: castrate, repeat C&D antitoxin, vaccinate (bordetella, pasturella, erysipelas) creep feed Day 14-21: iron, wean vax (mycoplasma, PRRSV), parasite control, split weaning
51
What should you always vaccinate piglets for?
E. Coli | Erysipelas
52
Colibacillosis (E. Coli) in piglets
White scours Milk cannot be absorbed Profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, death Control by vaccinating sows
53
TGE
Morbidity 100% Vomiting, diarrhea Thin intestine wall on necropsy, no response to treatment Treat with fluids and supportive care
54
What two diseases of piglets both have vomiting and diarrhea?
TGE | PED
55
What is worse - coronavirus or rotavirus?
Coronavirus | Cuts down villi more so takes longer to recover
56
PED (Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus)
Profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting | Supportive care
57
Coccidiosis in piglets
Sow is not the source (oocysts in piglet environment) | Diarrhea at 4-5 days
58
Clostridial enteritis in piglets
``` <7 days Clostridium perfringens type C 100% mortality Hemorrhagic small intestine (young pigs) Diphtheric membrane (old pigs) ```
59
Rotavirus in piglets
Only takes tips of villi 7-14days old Vomiting (also diarrhea, anorexia) Regeneration of villous tips 7-10days in young and 3-4days in older piglets
60
Timeline of when piglets get diseases
1-2 days: E Coli 4-5 days: Coccidiosis <7 days: Clostridium 7-14 days: Rotavirus
61
What can happen with early weaning?
Navel sucking
62
Pasturella
Secondary inavder
63
Enteric diseases of weaned pigs
``` Colibacillosis Edema disease Salmonellosis Serpulina Hyodysenteriae (Brachyspira) PIA Gastric Ulcers ```
64
What causes post weaning diarrhea (PWD)?
Colibacillosis
65
What is edema disease caused by?
E. Coli | Within 10 days pigs are blind, dull, uncoordinated, death
66
What causes rectal strictures in pigs?
Salmonella Septic form: cyanosis Enteric form "Button ulcers"
67
Porcine intestinal adenomatosis (PIA)
Aka ileitis Necroproliferative enteritis Proliferative hemorrhaic enteropathy (PHE) Campylobacter or lawsonia Very thickened ileum
68
Acute and chronic signs of gastric ulcers in pigs
Acute - hemorrhage and death | Chronic - anemia, weight loss
69
Always necropsy pigs if only sick for 1 day
Yep
70
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC)
"18 week wall" | Necropsy everyone
71
Mycoplasma pneumonia
No mortality, just sick and coughing Common Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
72
Swine flue
Bird transmission Explosive outbreaks of coughing (100% morbidity) with high fever Low mortality, typically resolve in 5-7 days
73
Pasturella multocida
Usually secondary, lives in resp tract of pigs | Sever dyspnea and open-mouth breathing
74
Actinobacillus pleuropneuoniae (APP)
``` aka hemophilus High mortality rate Respiratory infarcts Acute, subacute, and chronic signs Diagnose by CS, culture ```
75
Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (PRRS)
Mystery pig disease Reproductive disorders and high piglet mortality Acute is epizootic, chronic is endemic Causes immunosuppression
76
Major intestinal parasites of adult horses
Small strongyles (most important to manage bc economic loss, significant resistance, live in cecum/colon walls for 4-6 weeks) Large strongyles (migrate through abdominal tissues, moxidectin and fenbendazole used to treat, winter time)
77
Major intestinal parasites in young horses
Anoplocephala perfoliata (tapeworms, ileo-cecal valve, Praziquantel) Ascarids (Parascaris equorum, live in SI but migrate through lungs, 75 days to produce eggs, resistance, always deworm at 60 days and then every 30-60d until 1 yo, cannot be diagnosed prior to 80days by fecal float)
78
Strongyloides westeri
Threadworms Diarrhea in foals, no dz in mares Infection spread via milk
79
Refugia
Wild type parasites that have not been subjected to anthelmintic pressures, lack resistance genes
80
When to treat strongyles based on fecal egg count
<200 epg: dont treat 200-500 epg: may treat >500 epg: treat
81
Deworming based on climate
South: dont deworm in summer North: dont deworm in winter
82
5 C's of dairy calf raising
``` Colostrum Cleanliness Comfort Calories Consistency ```
83
When do most dairy calves die?
2-14 days
84
Two determinants of success of colostrum
Time | Mass of Ig
85
Goal for growth rate for one month old calves
1.8lb/day
86
When to dehorn calves
1 month old
87
Vaccines of one month old calf
Clostridium, IBR/PI3/BVD/BRSV
88
What is the first and most important line of defense against bacteria in mammary gland?
Teat cannal
89
Peracute mastitis
Most sever form
90
Subacute mastitis
Most common clinical form
91
Subclinical mastitis
Most common form
92
Primary udder pathogens
Staph aureus Strep agalactia Mycoplasma Strep dysgalactia
93
Environmental pathogens for udder
Staph uberis | Strep dysgalactia
94
Treatment of Strep agalactiae
BLITZ TREATMENT: Treatment of all positive quarters
95
Staph aureus
Contagious mastitis | No response to penicillin
96
Mycoplasma (mastitis)
Contagious "Coffee grounds" milk Mostly respiratory pathogen
97
95% rule for mastitis
95% of mastitis due to strep ag, dysgalatia, uberis, staph aureus, coliforms
98
Goal for percentage of cows with clinical mastitis per month
<3%
99
What will not differentiate between sick individual or herd?
Somatic cell counts of bulk tank
100
Important steps of proper milking
Clean and dry teats | Dip all teats post milking
101
Dry Cow therapy
All functional quarters of all cows should be treated with long-acting intramammary abx at time of drying off
102
What is an acceptable form of treatment for mastitis?
Culling :(
103
Emergency preparation for beef cattle
Assess problem potentials Client education Have supplies/drugs available Establish protocols
104
Fed beef vs non-fed beef
Fed beef: born and raised for the intention of becoming quality meat Non-fed beef: cows that were used for other purpose and then become hamburger
105
Most preferred route of drug administration for beef cows
SQ
106
Beef production phases
Cow-calf phase Stocker-grower phase Finishing phase
107
What is an ideal calving interval?
365 days
108
Calves devoid of active immunity until what?
Passive transfer of immunoglobulins from colostrum
109
Strategy for control of parasites (beef cattle)
Minimize pasture contamination Balance stocking rates Rotate pastures
110
Using TP, whats the cut off to be considered passive transfer?
5.5g/L or better

P&P Final (1 decks)

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